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Kovalcuka L, Mālniece A, Vanaga J. Comparison of Tonovet® and Tonovet plus® tonometers for measuring intraocular pressure in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and sheep. Vet World 2024; 17:384-388. [PMID: 38595645 PMCID: PMC11000490 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.384-388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Reference ranges for intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy animals are device-specific; therefore, it is strongly recommended to use appropriate reference values according to the device. Therefore, our aim was to compare IOP readings made by TonoVet® and TonoVet Plus® in healthy dogs, cats, sheep, cattle, and horses. We compared IOP values measured by TonoVet® and TonoVet Plus® tonometers in clinically normal eyes of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and sheep. Materials and Methods Five groups comprising 20 animals each of dogs (various breeds, 9 months-10 years old, 14 females, 6 males), cats (various breeds, 6 months-12 years old, 8 females, 12 males), horses (various breeds, 5-12 years old, 12 females, 8 males), cattle (Holstein, 1-7 lactation, female), and sheep (Latvian Darkhead ewes, 1-8 years old) were included in the study. Both eyes of all animals were subjected to ophthalmic examination, including evaluation of IOP by rebound tonometry using TonoVet® and TonoVet Plus® devices. Normality was determined using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The independent t-test was used to determine differences between IOP values in the right and left eyes and between both tonometers. This study was approved by the Ethical Commission of the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies (Nr. LLU_Dzaep_2022-2-4). Results No differences in IOP between the right and left eyes were found in all cases (p > 0.05). The mean IOP ± standard deviation values in both eyes for TonoVet® and TonoVet Plus® tonometers were as follows: for dogs, 15.25 ± 2.73 mmHg and 19.65 ± 3.46 mmHg; and in cats, 18.88 ± 3.98 mmHg and 18.78 ± 4.26 mmHg, respectively. In horses, mean IOP was 22.15 ± 3.74 mmHg and 24.28 ± 3.00 mmHg; in cattle, 24.73 ± 2.89 mmHg and 23.28 ± 2.97 mmHg; and in sheep, 18.05 ± 3.54 mmHg and 22.49 ± 4.66 mmHg, respectively. Significant differences in IOP values were observed between the tonometers in sheep, dog, and horse groups (mean difference -4.40, -4.48, and 2.13, respectively). Conclusion This study showed significantly higher IOP values measured by the TonoVet Plus® tonometer in dogs and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liga Kovalcuka
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, LV-3004, Latvia
| | - Aija Mālniece
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, LV-3004, Latvia
| | - Jana Vanaga
- Clinical Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Jelgava, LV-3004, Latvia
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Garcés Torres RS, Carter RT, Gafen HB, Liu CC, Lewin AC, MacLean RA. Longitudinal intraocular pressure measurements in Whooping cranes (Grus americana) and Mississippi-Sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pulla). Vet Ophthalmol 2024. [PMID: 38174829 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess intraocular pressure (IOP) development in cranes and determine the impact of age, weight, species, head position, and sex. ANIMALS STUDIED Whooping cranes (WC) (Grus americana), and Mississippi-sandhill cranes (MSC) (Grus canadensis pulla). PROCEDURES Chicks were manually restrained on days 1-3, 7, 21, 35, 60, 75, and 120 for routine examinations. IOP was opportunistically measured utilizing the Tonovet Plus® in D setting with the head above the heart (AH) and below the heart (BH). Values were also obtained longitudinally in adults (>120 days old) upon presentation in 1 year. RESULTS Intraocular pressure was highly correlated with age and weight in chicks. For every kilogram gained, IOP increased 2.46 ± 0.08 mmHg in WC and 2.66 ± 0.11 mmHg in MSC. Once hatched, IOP increased 1.13 ± 0.04 mmHg in WC and 0.87 ± 0.04 mmHg in MSC every 10 days. IOP was similar to adults at 120 days of age. In adult WC, mean IOP AH was 24.0 ± 0.4 mmHg, and BH was 27.9 ± 0.4 mmHg, there was a significant difference regarding head positioning and sex, females (25.3 ± 0.4 mm Hg) had lower IOP than males (26.5 ± 0.4 mmHg). In adult MSC, mean IOP AH was 20.7 ± 0.4 mmHg, and BH was 24.6 ± 0.4 mmHg. The difference between head positioning was significant. CONCLUSIONS This study documents the correlation between IOP and weight or age during early development in cranes, as well as the importance of head positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renee T Carter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hannah B Gafen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chin-Chi Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew C Lewin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Oliveira IV, Oliveira LVSX, Santos VMB, Souza JLT, Costa MLL, Borges PF, Campos DB, Talieri IC. Determination of intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test and the comparison between the applanation tonometer (Tono-Pen AVIA®) and the rebound tonometer (TonoVet Plus®) in mini lionhead rabbits. Vet Ophthalmol 2024; 27:53-60. [PMID: 37747053 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear production, as well as to compare the IOP obtained with the TonoVet Plus® (rebound) with the Tono-Pen Avia® (applanation) tonometers. ANIMALS Twenty-five Mini Lionhead rabbits (n = 50 eyes). PROCEDURE Tear production was measured at 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. by using the STT. The IOP reading was performed with the rebound tonometer, followed by the applanation tonometer, at 6:00 a.m., 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 3:00 p.m., and 6:00 p.m. Regression analysis, analysis of variance (anova) and Bland-Altman statistics were used. RESULTS Daily tear production was 10.25 ± 3.75 mm/min, with no differences among the moments evaluated. Average daily IOP was 17.7 ± 3.08 mmHg with the TonoVet Plus® and 11.5 ± 4.56 mmHg with the Tono-Pen Avia®. IOP values were higher at the beginning and end of the day with both tonometers. CONCLUSION The IOP values are higher with the TonoVet Plus® tonometer. The reference values of IOP and tear production obtained in this work may support the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of ocular disorders in pet Mini Lionhead rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismael V Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Lídia V S X Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Victória M B Santos
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - João L T Souza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Maria Lindomárcia L Costa
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Péricles F Borges
- Department of Social Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Danila B Campos
- Graduate Program in Animal Science, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
| | - Ivia C Talieri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Agricultural Science Center, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, Brazil
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Angeluci GC, Ricci CL, Passareli JVGC, Estanho GJG, Oliveira AS, Santos SGA, Giuffrida R, Rodrigues M, Andrade SF. Comparison of four tonometers in the measurement of intraocular pressure in healthy horses. Equine Vet J 2023; 55:1104-1111. [PMID: 36537844 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of the intraocular pressure (IOP) is a useful diagnostic tool in equine ophthalmology. Handheld tonometers, such as Tonovet and Tonovet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen AVIA Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (applanation using the Goldmann methodology) are used to obtain IOP measurements in veterinary medicine. OBJECTIVES To compare and evaluate the accuracy of four handheld tonometers in measuring IOP using different methodologies in healthy horses. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment and cross-sectional survey of healthy horses. METHODS Intraocular pressure was measured in 72 eyes of 36 horses. An in vivo study was conducted on sedated horses to compare the real IOP values obtained using manometry versus those obtained using tonometry, and a field study was conducted on unsedated healthy horses with normal eyes to measure the IOP values using different tonometers. RESULTS In the in vivo study, the mean IOP values using ocular manometry was 24.9 ± 4.0 mmHg (range, 20.0-30.0 mmHg). The mean IOP values using tonometry were: Tonovet, 25.7 ± 5.8 mmHg (range 19.5-33.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 24.8 ± 7.1 mmHg (range 13.2-33.2 mmHg); Tono Pen AVIA Vet, 19.2 ± 4.7 mmHg (range 13.1-26.5 mmHg); and Kowa Ha-2, 24.1 ± 1.2 mmHg (range 22.8-25.8 mmHg). In the field study, the IOP values were: Tonovet, 30.7 ± 5.6 mmHg (range 21.7-38.0 mmHg); Tonovet Plus, 29.6 ± 6.7 mmHg (range 16.2-38.6 mmHg); Tono-Pen AVIA Vet, 27.3 ± 5.8 mmHg (range 14.6-37.1 mmHg); and Kowa HA-2, 23.4 ± 2.2 mmHg (range 20.2-28.7 mmHg). MAIN LIMITATIONS This study included only healthy horses and a limited number of animals in the in vivo study. CONCLUSIONS There was a strong correlation between the IOP values and manometry for all tonometers. IOP should be estimated using the same tonometer over time, and the bias of the tonometer used, such as overestimation (rebound tonometer) and underestimation (applanation tonometer), should be acknowledged. A normal reference value for each tonometer should be established in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gismelli C Angeluci
- Department of Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia L Ricci
- Department of Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giovana J G Estanho
- Department of Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Oliveira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephany G A Santos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rogério Giuffrida
- Department of Animal Science, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian Rodrigues
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia F Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Ophthalmology, Veterinary Hospital, UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil
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Holland CT. Static anisocoria in cats and dogs with naturally occurring tick paralysis (Ixodes holocyclus). Aust Vet J 2023; 101:383-390. [PMID: 37574813 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterise the novel occurrence and neuro-ophthalmological features of static anisocoria in cats and dogs with tick paralysis (TP) (Ixodes holocyclus) due to a single tick located remote from the head and neck. DESIGN Observational case series with retrospective analysis. METHODS Medical records were reviewed from 69 cats and 169 dogs treated for TP from a suburban veterinary hospital in Newcastle, New South Whales, between September 2005 and October 2021. RESULTS Anisocoria was observed in 2/18 (11.1%) cats and 3/30 (10.0%) dogs with a single tick located remote from the head and neck. These proportions were not different when compared within species to 4 of 28 (14.3%) cats and 16 of 98 (16.3%) dogs with aniscocoria with a single tick located on the head and neck region (P = 1 and 0.56 respectively). Anisocoria arose from pupillary efferent dysfunction and included unilateral oculoparasympathetic dysfunction (internal ophthalmoplegia) in one dog, unilateral oculosympathetic dysfunction (Horner's syndrome) in one cat and one dog, and a combination of bilateral, but asymmetric, oculosympathetic and oculoparasympathetic dysfunction in one cat and one dog. CONCLUSION It is proposed that anisocoria in cases of TP with a tick located remote from the head and neck is due to an intrinsic latent asymmetry in the safety factor for pupillary efferent function that is unmasked by a systemically distributed holocyclotoxin inhibiting neural transmission within this system, and this is the prevailing pathomechanism, rather than a direct local effect, underscoring anisocoria with a tick located on the head or neck.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Holland
- Merewether Veterinary Hospital, Merewether, New South Wales, Australia
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Kiland JA, Terhaar HM, Walleck HE, Chen N, McDaniel K, McLellan GJ. Comparison of the TONOVET Plus®, TonoVet®, and Tono-Pen Vet™ tonometers in normal cats and cats with glaucoma. Vet Ophthalmol 2023; 26:414-421. [PMID: 37339127 PMCID: PMC10527474 DOI: 10.1111/vop.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the accuracy, precision, and clinical applicability of the ICare® TONOVET Plus (TVP) in cats. ANIMALS AND PROCEDURES IOP readings obtained with the TVP were compared to values obtained concurrently with the original TONOVET (TV01) and Tono-Pen Vet™ (TP) in 12 normal cats (24 eyes) and 8 glaucomatous LTBP2-mutant cats (13 eyes) in vivo. Reproducibility of TVP readings was also assessed for three observers in the above cats. The anterior chambers of five different normal cat eyes were cannulated ex vivo. IOP was measured with the TVP, TV01, and TP at manometric IOPs ranging from 5 to 70 mmHg. Data were analyzed by linear regression, ANOVA and Bland-Altman plots. ANOVA was used to assess reproducibility of TVP readings obtained by different observers and an ANCOVA model controlled for variation of individual cats. p < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS TVP values strongly correlated with TV01 values (y = 1.045x + 1.443, R2 = .9667). The TP significantly underestimated IOP relative to the TVP and TV01, particularly at high IOP. IOP values obtained by 1 observer were significantly higher (~1 mmHg average) compared to the other 2 observers via ANCOVA analysis (p = .0006479 and p = .0203). Relative to manometry, the TVP and TV01 were significantly more accurate (p < .0001) and precise (p < .0070) than the TP in ex vivo eyes. CONCLUSIONS IOP readings obtained with the TVP and TV01 are broadly interchangeable between models and between observers, but subtle differences may be important in a research context. TP readings vastly underestimate high IOP in feline glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Kiland
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hannah M Terhaar
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Hannah E Walleck
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Nickolas Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Kyle McDaniel
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Gillian J McLellan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
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Salzman MM, Merten N, Panek WK, Fefer G, Mondino A, Westermeyer HD, Gruen ME, Olby NJ, Mowat FM. Age-associated changes in electroretinography measures in companion dogs. Doc Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10633-023-09938-7. [PMID: 37302110 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-023-09938-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association between age and retinal full-field electroretinographic (ERG) measures in companion (pet) dogs, an important translational model species for human neurologic aging. METHODS Healthy adult dogs with no significant ophthalmic abnormalities were included. Unilateral full-field light- and dark-adapted electroretinography was performed using a handheld device, with mydriasis and topical anaesthesia. Partial least squares effect screening analysis was performed to determine the effect of age, sex, body weight and use of anxiolytic medication on log-transformed ERG peak times and amplitudes; age and anxiolytic usage had significant effects on multiple ERG outcomes. Mixed model analysis was performed on data from dogs not receiving anxiolytic medications. RESULTS In dogs not receiving anxiolytics, median age was 118 months (interquartile range 72-140 months, n = 77, 44 purebred, 33 mixed breed dogs). Age was significantly associated with prolonged peak times of a-waves (dark-adapted 3 and 10 cds/m2 flash p < 0.0001) and b-waves (cone flicker p = 0.03, dark-adapted 0.01 cds/m2 flash p = 0.001). Age was also significantly associated with reduced amplitudes of a-waves (dark-adapted 3 cds/m2 flash p < 0.0001, 10 cds/m2 flash p = 0.005) and b-waves (light-adapted 3 cds/m2 flash p < 0.0001, dark-adapted 0.01 cds/m2 flash p = 0.0004, 3 cds/m2 flash p < 0.0001, 10 cds/m2 flash p = 0.007) and flicker (light-adapted 30 Hz 3 cds/m2 p = 0.0004). Within the Golden Retriever breed, these trends were matched in a cross-sectional analysis of 6 individuals that received no anxiolytic medication. CONCLUSIONS Aged companion dogs have slower and reduced amplitude responses in both rod- and cone-mediated ERG. Consideration of anxiolytic medication use should be made when conducting ERG studies in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M Salzman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Sciences Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Natascha Merten
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics and Gerontology), School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Wojciech K Panek
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Gilad Fefer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Alejandra Mondino
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hans D Westermeyer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Margaret E Gruen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Natasha J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Freya M Mowat
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Sciences Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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