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Dong S, Sun J, Ming X, Weber U, Schuy C, Hu W, Sheng Y. Development of porous structure for broadening Bragg-peak in scanning carbon-ion radiotherapy: Monte Carlo simulation and experimental validation. Phys Med 2024; 120:103325. [PMID: 38493583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2024.103325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study aimed to develop a porous structure with plug-ins (PSP) to broaden the Bragg peak width (BPW, defined as the distance in water between the proximal and distal 80% dose) of the carbon ion beam while maintaining a sharp distal falloff width (DFW, defined as the distance along the beam axis where the dose in water reduces from 80% to 20%). METHODS The binary voxel models of porous structure (PS) and PSP were established in the Monte Carlo code FLUKA and the corresponding physical models were manufactured by 3D printing. Both experiment and simulation were performed for evaluating the modulation capacity of PS and PSP. BPWs and DFWs derived from each integral depth dose curves were compared. Fluence homogeneity of 430 MeV/u carbon-ion beam passing through the PSP was recorded by analyzing radiochromic films at six different locations downstream the PSP in the experiment. Additionally, by changing the beam spot size and incident position on the PSP, totally 48 different carbon-ion beams were simulated and corresponding deviations of beam metrics were evaluated to test the modulating stability of PSP. RESULTS According to the measurement data, the use of PSP resulted in an average increase of 0.63 mm in BPW and a decrease of 0.74 mm in DFW compared to PS. The 2D radiation field inhomogeneities were lower than 3 % when the beam passing through a ≥ 10 cm PMMA medium. Furthermore, employing a spot size of ≥ 6 mm ensures that beam metric deviations, including BPW, DFW, and range, remain within a deviation of 0.1 mm across various incident positions. CONCLUSION The developed PSP demonstrated its capability to effectively broaden the BPW of carbon ion beams while maintaining a sharp DFW comparing to PS. The superior performance of PSP, indicates its potential for clinical use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixue Dong
- Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201315, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of radiation oncology(20dz2261000); Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy
| | - Jiayao Sun
- Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201315, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of radiation oncology(20dz2261000); Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy
| | - Xue Ming
- Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201315, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of radiation oncology(20dz2261000); Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy
| | - Uli Weber
- Biophysics GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christoph Schuy
- Biophysics GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Weigang Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of radiation oncology(20dz2261000); Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Radiation Oncology.
| | - Yinxiangzi Sheng
- Department of Medical Physics, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai 201315, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of radiation oncology(20dz2261000); Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy.
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Yeap PL, Lew KS, Koh WYC, Chua CGA, Wibawa A, Master Z, Lee JCL, Park SY, Tan HQ. Proton Beam Range and Charge Verification Using Multilayer Faraday Collector. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2024; 23:15330338241262610. [PMID: 39051529 PMCID: PMC11320672 DOI: 10.1177/15330338241262610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A daily quality assurance (QA) check in proton therapy is ensuring that the range of each proton beam energy in water is accurate to 1 mm. This is important for ensuring that the tumor is adequately irradiated while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. It is also important to verify the total charge collected against the beam model. This work proposes a time-efficient method for verifying the range and total charge of proton beams at different energies using a multilayer Faraday collector (MLFC). METHODS We used an MLFC-128-250 MeV comprising 128 layers of thin copper foils separated by thin insulating KaptonTM layers. Protons passing through the collector induce a charge on the metallic foils, which is integrated and measured by a multichannel electrometer. The charge deposition on the foils provides information about the beam range. RESULTS Our results show that the proton beam range obtained using MLFC correlates closely with the range obtained from commissioning water tank measurements for all proton energies. Upon applying a range calibration factor, the maximum deviation is 0.4 g/cm2. The MLFC range showed no dependence on the number of monitor units and the source-to-surface distance. Range measurements collected over multiple weeks exhibited stability. The total charge collected agrees closely with the theoretical charge from the treatment planning system beam model for low- and mid-range energies. CONCLUSIONS We have calibrated and commissioned the use of the MLFC to easily verify range and total charge of proton beams. This tool will improve the workflow efficiency of the proton QA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping L Yeap
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Kah S Lew
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Y C Koh
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clifford G A Chua
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Wibawa
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zubin Master
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - James C L Lee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sung Y Park
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Oncology Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Q Tan
- Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Rossi E, Russo S, Maestri D, Magro G, Mirandola A, Molinelli S, Vai A, Grevillot L, Bolsa-Ferruz M, Rossomme S, Ciocca M. Characterization of a flat-panel detector for 2D dosimetry in scanned proton and carbon ion beams. Phys Med 2023; 107:102561. [PMID: 36898300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To fully characterize the flat panel detector of the new Sphinx Compact device with scanned proton and carbon ion beams. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Sphinx Compact is designed for daily QA in particle therapy. We tested its repeatability and dose rate dependence as well as its proportionality with an increasing number of particles and potential quenching effect. Potential radiation damage was evaluated. Finally, we compared the spot characterization (position and profile FWHM) with our radiochromic EBT3 film baseline. RESULTS The detector showed a repeatability of 1.7% and 0.9% for single spots of protons and carbon ions, respectively, while for small scanned fields it was inferior to 0.2% for both particles. The response was independent from the dose rate (difference from nominal value < 1.5%). We observed an under-response due to quenching effect for both particles, mostly for carbon ions. No radiation damage effects were observed after two months of weekly use and approximately 1350 Gy delivered to the detector. Good agreement was found between the Sphinx and EBT3 films for the spot position (central-axis deviation within 1 mm). The spot size measured with the Sphinx was larger compared to films. For protons, the average and maximum differences over different energies were 0.4 mm (3%) and 1 mm (7%); for carbon ions they were 0.2 mm (4%) and 0.4 mm (6%). CONCLUSIONS Despite the quenching effect the Sphinx Compact fulfills the requirements needed for constancy checks and could represent a time-saving tool for daily QA in scanned particle beams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Davide Maestri
- Fondazione CNAO, Pavia, Italy; Ospedale Ca' Foncello, Treviso, Italy
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Jiang K, MacFarlane M, Mossahebi S, Zakhary MJ. Evaluation of treatment planning system accuracy in estimating the stopping-power ratio of immobilization devices for proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 24:e13831. [PMID: 36593751 PMCID: PMC9924110 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess treatment planning system (TPS) accuracy in estimating the stopping-power ratio (SPR) of immobilization devices commonly used in proton therapy and to evaluate the dosimetric effect of SPR estimation error for a set of clinical treatment plans. METHODS Computed tomography scans of selected clinical immobilization devices were acquired. Then, the water-equivalent thickness (WET) and SPR values of these devices based on the scans were estimated in a commercial TPS. The reference SPR of each device was measured using a multilayer ion chamber (MLIC), and the differences between measured and TPS-estimated SPRs were calculated. These findings were utilized to calculate corrected dose distributions of 15 clinical proton plans for three treatment sites: extremity, abdomen, and head-and-neck. The original and corrected dose distributions were compared using a set of target and organs-at-risk (OARs) dose-volume histogram (DVH) parameters. RESULTS On average, the TPS-estimated SPR was 19.5% lower (range, -35.1% to 0.2%) than the MLIC-measured SPR. Due to the relatively low density of most immobilization devices used, the WET error was typically <1 mm, but up to 2.2 mm in certain devices. Overriding the SPR of the immobilization devices to the measured values did not result in significant changes in the DVH metrics of targets and most OARs. However, some critical OARs showed noticeable changes of up to 6.7% in maximum dose. CONCLUSIONS The TPS tends to underestimate the SPR of selected proton immobilization devices by an average of about 20%, but this does not induce major WET errors because of the low density of the devices. The dosimetric effect of this SPR error was negligible for most treatment sites, although the maximum dose of a few OARs exhibited noticeable variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Michael MacFarlane
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Sina Mossahebi
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Mark J. Zakhary
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Zhou S, Rao W, Chen Q, Tan Y, Smith W, Sun B, Zhou J, Chang CW, Lin L, Darafsheh A, Zhao T, Zhang T. A multi-layer strip ionization chamber (MLSIC) device for proton pencil beam scan quality assurance. Phys Med Biol 2022; 67:10.1088/1361-6560/ac8593. [PMID: 35905730 PMCID: PMC11000494 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac8593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Proton pencil beam scanning (PBS) treatment fields needs to be verified before treatment deliveries to ensure patient safety. In current practice, treatment beam quality assurance (QA) is measured at a few selected depths using film or a 2D detector array, which is insensitive and time-consuming. A QA device that can measure all key dosimetric characteristics of treatment beams spot-by-spot within a single beam delivery is highly desired.Approach. We developed a multi-layer strip ionization chamber (MLSIC) prototype device that comprises of two layers of strip ionization chambers (IC) plates for spot position measurement and 64 layers of plate IC for beam energy measurement. The 768-channel strip ion chamber signals are integrated and sampled at a speed of 3.125 kHz. It has a 25.6 cm × 25.6 cm maximum measurement field size and 2 mm spatial resolution for spot position measurement. The depth resolution and maximum depth were 2.91 mm and 18.6 cm for 1.6 mm thick IC plate, respectively. The relative weight of each spot was determined from total charge by all IC detector channels.Main results. The MLSIC is able to measure ionization currents spot-by-spot. The depth dose measurement has a good agreement with the ground truth measured using a water tank and commercial one-dimensional (1D) multi-layer plate chamber. It can verify the spot position, energy, and relative weight of clinical PBS beams and compared with the treatment plans.Significance. The MLSIC is a highly efficient QA device that can measure the key dosimetric characteristics of proton treatment beams spot-by-spot with a single beam delivery. It may improve the quality and efficiency of clinical proton treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Wei Rao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Qinghao Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Yuewen Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Winter Smith
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Baozhou Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Jun Zhou
- Emory Proton Therapy Center, Atlanta, GA 30308, United States of America
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Emory Proton Therapy Center, Atlanta, GA 30308, United States of America
| | - Liyong Lin
- Emory Proton Therapy Center, Atlanta, GA 30308, United States of America
| | - Arash Darafsheh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Tiezhi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Physics Division, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
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Thasasi P, Ruangchan S, Oonsiri P, Oonsiri S. Determination of Integral Depth Dose in Proton Pencil Beam Using Plane-parallel Ionization Chambers. Int J Part Ther 2022; 9:1-9. [PMID: 36060414 PMCID: PMC9415752 DOI: 10.14338/ijpt-22-00006.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to determine the integral depth-dose curves and assess the geometric collection efficiency of different detector diameters in proton pencil beam scanning. Materials and Methods The Varian ProBeam Compact spot scanning system was used for this study. The integral depth-dose curves with a proton energy range of 130 to 220 MeV were acquired with 2 types of Bragg peak chambers: 34070 with 8-cm diameter and 34089 with 15-cm diameter (PTW), multi-layer ionization chamber with 12-cm diameter (Giraffe, IBA Dosimetry), and PeakFinder with 8-cm diameter (PTW). To assess geometric collection efficiency, the integral depth-dose curves of 8- and 12-cm chamber diameters were compared to a 15-cm chamber diameter as the largest detector. Results At intermediate depths of 130, 150, 190, and 220 MeV, PTW Bragg peak chamber type 34089 provided the highest integral depth-dose curves followed by IBA Giraffe, PTW Bragg peak chamber type 34070, and PTW PeakFinder. Moreover, PTW Bragg peak chamber type 34089 had increased geometric collection efficiency up to 3.8%, 6.1%, and 3.1% when compared to PTW Bragg peak chamber type 34070, PTW PeakFinder, and IBA Giraffe, respectively. Conclusion A larger plane-parallel ionization chamber could increase the geometric collection efficiency of the detector, especially at intermediate depths and high-energy proton beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatthraporn Thasasi
- 1 Medical Physics Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- 2 Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirinya Ruangchan
- 2 Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Puntiwa Oonsiri
- 2 Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sornjarod Oonsiri
- 2 Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
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Rana S, Bennouna J, Gutierrez AN, Rosenfeld AB. Impact of magnetic field regulation in conjunction with the volumetric repainting technique on the spot positions and beam range in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2020; 21:124-131. [PMID: 33058380 PMCID: PMC7700936 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the magnetic field regulation in conjunction with the volumetric repainting technique on the spot positions and range in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Methods “Field regulation” — a feature to reduce the switching time between layers by applying a magnetic field setpoint (instead of a current setpoint) has been implemented on the proton beam delivery system at the Miami Cancer Institute. To investigate the impact of field regulation for the volumetric repainting technique, several spot maps were generated with beam delivery sequence in both directions, that is, irradiating from the deepest layer to the most proximal layer (“down” direction) as well as irradiating from the most proximal layer to the deepest layer (“up” direction). Range measurements were performed using a multi‐layer ionization chamber array. Spot positions were measured using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional scintillation detectors. For range and central‐axis spot position, spot maps were delivered for energies ranging from 70–225 MeV. For off‐axis spot positions, the maps were delivered for high‐, medium, and low‐energies at eight different gantry angles. The results were then compared between the “up” and “down” directions. Results The average difference in range for given energy between “up” and “down” directions was 0.0 ± 0.1 mm. The off‐axis spot position results showed that 846/864 of the spots were within ±1 mm, and all off‐axis spot positions were within ±1.2 mm. For spots (n = 126) at the isocenter, the evaluation between “up” and “down” directions for given energy showed the spot position difference within ±0.25 mm. At the nozzle entrance, the average differences in X and Y positions for given energy were 0.0 ± 0.2 mm and −0.0 ± 0.4 mm, respectively. At the nozzle exit, the average differences in X and Y positions for given energy were 0.0 ± 0.1 mm and −0.1 ± 0.1 mm, respectively. Conclusion The volumetric repainting technique in magnetic field regulation mode resulted in acceptable spot position and range differences for our beam delivery system. The range differences were found to be within ±1 mm (TG224). For the spot positions (TG224: ±1 mm), the central axis measurements were within ±1 mm, whereas for the off‐axis measurements, 97.9% of the spots were within ±1 mm, and all spots were within ±1.2 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Rana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, The Oklahoma Proton Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaafar Bennouna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alonso N Gutierrez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anatoly B Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics (CMRP), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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