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Ahn H, Durang X, Shim JY, Park G, Jeon J, Park HY. Statistical modeling of mRNP transport in dendrites: A comparative analysis of β-actin and Arc mRNP dynamics. Traffic 2023; 24:522-532. [PMID: 37545033 PMCID: PMC10946522 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Localization of messenger RNA (mRNA) in dendrites is crucial for regulating gene expression during long-term memory formation. mRNA binds to RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to form messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes that are transported by motor proteins along microtubules to their target synapses. However, the dynamics by which mRNPs find their target locations in the dendrite have not been well understood. Here, we investigated the motion of endogenous β-actin and Arc mRNPs in dissociated mouse hippocampal neurons using the MS2 and PP7 stem-loop systems, respectively. By evaluating the statistical properties of mRNP movement, we found that the aging Lévy walk model effectively describes both β-actin and Arc mRNP transport in proximal dendrites. A critical difference between β-actin and Arc mRNPs was the aging time, the time lag between transport initiation and measurement initiation. The longer mean aging time of β-actin mRNP (~100 s) compared with that of Arc mRNP (~30 s) reflects the longer half-life of constitutively expressed β-actin mRNP. Furthermore, our model also permitted us to estimate the ratio of newly generated and pre-existing β-actin mRNPs in the dendrites. This study offers a robust theoretical framework for mRNP transport, which provides insight into how mRNPs locate their targets in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerim Ahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinneapolisUSA
| | - Xavier Durang
- Department of PhysicsPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae Youn Shim
- Department of Physics and AstronomySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Gaeun Park
- Department of Physics and AstronomySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jae‐Hyung Jeon
- Department of PhysicsPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangRepublic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical PhysicsPohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Hye Yoon Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinneapolisUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomySeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
- Institute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
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2
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Wagle S, Kraynyukova N, Hafner AS, Tchumatchenko T. Computational insights into mRNA and protein dynamics underlying synaptic plasticity rules. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103846. [PMID: 36963534 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in experimental techniques provide an unprecedented peek into the intricate molecular dynamics inside synapses and dendrites. The experimental insights into the molecular turnover revealed that such processes as diffusion, active transport, spine uptake, and local protein synthesis could dynamically modulate the copy numbers of plasticity-related molecules in synapses. Subsequently, theoretical models were designed to understand the interaction of these processes better and to explain how local synaptic plasticity cues can up or down-regulate the molecular copy numbers across synapses. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in experimental techniques and computational models to highlight how these complementary approaches can provide insight into molecular cross-talk across synapses, ultimately allowing us to develop biologically-inspired neural network models to understand brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhit Wagle
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 3, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nataliya Kraynyukova
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Hafner
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Tchumatchenko
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzel-Weg 3, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany.
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3
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mRNA Trafficking in the Nervous System: A Key Mechanism of the Involvement of Activity-Regulated Cytoskeleton-Associated Protein (Arc) in Synaptic Plasticity. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:3468795. [PMID: 34603440 PMCID: PMC8486535 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3468795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic activity mediates information storage and memory consolidation in the brain and requires a fast de novo synthesis of mRNAs in the nucleus and proteins in synapses. Intracellular localization of a protein can be achieved by mRNA trafficking and localized translation. Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is a master regulator of synaptic plasticity and plays an important role in controlling large signaling networks implicated in learning, memory consolidation, and behavior. Transcription of the Arc gene may be induced by a short behavioral event, resulting in synaptic activation. Arc mRNA is exported into the cytoplasm and can be trafficked into the dendrite of an activated synapse where it is docked and translated. The structure of Arc is similar to the viral GAG (group-specific antigen) protein, and phylogenic analysis suggests that Arc may originate from the family of Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposons. Therefore, Arc might evolve through “domestication” of retroviruses. Arc can form a capsid-like structure that encapsulates a retrovirus-like sentence in the 3′-UTR (untranslated region) of Arc mRNA. Such complex can be loaded into extracellular vesicles and transported to other neurons or muscle cells carrying not only genetic information but also regulatory signals within neuronal networks. Therefore, Arc mRNA inter- and intramolecular trafficking is essential for the modulation of synaptic activity required for memory consolidation and cognitive functions. Recent studies with single-molecule imaging in live neurons confirmed and extended the role of Arc mRNA trafficking in synaptic plasticity.
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Chu JF, Majumder P, Chatterjee B, Huang SL, Shen CKJ. TDP-43 Regulates Coupled Dendritic mRNA Transport-Translation Processes in Co-operation with FMRP and Staufen1. Cell Rep 2020; 29:3118-3133.e6. [PMID: 31801077 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tightly regulated transport of messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) granules to diverse locations of dendrites and axons is essential for appropriately timed protein synthesis within distinct sub-neuronal compartments. Perturbations of this regulation lead to various neurological disorders. Using imaging and molecular approaches, we demonstrate how TDP-43 co-operates with two other RNA-binding proteins, FMRP and Staufen1, to regulate the anterograde and retrograde transport, respectively, of Rac1 mRNPs in mouse neuronal dendrites. We also analyze the mechanisms by which TDP-43 mediates coupled mRNA transport-translation processes in dendritic sub-compartments by following in real-time the co-movement of RNA and endogenous fluorescence-tagged protein in neurons and by simultaneous examination of transport/translation dynamics by using an RNA biosensor. This study establishes the pivotal roles of TDP-43 in transporting mRNP granules in dendrites, inhibiting translation inside those granules, and reactivating it once the granules reach the dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Fei Chu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Pritha Majumder
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
| | | | - Shih-Ling Huang
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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5
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Abstract
RNA movements and localization pervade biology, from embryonic development to disease. To identify RNAs at specific locations, we developed a strategy in which a uridine-adding enzyme is anchored to subcellular sites, where it directly marks RNAs with 3' terminal uridines. This localized RNA recording approach yields a record of RNA locations, and is validated through identification of RNAs localized selectively to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria. We identify a broad dual localization pattern conserved from yeast to human cells, in which the same battery of mRNAs encounter both ER and mitochondria in both species, and include an mRNA encoding a key stress sensor. Subunits of many multiprotein complexes localize to both the ER and mitochondria, suggesting coordinated assembly. Noncoding RNAs in the course of RNA surveillance and processing encounter both organelles. By providing a record of RNA locations over time, the approach complements those that capture snapshots of instantaneous positions.
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Engel KL, Arora A, Goering R, Lo HYG, Taliaferro JM. Mechanisms and consequences of subcellular RNA localization across diverse cell types. Traffic 2020; 21:404-418. [PMID: 32291836 PMCID: PMC7304542 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Essentially all cells contain a variety of spatially restricted regions that are important for carrying out specialized functions. Often, these regions contain specialized transcriptomes that facilitate these functions by providing transcripts for localized translation. These transcripts play a functional role in maintaining cell physiology by enabling a quick response to changes in the cellular environment. Here, we review how RNA molecules are trafficked within cells, with a focus on the subcellular locations to which they are trafficked, mechanisms that regulate their transport and clinical disorders associated with misregulation of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krysta L Engel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ankita Arora
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Raeann Goering
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hei-Yong G Lo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - J Matthew Taliaferro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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7
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Gao C, Wang Y. mRNA Metabolism in Cardiac Development and Disease: Life After Transcription. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:673-694. [PMID: 31751167 PMCID: PMC7327233 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The central dogma of molecular biology illustrates the importance of mRNAs as critical mediators between genetic information encoded at the DNA level and proteomes/metabolomes that determine the diverse functional outcome at the cellular and organ levels. Although the total number of protein-producing (coding) genes in the mammalian genome is ~20,000, it is evident that the intricate processes of cardiac development and the highly regulated physiological regulation in the normal heart, as well as the complex manifestation of pathological remodeling in a diseased heart, would require a much higher degree of complexity at the transcriptome level and beyond. Indeed, in addition to an extensive regulatory scheme implemented at the level of transcription, the complexity of transcript processing following transcription is dramatically increased. RNA processing includes post-transcriptional modification, alternative splicing, editing and transportation, ribosomal loading, and degradation. While transcriptional control of cardiac genes has been a major focus of investigation in recent decades, a great deal of progress has recently been made in our understanding of how post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA contributes to transcriptome complexity. In this review, we highlight some of the key molecular processes and major players in RNA maturation and post-transcriptional regulation. In addition, we provide an update to the recent progress made in the discovery of RNA processing regulators implicated in cardiac development and disease. While post-transcriptional modulation is a complex and challenging problem to study, recent technological advancements are paving the way for a new era of exciting discoveries and potential clinical translation in the context of cardiac biology and heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Gao
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yibin Wang
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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8
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Singh AK, Abdullahi A, Soller M, David A, Brogna S. Visualisation of ribosomes in Drosophila axons using Ribo-BiFC. Biol Open 2020; 8:bio047233. [PMID: 31822474 PMCID: PMC6955225 DOI: 10.1242/bio.047233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The distribution of assembled, and potentially translating, ribosomes within cells can be visualised in Drosophila by using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC) to monitor the interaction between tagged pairs of 40S and 60S ribosomal proteins (RPs) that are close neighbours across inter-subunit junctions in the assembled 80S ribosome. Here we describe transgenes expressing two novel RP pairs tagged with Venus-based BiFC fragments that considerably increase the sensitivity of this technique we termed Ribo-BiFC. This improved method should provide a convenient way of monitoring the local distribution of ribosomes in most Drosophila cells and we suggest that it could be implemented in other organisms. We visualised 80S ribosomes in different neurons, particularly photoreceptors in the larva, pupa and adult brain. Assembled ribosomes are most abundant in the various neuronal cell bodies, but they are also present along the full length of axons. They are concentrated in growth cones of developing photoreceptors and are apparent at the terminals of mature larval photoreceptors targeting the larval optical neuropil. Surprisingly, there is relatively less puromycin incorporation in the distal portion of axons in the larval optic stalk, suggesting that some of the ribosomes that have initiated translation may not be engaged in elongation in growing axons.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand K Singh
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Akilu Abdullahi
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Matthias Soller
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alexandre David
- Oncology Department, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Saverio Brogna
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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9
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Roy R, Shiina N, Wang DO. More dynamic, more quantitative, unexpectedly intricate: Advanced understanding on synaptic RNA localization in learning and memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 168:107149. [PMID: 31881355 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic signaling exhibits great diversity, complexity, and plasticity which necessitates maintenance and rapid modification of a local proteome. One solution neurons actively exploit to meet such demands is the strategic deposition of mRNAs encoding proteins for both basal and experience-driven activities into ribonucleoprotein complexes at the synapse. Transcripts localized in this manner can be rapidly accessed for translation in response to a diverse range of stimuli in a temporal- and spatially-restricted manner. Here we review recent findings on localized RNAs and RNA binding proteins in the context of learning and memory, as revealed by cutting-edge in-vitro and in-vivo technologies capable of yielding quantitative and dynamic information. The new technologies include proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, high-resolution multiplexed RNA imaging, single-molecule RNA tracking in living neurons, animal models and human neuron cell models. Among many recent advances in the field, RNA chemical modification has emerged as one of the new regulatory layers of gene expression at synapse that is complex and yet largely unexplored. These exciting new discoveries have enhanced our understanding of the modulation mechanisms of synaptic gene expression and their roles in cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohini Roy
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Shiina
- Laboratory of Neuronal Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan; Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, Okazaki, Japan.
| | - Dan Ohtan Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Liaoning, China; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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10
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Muthmann N, Hartstock K, Rentmeister A. Chemo-enzymatic treatment of RNA to facilitate analyses. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 11:e1561. [PMID: 31392842 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Labeling RNA is a recurring problem to make RNA compatible with state-of-the-art methodology and comes in many flavors. Considering only cellular applications, the spectrum still ranges from site-specific labeling of individual transcripts, for example, for live-cell imaging of mRNA trafficking, to metabolic labeling in combination with next generation sequencing to capture dynamic aspects of RNA metabolism on a transcriptome-wide scale. Combining the specificity of RNA-modifying enzymes with non-natural substrates has emerged as a valuable strategy to modify RNA site- or sequence-specifically with functional groups suitable for subsequent bioorthogonal reactions and thus label RNA with reporter moieties such as affinity or fluorescent tags. In this review article, we will cover chemo-enzymatic approaches (a) for in vitro labeling of RNA for application in cells, (b) for treatment of total RNA, and (c) for metabolic labeling of RNA. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing < RNA Editing and Modification RNA Methods < RNA Analyses in vitro and In Silico RNA Methods < RNA Analyses in Cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Muthmann
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katja Hartstock
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Institute of Biochemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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11
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Kuznetsov MS, Rezvyakov PN, Lisyukov AN, Gusev OA, Nikolskiy EE, Islamov RR. Bioinformatic Analysis of the Sciatic Nerve Transcriptomes of Mice after 30-Day Spaceflight on Board the Bion-M1 Biosatellite. RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Abstract
In the postgenomic era, it is clear that the human genome encodes thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Along the way, RNA imaging (e.g., RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization [RNA-FISH]) has been instrumental in identifying powerful roles for lncRNAs based on their subcellular localization patterns. Here, we explore how RNA imaging technologies have shed new light on how, when, and where lncRNAs may play functional roles. Specifically, we will synthesize the underlying principles of RNA imaging techniques by exploring several landmark lncRNA imaging studies that have illuminated key insights into lncRNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Raj
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - John L Rinn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder and BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, Colorado 80303
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13
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Adivarahan S, Zenklusen D. Lessons from (pre-)mRNA Imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1203:247-284. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-31434-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Neriec N, Percipalle P. Sorting mRNA Molecules for Cytoplasmic Transport and Localization. Front Genet 2018; 9:510. [PMID: 30459808 PMCID: PMC6232293 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is highly regulated at many layers. Nascent RNA molecules are assembled into ribonucleoprotein complexes that are then released into the nucleoplasmic milieu and transferred to the nuclear pore complex for nuclear export. RNAs are then either translated or transported to the cellular periphery. Emerging evidence indicates that RNA-binding proteins play an essential role throughout RNA biogenesis, from the gene to polyribosomes. However, the sorting mechanisms that regulate whether an RNA molecule is immediately translated or sent to specialized locations for translation are unclear. This question is highly relevant during development and differentiation when cells acquire a specific identity. Here, we focus on the RNA-binding properties of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and how these mechanisms are believed to play an essential role in RNA trafficking in polarized cells. Further, by focusing on the specific hnRNP protein CBF-A/hnRNPab and its naturally occurring isoforms, we propose a model on how hnRNP proteins are capable of regulating gene expression both spatially and temporally throughout the RNA biogenesis pathway, impacting both healthy and diseased cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Neriec
- Biology Department, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Biology Department, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Rau K, Rentmeister A. Making the Message Clear: Concepts for mRNA Imaging. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:701-707. [PMID: 28776011 PMCID: PMC5532709 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome of each individual cell contains numerous RNA species, each of which can be controlled by multiple mechanisms during their lifetime. The standard transcriptome analysis focuses on the expression levels of the genes of interest. To gain additional insights into spatiotemporal RNA distribution and the underlying trafficking processes, RNA labeling and imaging are necessary-ideally in living cells. This perspective will summarize state-of-the-art RNA imaging methods including their strengths and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Rentmeister
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence
(EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Germany. E-mail:
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