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van Klaveren S, Hassan M, Håkansson M, Johnsson RE, Larsson J, Jakopin Ž, Anderluh M, Leffler H, Tomašič T, Nilsson UJ. Galectin-8N-Selective 4-Halophenylphthalazinone-Galactals Double π-Stack in a Unique Pocket. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:1319-1324. [PMID: 39140038 PMCID: PMC11318003 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectin-8 contains two different carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). Selective inhibitors for at least one CRD are desirable for galectin-8 biology studies and potentially for pharmacological purposes. Structure-guided design led to the discovery of potent and selective glycomimetic-heterocycle hybrid ligands, with a 4-(p-bromophenyl)phthalazinone derivative displaying a 34 μM K d for galectin-8N (N-terminal CRD), no binding to galectin-8C (C-terminal CRD), -1, -3, -4N, -7, -9C, or -9N, and >40-fold selectivity over galectin-4C. Selectivity was achieved with the halogenated 4-phenylphthalazinone moiety occupying a galectin-8N-specific sub-pocket. A 1.30 Å resolution X-ray structure revealed the phthalazinone moiety stacking with Arg45 and the 4-bromophenyl moiety stacking both Arg59 and Tyr141 of galectin-8N. Physicochemical and in vitro ADME studies revealed a desirable LogD, which also translated to good passive permeability. The chemical, microsome, and plasma stability support these compounds as promising tool compounds and candidates for hit-to-lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjors van Klaveren
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mujtaba Hassan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Håkansson
- SARomics
Biostructures AB, Medicon
Village, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jessica Larsson
- Red
Glead Discovery AB, Medicon
Village, SE-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Žiga Jakopin
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Section MIG, Lund
University, BMC-C1228b, Klinikgatan 28, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva
cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ulf J. Nilsson
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Lund University, Naturvetarvägen 14, 223 62, Lund, Sweden
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Wellslager B, Roberts J, Chowdhury N, Madan L, Orellana E, Yilmaz Ö. Porphyromonas gingivalis activates Heat-Shock-Protein 27 to drive a LC3C-specific probacterial form of select autophagy that is redox sensitive for intracellular bacterial survival in human gingival mucosa. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.01.601539. [PMID: 39005460 PMCID: PMC11244920 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis , a major oral pathobiont, evades canonical host pathogen clearance in human primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) by initiating a non-canonical variant of autophagy consisting of Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-rich autophagosomes, which then act as replicative niches. Simultaneously, P. gingivalis inhibits apoptosis and oxidative-stress, including extracellular-ATP (eATP)-mediated reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) production via phosphorylating Heat Shock Protein 27 (HSp27) with the bacterial nucleoside-diphosphate-kinase (Ndk). Here, we have mechanistically identified that P. gingivalis -mediated induction of HSp27 is crucial for the recruitment of the LC3 isoform, LC3C, to drive the formation of live P. gingivalis -containing Beclin1-ATG14-rich autophagosomes that are redox sensitive and non-degrading. HSp27 depletions of both infected GECs and gingiva-mimicking organotypic-culture systems resulted in the collapse of P. gingivalis -mediated autophagosomes, and abolished P. gingivalis -induced LC3C-specific autophagic-flux in a HSp27-dependent manner. Concurrently, HSp27 depletion accompanied by eATP treatment abrogated protracted Beclin 1-ATG14 partnering and decreased live intracellular P. gingivalis levels. These events were only partially restored via treatments with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), which rescued the cellular redox environment independent of HSp27. Moreover, the temporal phosphorylation of HSp27 by the bacterial Ndk results in HSp27 tightly partnering with LC3C, hindering LC3C canonical cleavage, extending Beclin 1-ATG14 association, and halting canonical maturation. These findings pinpoint how HSp27 pleiotropically serves as a major platform-molecule, redox regulator, and stepwise modulator of LC3C during P. gingivalis -mediated non-canonical autophagy. Thus, our findings can determine specific molecular strategies for interfering with the host-adapted P. gingivalis ' successful mucosal colonization and oral dysbiosis.
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Esrefoglu M. Harnessing autophagy: A potential breakthrough in digestive disease treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:3036-3043. [PMID: 38983959 PMCID: PMC11230060 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i24.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a conserved cellular degradation process, is crucial for various cellular processes such as immune responses, inflammation, metabolic and oxidative stress adaptation, cell proliferation, development, and tissue repair and remodeling. Dysregulation of autophagy is suspected in numerous diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, digestive disorders, metabolic syndromes, and infectious and inflammatory diseases. If autophagy is disrupted, for example, this can have serious consequences and lead to chronic inflammation and tissue damage, as occurs in diseases such as Chron's disease and ulcerative colitis. On the other hand, the influence of autophagy on the development and progression of cancer is not clear. Autophagy can both suppress and promote the progression and metastasis of cancer at various stages. From inflammatory bowel diseases to gastrointestinal cancer, researchers are discovering the intricate role of autophagy in maintaining gut health and its potential as a therapeutic target. Researchers should carefully consider the nature and progression of diseases such as cancer when trying to determine whether inhibiting or stimulating autophagy is likely to be beneficial. Multidisciplinary approaches that combine cutting-edge research with clinical expertise are key to unlocking the full therapeutic potential of autophagy in digestive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukaddes Esrefoglu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical Faculty, Istanbul 34093, Türkiye
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4
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Meng M, Wang J, Li H, Wang J, Wang X, Li M, Gao X, Li W, Ma C, Wei L. Eliminating the invading extracellular and intracellular FnBp + bacteria from respiratory epithelial cells by autophagy mediated through FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1324727. [PMID: 38264727 PMCID: PMC10803403 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1324727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background We previously found that the respiratory epithelial cells could eliminate the invaded group A streptococcus (GAS) through autophagy induced by binding a fibronectin (Fn) binding protein (FnBp) expressed on the surface of GAS to plasma protein Fn and its receptor integrin α5β1 of epithelial cells. Is autophagy initiated by FnBp+ bacteria via FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis a common event in respiratory epithelial cells? Methods We chose Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus/S. a) and Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes/L. m) as representatives of extracellular and intracellular FnBp+ bacteria, respectively. The FnBp of them was purified and the protein function was confirmed by western blot, viable bacteria count, confocal and pull-down. The key molecule downstream of the action axis was detected by IP, mass spectrometry and bio-informatics analysis. Results We found that different FnBp from both S. aureus and L. monocytogenes could initiate autophagy through FnBp-Fn-integrin α5β1 axis and this could be considered a universal event, by which host tries to remove invading bacteria from epithelial cells. Importantly, we firstly reported that S100A8, as a key molecule downstream of integrin β1 chain, is highly expressed upon activation of integrin α5β1, which in turn up-regulates autophagy. Conclusions Various FnBp from FnBp+ bacteria have the ability to initiate autophagy via FnBp-Fn-Integrin α5β1 axis to promote the removal of invading bacteria from epithelial cells in the presence of fewer invaders. S100A8 is a key molecule downstream of Integrin α5β1 in this autophagy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Meng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiachao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Carinci M, Palumbo L, Pellielo G, Agyapong ED, Morciano G, Patergnani S, Giorgi C, Pinton P, Rimessi A. The Multifaceted Roles of Autophagy in Infectious, Obstructive, and Malignant Airway Diseases. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081944. [PMID: 36009490 PMCID: PMC9405571 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved dynamic process by which cells deliver their contents to lysosomes for degradation, thus ensuring cell homeostasis. In response to environmental stress, the induction of autophagy is crucial for cell survival. The dysregulation of this degradative process has been implicated in a wide range of pathologies, including lung diseases, representing a relevant potential target with significant clinical outcomes. During lung disease progression and infections, autophagy may exert both protective and harmful effects on cells. In this review, we will explore the implications of autophagy and its selective forms in several lung infections, such as SARS-CoV-2, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infections, and different lung diseases such as Cystic Fibrosis (CF), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Malignant Mesothelioma (MM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Carinci
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Palumbo
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Pellielo
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Esther Densu Agyapong
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Morciano
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, Section of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Liu B, Yan Y, Wang X, Chen N, Wu J. Locally generated C3 regulates the clearance of Toxoplasma gondii by IFN-γ-primed macrophage through regulation of xenophagy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:944006. [PMID: 35992649 PMCID: PMC9386420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.944006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous pathogen infection can induce autophagy in cells. Autophagy is essential for cell survival, development, and homeostasis. It not only regulates cell defense and stress, but also has a close relationship with innate and adaptive immunity. Complement is an important part of innate immunity, which could be activated by three approaches, including classic, alternative, and lectin pathways. All the three pathways result in the activation of C3, and generate anaphylatoxin fragments C3a and C5a, and formation of the membrane attack complex. Either C3a or C5a induces the inflammatory cytokines through binding to C3aR or C5aR, respectively. However, it is still unknown whether the complement could regulate the autophagy of intracellular microorganisms or not. In this study, we constructed a Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and macrophages co-culture experimental model using T. gondii expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP) fluorescence and C3−/-C57BL/6 J mice for that T. gondii invaded peritoneal macrophages in mice. Western blot, laser confocal microscopy (LCM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe the changes of autophagy between the macrophages from wild-type (WT) and C3−/− mice. Flow cytometry and LCM were used to investigate the effect of autophagy on the killing ability of macrophages against T. gondii. Here, we found that local C3 could suppress not only the canonical autophagy of macrophage, but also the xenophagy to T. gondii. Interestingly, the inhibition of C3 on host cell autophagy could significantly suppress the clearance of T. gondii by the IFN-γ-primed macrophage. Finally, we investigated the mechanism of the autophagy regulation of C3 that the effect of C3 on the macrophage-specific autophagy against T. gondii depends on mTOR. And, there is C3a but not C5a/C5aR involved in regulating macrophage xenophagy against T. gondii. Collectively, our findings suggest locally generated C3 regulates the clearance of T. gondii by Macrophage through the regulation of the non-canonical IFN-γ-dependent autophagy pathway, and paint a clearer picture in the regulation of autophagy by innate immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Hematology. The No. 967 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoreng Wang
- Laboratory of Radiation Injury Treatment, Medical Innovation Research Division, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nannan Chen
- Department of Hematology. The No. 967 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Nannan Chen,
| | - Jue Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division, The Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jue Wu,
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7
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Zhang L, Yu S, Ning X, Fang H, Li J, Zhi F, Li J, Zhou D, Wang A, Jin Y. A LysR Transcriptional Regulator Manipulates Macrophage Autophagy Flux During Brucella Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858173. [PMID: 35392609 PMCID: PMC8980476 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella, the intracellular bacteria, have evolved subtle strategies to efficiently survive and replicate in macrophages. However, the virulence effector proteins involved are still unclear. LysR-type transcriptional regulators (lttrs) are the largest regulator family with diverse function in prokaryotes. However, very little is known about the role of LysR regulators in the Brucella spp. Here, a BSS2_II0858 gene, encoded as one of the LysR-type regulators, was studied. We successfully constructed a BSS2_II0858 deletion mutant, Δ0858, and complementation strain CΔ0858 in Brucella suis S2. The cell apoptosis induced by B. suis S2 and its derivatives were detected by flow cytometry. The autophagy was then assessed by immunoblot analysis using the IL3I/II and p62 makers. In addition, the autophagy flux was evaluated by double fluorescent labeling method for autophagy marker protein LC3. Our studies demonstrated that B. suis S2 and its derivatives inhibited the programmed cell death in early stage and promoted apoptosis in the later stage during infection in RAW264.7 cells. The BSS2_II0858 gene was found to play no role during apoptosis according to these results. Compared with the wild-type strain, Δ0858 mutant can stimulate the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and markedly inhibited the autophagy flux at early stage leading to obvious autophagosome accumulation. This study explored the function of BSS2_II0858 gene and may provide new insights for understanding the mechanisms involved in the survival of Brucella in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinnuan Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hui Fang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Feijie Zhi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Junmei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Dong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Yaping Jin, ; Aihua Wang,
| | - Yaping Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Yaping Jin, ; Aihua Wang,
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Park JH, Lee SH, Park SW, Jun YW, Kim K, Jeon P, Kim M, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Deciphering the role of a membrane-targeting domain in assisting endosomal and autophagic membrane localization of a RavZ protein catalytic domain. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 33298241 PMCID: PMC7907744 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2021.54.2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial effector protein RavZ from a pathogen can impair autophagy in the host by delipidating the mammalian autophagy- related gene 8 (mATG8)-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on autophagic membranes. In RavZ, the membrane-targeting (MT) domain is an essential function. However, the molecular mechanism of this domain in regulating the intracellular localization of RavZ in cells is unclear. In this study, we found that the fusion of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) to the MT domain of RavZ (GFP-MT) resulted in localization primarily to the cytosol and nucleus, whereas the GFP-fused duplicated-MT domain (GFP-2xMT) localized to Rab5- or Rab7-positive endosomes. Similarly, GFP fusion to the catalytic domain (CA) of RavZ (GFP-CA) resulted in localization primarily to the cytosol and nucleus, even in autophagy-induced cells. However, by adding the MT domain to GFP-CA (GFP-CA-MT), the cooperation of MT and CA led to localization on the Rab5-positive endosomal membranes in a wortmannin-sensitive manner under nutrient-rich conditions, and to autophagic membranes in autophagy-induced cells. In autophagic membranes, GFP-CA-MT delipidated overexpressed or endogenous mATG8-PE. Furthermore, GFP-CAΔα3-MT, an α3 helix deletion within the CA domain, failed to localize to the endosomal or autophagic membranes and could not delipidate overexpressed mATG8-PE. Thus, the CA or MT domain alone is insufficient for stable membrane localization in cells, but the cooperation of MT and CA leads to localization to the endosomal and autophagic membranes. In autophagic membranes, the CA domain can delipidate mATG8-PE without requiring substrate recognition mediated by LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs. [BMB Reports 2021; 54(2): 118-123].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hee Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Kunhyung Kim
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Pureum Jeon
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Myungjin Kim
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Emotion, Cognition & Behavior Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu 41062, Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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9
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Molecular mechanisms of mammalian autophagy. Biochem J 2021; 478:3395-3421. [PMID: 34554214 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) and autophagy play integral roles in cellular homeostasis. As part of their normal life cycle, most proteins undergo ubiquitination for some form of redistribution, localization and/or functional modulation. However, ubiquitination is also important to the UPP and several autophagic processes. The UPP is initiated after specific lysine residues of short-lived, damaged or misfolded proteins are conjugated to ubiquitin, which targets these proteins to proteasomes. Autophagy is the endosomal/lysosomal-dependent degradation of organelles, invading microbes, zymogen granules and macromolecules such as protein, carbohydrates and lipids. Autophagy can be broadly separated into three distinct subtypes termed microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy. Although autophagy was once thought of as non-selective bulk degradation, advancements in the field have led to the discovery of several selective forms of autophagy. Here, we focus on the mechanisms of primary and selective mammalian autophagy pathways and highlight the current knowledge gaps in these molecular pathways.
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10
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Guo Q, Lin Y, Hu J. Inhibition of miR-665-3p Enhances Autophagy and Alleviates Inflammation in Fusarium solani-Induced Keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:24. [PMID: 33481985 PMCID: PMC7838549 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Accumulated evidence has shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related with the regulation of autophagy, which plays vital roles in fungal keratitis (FK). Microarray data showed elevated expression of miR-665-3p in mouse corneal tissues after infection with Fusarium solani (F. solani). Here, we investigated the effect of miR-665-3p in regulating autophagy in experimental F. solani keratitis and determined the potential molecular mechanisms involved. Methods In this article, we established an in vivo mouse model of FK and an in vitro model of corneal stromal cells by inoculating with F. solani. We divided them into the following six groups: control, chloroquine (CQ), rapamycin (Rapa), miR-665-3p antagomir (ant-665), miR-665-3p agomir (miR-665), and the negative control group (miR-NC). The levels of autophagy were detected by electron microscopy, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Then, we used a dual-luciferase reporter assay to determine the binding of miR-665-3p to the autophagy-related gene (ATG)5 3'UTR. Detection of IL-1β protein levels and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of corneal tissues were used to observe the effect of miR-665-3p on inflammation in FK. Results Here, we showed that inhibition of miR-665-3p expression in FK upregulated autophagy and alleviated inflammation. Nevertheless, the opposite results were found by overexpressing miR-665-3p. Additionally, ATG5 was a direct target gene for miR-665-3p. Conclusions Together, our data demonstrated that miR-665-3p might be involved in F. solani keratitis of mice by regulating autophagic pathways and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunqin Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
| | - Jianzhang Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fu Zhou, China
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11
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Caridi B, Doncheva D, Sivaprasad S, Turowski P. Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Common Retinal Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:687495. [PMID: 34079467 PMCID: PMC8165321 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.687495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases of the retina are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in developed countries and, due to an ageing population, their prevalence is continually rising. The lack of effective therapies and the limitations of those currently in use highlight the importance of continued research into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in driving vascular dysfunction in retinal disease and has therefore become a key therapeutic target. Recent evidence also points to a potentially similarly important role of galectins, a family of β-galactoside-binding proteins. Indeed, they have been implicated in regulating fundamental processes, including vascular hyperpermeability, angiogenesis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which also play a prominent role in retinopathies. Here, we review direct evidence for pathological roles of galectins in retinal disease. In addition, we extrapolate potential roles of galectins in the retina from evidence in cancer, immune and neuro-biology. We conclude that there is value in increasing understanding of galectin function in retinal biology, in particular in the context of the retinal vasculature and microglia. With greater insight, recent clinical developments of galectin-targeting drugs could potentially also be of benefit to the clinical management of many blinding diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Caridi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dilyana Doncheva
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sobha Sivaprasad
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patric Turowski
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Miyashita H, Oikawa D, Terawaki S, Kabata D, Shintani A, Tokunaga F. Crosstalk Between NDP52 and LUBAC in Innate Immune Responses, Cell Death, and Xenophagy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635475. [PMID: 33815386 PMCID: PMC8017197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear dot protein 52 kDa (NDP52, also known as CALCOCO2) functions as a selective autophagy receptor. The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) specifically generates the N-terminal Met1-linked linear ubiquitin chain, and regulates innate immune responses, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interferon (IFN) antiviral, and apoptotic pathways. Although NDP52 and LUBAC cooperatively regulate bacterial invasion-induced xenophagy, their functional crosstalk remains enigmatic. Here we show that NDP52 suppresses canonical NF-κB signaling through the broad specificity of ubiquitin-binding at the C-terminal UBZ domain. Upon TNF-α-stimulation, NDP52 associates with LUBAC through the HOIP subunit, but does not disturb its ubiquitin ligase activity, and has a modest suppressive effect on NF-κB activation by functioning as a component of TNF-α receptor signaling complex I. NDP52 also regulates the TNF-α-induced apoptotic pathway, but not doxorubicin-induced intrinsic apoptosis. A chemical inhibitor of LUBAC (HOIPIN-8) cancelled the increased activation of the NF-κB and IFN antiviral pathways, and enhanced apoptosis in NDP52-knockout and -knockdown HeLa cells. Upon Salmonella-infection, colocalization of Salmonella, LC3, and linear ubiquitin was detected in parental HeLa cells to induce xenophagy. Treatment with HOIPIN-8 disturbed the colocalization and facilitated Salmonella expansion. In contrast, HOIPIN-8 showed little effect on the colocalization of LC3 and Salmonella in NDP52-knockout cells, suggesting that NDP52 is a weak regulator in LUBAC-mediated xenophagy. These results indicate that the crosstalk between NDP52 and LUBAC regulates innate immune responses, apoptosis, and xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Miyashita
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Oikawa
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seigo Terawaki
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daijiro Kabata
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ayumi Shintani
- Department of Medical Statistics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Tokunaga
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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13
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Gauron MC, Newton AC, Colombo MI. PKCα Is Recruited to Staphylococcus aureus-Containing Phagosomes and Impairs Bacterial Replication by Inhibition of Autophagy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:662987. [PMID: 33815423 PMCID: PMC8013776 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.662987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hijacking the autophagic machinery is a key mechanism through which invasive pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus replicate in their host cells. We have previously demonstrated that the bacteria replicate in phagosomes labeled with the autophagic protein LC3, before escaping to the cytoplasm. Here, we show that the Ca2+-dependent PKCα binds to S. aureus-containing phagosomes and that α-hemolysin, secreted by S. aureus, promotes this recruitment of PKCα to phagosomal membranes. Interestingly, the presence of PKCα prevents the association of the autophagic protein LC3. Live cell imaging experiments using the PKC activity reporter CKAR reveal that treatment of cells with S. aureus culture supernatants containing staphylococcal secreted factors transiently activates PKC. Functional studies reveal that overexpression of PKCα causes a marked inhibition of bacterial replication. Taken together, our data identify enhancing PKCα activity as a potential approach to inhibit S. aureus replication in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Celeste Gauron
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Mendoza, Argentina.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - María Isabel Colombo
- Laboratorio de Mecanismos Moleculares Implicados en el Tráfico Vesicular y la Autofagia-Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Mendoza, Argentina
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14
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Ichimiya T, Yamakawa T, Hirano T, Yokoyama Y, Hayashi Y, Hirayama D, Wagatsuma K, Itoi T, Nakase H. Autophagy and Autophagy-Related Diseases: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238974. [PMID: 33255983 PMCID: PMC7729615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy refers to the process involving the decomposition of intracellular components via lysosomes. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining and regulating cell homeostasis by degrading intracellular components and providing degradation products to cells. In vivo, autophagy has been shown to be involved in the starvation response, intracellular quality control, early development, and cell differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that autophagy dysfunction is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and tumorigenesis. In addition to the discovery of certain disease-causing autophagy-related mutations and elucidation of the pathogenesis of conditions resulting from the abnormal degradation of selective autophagy substrates, the activation of autophagy is essential for prolonging life and suppressing aging. This article provides a comprehensive review of the role of autophagy in health, physiological function, and autophagy-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ichimiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan;
| | - Tsukasa Yamakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Takehiro Hirano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Yoshihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Yuki Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Daisuke Hirayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Kohei Wagatsuma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
| | - Takao Itoi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Nakase
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan; (T.I.); (T.Y.); (T.H.); (Y.Y.); (Y.H.); (D.H.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-611-2111
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15
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Shariq M, Quadir N, Sheikh JA, Singh AK, Bishai WR, Ehtesham NZ, Hasnain SE. Post translational modifications in tuberculosis: ubiquitination paradox. Autophagy 2020; 17:814-817. [PMID: 33190592 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1850009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling and xenophagy are crucial innate defense strategies exploited by the host to counteract intracellular pathogens with ubiquitination as a critical regulator of these processes. These pathogens, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), co-opt the host ubiquitin machinery by utilizing secreted or cell surface effectors to dampen innate host defenses. Inversely, the host utilizes ubiquitin ligase-mediated ubiquitination of intracellular pathogens and recruits autophagy receptors to induce xenophagy. In the current article, we discuss the co-option of the ubiquitin pathway by the M. tb virulence effectors.Abbreviations: ANAPC2: anaphase promoting complex subunit 2; IL: interleukin; Lys: lysine (K); MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAP3K7/TAK1; mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; M. tb: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B subunit; PtpA: protein tyrosine phosphatase; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-ATPase; UBA: a eukaryotic-like ubiquitin-associated domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shariq
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | - Neha Quadir
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India.,JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javaid Ahmad Sheikh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Kumar Singh
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William R Bishai
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Center for Tuberculosis Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Seyed E Hasnain
- JH-Institute of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.,Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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16
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Abstract
The intracellular protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is capable of infecting most nucleated cells, where it survives in a specially modified compartment called the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is the major cytokine involved in activating cell-autonomous immune responses to inhibit parasite growth within this intracellular niche. In HeLa cells, IFN-γ treatment leads to ubiquitination of susceptible parasite strains, recruitment of the adaptors p62 and NDP52, and engulfment in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-positive membranes that restrict parasite growth. IFN-γ-mediated growth restriction depends on core members of the autophagy (ATG) pathway but not the initiation or degradative steps in the process. To explore the connection between these different pathways, we used permissive biotin ligation to identify proteins that interact with ATG5 in an IFN-γ-dependent fashion. Network analysis of the ATG5 interactome identified interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), which is highly upregulated by IFN treatment, as a hub connecting the ATG complex with other IFN-γ-induced genes, suggesting that it forms a functional link between the pathways. Deletion of ISG15 resulted in impaired recruitment of p62, NDP52, and LC3 to the PV and loss of IFN-γ-restricted parasite growth. The function of ISG15 required conjugation, and a number of ISGylated targets overlapped with the IFN-γ-dependent ATG5 interactome, including the adapter p62. Collectively, our findings establish a role for ISG15 in connecting the ATG pathway with IFN-γ-dependent restriction of T. gondii in human cells.IMPORTANCE Interferon(s) provide the primary defense against intracellular pathogens, a property ascribed to their ability to upregulate interferon-stimulated genes. Due to the sequestered niche occupied by Toxoplasma gondii, the host has elaborated intricate ways to target the parasite within its vacuole. One such mechanism is the recognition by a noncanonical autophagy pathway that envelops the parasite-containing vacuole and stunts growth in human cells. Remarkably, autophagy-dependent growth restriction requires interferon-γ, yet none of the classical components of autophagy are induced by interferon. Our studies draw a connection between these pathways by demonstrating that the antiviral protein ISG15, which is normally upregulated by interferons, links the autophagy-mediated control to ubiquitination of the vacuole. These findings suggest a similar link between interferon-γ signaling and autophagy that may underlie defense against other intracellular pathogens.
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17
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Recchiuti A, Isopi E, Romano M, Mattoscio D. Roles of Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Autophagy and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6637. [PMID: 32927853 PMCID: PMC7555248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that accounts for degradation and recycling of cellular components to extend cell survival under stress conditions. In addition to this prominent role, recent evidence indicates that autophagy is crucially involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response, a tightly controlled process aimed at clearing the inflammatory stimulus and restoring tissue homeostasis. To be efficient and beneficial to the host, inflammation should be controlled by a resolution program, since uncontrolled inflammation is the underlying cause of many pathologies. Resolution of inflammation is an active process mediated by a variety of mediators, including the so-called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), a family of endogenous lipid autacoids known to regulate leukocyte infiltration and activities, and counterbalance cytokine production. Recently, regulation of autophagic mechanisms by these mediators has emerged, uncovering unappreciated connections between inflammation resolution and autophagy. Here, we summarize mechanisms of autophagy and resolution, focusing on the contribution of autophagy in sustaining paradigmatic examples of chronic inflammatory disorders. Then, we discuss the evidence that SPMs can restore dysregulated autophagy, hypothesizing that resolution of inflammation could represent an innovative approach to modulate autophagy and its impact on the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Domenico Mattoscio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology, Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Chieti—Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (A.R.); (E.I.); (M.R.)
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18
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Full-length galectin-8 and separate carbohydrate recognition domains: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts? Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:1255-1268. [PMID: 32597487 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-8 (Gal-8) is a tandem-repeat type galectin with affinity for β-galactosides, bearing two carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) connected by a linker peptide. The N- and C-terminal domains (Gal-8N and Gal-8C) share 35% homology, and their glycan ligand specificity is notably dissimilar: while Gal-8N shows strong affinity for α(2-3)-sialylated oligosaccharides, Gal-8C has higher affinity for non-sialylated oligosaccharides, including poly-N-acetyllactosamine and/ or A and B blood group structures. Particularly relevant for understanding the biological role of this lectin, full-length Gal-8 can bind cell surface glycoconjugates with broader affinity than the isolated Gal-8N and Gal-8C domains, a trait also described for other tandem-repeat galectins. Herein, we aim to discuss the potential use of separate CRDs in modelling tandem-repeat galectin-8 and its biological functions. For this purpose, we will cover several aspects of the structure-function relationship of this protein including crystallographic structures, glycan specificity, cell function and biological roles, with the ultimate goal of understanding the potential role of each CRD in predicting full-length Gal-8 involvement in relevant biological processes.
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19
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Wu S, Shen Y, Zhang S, Xiao Y, Shi S. Salmonella Interacts With Autophagy to Offense or Defense. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:721. [PMID: 32390979 PMCID: PMC7188831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important component of the innate immune system in mammals. Low levels of basic autophagy are sustained in normal cells, to help with the clearance of aging organelles and misfolded proteins, thus maintaining their structural and functional stability. However, when cells are faced with challenges, such as starvation or pathogenic infection, their level of autophagy increases significantly. Salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen, which imposes an economic burden on the poultry farming industry and human public health. Previous studies have shown that Salmonella can induce the autophagy of cells following invasion, which to a certain extent helps to protect the cells from bacterial colonization. This review summarizes the latest research in the field of Salmonella-induced autophagy, including: (i) the autophagy induction and escape mechanisms employed by Salmonella during the infection of host cells; (ii) the effect of autophagy on intracellular Salmonella; (iii) the important autophagy adaptors that recognize intracellular Salmonella in host cells; and (iv) the effect of autophagy-modulating drugs on Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wu
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shourong Shi
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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20
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Park SW, Jun YW, Jeon P, Lee YK, Park JH, Lee SH, Lee JA, Jang DJ. LIR motifs and the membrane-targeting domain are complementary in the function of RavZ. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31722778 PMCID: PMC6941762 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.12.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial effector protein RavZ is secreted by the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila and inhibits host autophagy through an irreversible deconjugation of mammalian ATG8 (mATG8) proteins from autophagosome membranes. However, the roles of the LC3 interacting region (LIR) motifs in RavZ function remain unclear. In this study, we show that a membrane-targeting (MT) domain or the LIR motifs of RavZ play major or minor roles in RavZ function. A RavZ mutant that does not bind to mATG8 delipidated all forms of mATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) as efficiently as did wild-type RavZ. However, a RavZ mutant with a deletion of the MT domain selectively delipidated mATG8-PE less efficiently than did wild-type RavZ. Taken together, our results suggest that the effects of LIR motifs and the MT domain on RavZ activity are complementary and work through independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Pureum Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - You-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Ju-Hui Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Nanotechnology, Hannam University, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
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21
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The Role of Autophagy and Autophagy Receptor NDP52 in Microbial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062008. [PMID: 32187990 PMCID: PMC7139735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a general protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, and promoting cell survival by degrading and recycling cellular components under stress conditions. The degradation pathway that is mediated by autophagy receptors is called selective autophagy, also named as xenophagy. Autophagy receptor NDP52 acts as a ‘bridge’ between autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and it also plays an important role in the process of selective autophagy. Pathogenic microbial infections cause various diseases in both humans and animals, posing a great threat to public health. Increasing evidence has revealed that autophagy and autophagy receptors are involved in the life cycle of pathogenic microbial infections. The interaction between autophagy receptor and pathogenic microorganism not only affects the replication of these microorganisms in the host cell, but it also affects the host’s immune system. This review aims to discuss the effects of autophagy on pathogenic microbial infection and replication, and summarizes the mechanisms by which autophagy receptors interact with microorganisms. While considering the role of autophagy receptors in microbial infection, NDP52 might be a potential target for developing effective therapies to treat pathogenic microbial infections.
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22
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Zatyka M, Sarkar S, Barrett T. Autophagy in Rare (NonLysosomal) Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2735-2753. [PMID: 32087199 PMCID: PMC7232014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) comprise conditions with impaired neuronal function and loss and may be associated with a build-up of aggregated proteins with altered physicochemical properties (misfolded proteins). There are many disorders, and causes include gene mutations, infections, or exposure to toxins. The autophagy pathway is involved in the removal of unwanted proteins and organelles through lysosomes. While lysosomal storage disorders have been described for many years, it is now recognised that perturbations of the autophagy pathway itself can also lead to neurodegenerative disease. These include monogenic disorders of key proteins involved in the autophagy pathway, and disorders within pathways that critically control autophagy through monitoring of the supply of nutrients (mTORC1 pathway) or of energy supply in cells (AMPK pathway). This review focuses on childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorders with perturbed autophagy, due to defects in the autophagy pathway, or in upstream signalling via mTORC1 and AMPK. The review first provides a short description of autophagy, as related to neurons. It then examines the extended role of autophagy in neuronal function, plasticity, and memory. There follows a description of each step of the autophagy pathway in greater detail, illustrated with examples of diseases grouped by the stage of their perturbation of the pathway. Each disease is accompanied by a short clinical description, to illustrate the diversity but also the overlap of symptoms caused by perturbation of key proteins necessary for the proper functioning of autophagy. Finally, there is a consideration of current challenges that need addressing for future therapeutic advances. Autophagy is an important pathway for the removal of misfolded proteins from terminally differentiated neurons. Monogenic defects in autophagy cause childhood-onset neurodegeneration. Defects in different stages of the pathway may present with overlapping clinical features. Increasing autophagic flux may be a therapeutic strategy to treat many autophagic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Zatyka
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Timothy Barrett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Steelhouse Lane, Birmingham B4 6NH, UK.
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23
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Goldberg DE, Zimmerberg J. Hardly Vacuous: The Parasitophorous Vacuolar Membrane of Malaria Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2020; 36:138-146. [PMID: 31866184 PMCID: PMC6937376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
When a malaria parasite invades a host erythrocyte it pushes itself in and invaginates a portion of the host membrane, thereby sealing itself inside and establishing itself in the resulting vacuole. The parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM) that surrounds the parasite is modified by the parasite, using its secretory organelles. To survive within this enveloping membrane, the organism must take in nutrients, secrete wastes, export proteins into the host cell, and eventually egress. Here, we review current understanding of the unique solutions Plasmodium has evolved to these challenges and discuss the remaining questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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24
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Park SW, Jeon P, Jun YW, Park JH, Lee SH, Lee S, Lee JA, Jang DJ. Monitoring LC3- or GABARAP-positive autophagic membranes using modified RavZ-based probes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16593. [PMID: 31719622 PMCID: PMC6851389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy is a selective lysosomal degradation pathway for invading pathogens in host cells. However, invading bacteria also develop survival mechanisms to inhibit host autophagy. RavZ is a protein secreted by Legionella that irreversibly delipidates mammalian autophagy-related protein 8 (mATG8) on autophagic membranes in host cells via efficient autophagic membrane targeting. In this study, we leveraged the autophagic membrane-targeting mechanism of RavZ and generated a new autophagosome probe by replacing the catalytic domain of RavZ with GFP. This probe is efficiently localized to mATG8-positive autophagic membranes via a synergistic combination between mATG8 protein-binding mediated by the LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs and phosphoinositide-3-phosphate (PI3P) binding mediated by the membrane-targeting (MT) domain. Furthermore, the membrane association activity of this new probe with an MT domain was more efficient than that of probes with a hydrophobic domain that were previously used in LIR-based autophagosome sensors. Finally, by substituting the LIR motifs of RavZ with selective LIR motifs from Fyco1 or ULK2, we developed new probes for detecting LC3A/B- or GABARAP subfamily-positive autophagic membranes, respectively. We propose that these new RavZ-based sensors will be useful for monitoring and studying the function of mATG8-positive autophagic membranes in different cellular contexts for autophagy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureum Jeon
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, 1646, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Woo Jun
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hui Park
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Lee
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Nano Technology, Hannam University, 1646, Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea.
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, 2559, Gyeongsang-daero, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37224, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Sudhakar P, Jacomin AC, Hautefort I, Samavedam S, Fatemian K, Ari E, Gul L, Demeter A, Jones E, Korcsmaros T, Nezis IP. Targeted interplay between bacterial pathogens and host autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:1620-1633. [PMID: 30909843 PMCID: PMC6693458 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1590519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the critical role played by autophagy in pathogen clearance, pathogens have developed diverse strategies to subvert it. Despite previous key findings of bacteria-autophagy interplay, asystems-level insight into selective targeting by the host and autophagy modulation by the pathogens is lacking. We predicted potential interactions between human autophagy proteins and effector proteins from 56 pathogenic bacterial species by identifying bacterial proteins predicted to have recognition motifs for selective autophagy receptors SQSTM1/p62, CALCOCO2/NDP52 and MAP1LC3/LC3. Using structure-based interaction prediction, we identified bacterial proteins capable to modify core autophagy components. Our analysis revealed that autophagy receptors in general potentially target mostly genus-specific proteins, and not those present in multiple genera. The complementarity between the predicted SQSTM1/p62 and CALCOCO2/NDP52 targets, which has been shown for Salmonella, Listeria and Shigella, could be observed across other pathogens. This complementarity potentially leaves the host more susceptible to chronic infections upon the mutation of autophagy receptors. Proteins derived from enterotoxigenic and non-toxigenic Bacillus outer membrane vesicles indicated that autophagy targets pathogenic proteins rather than non-pathogenic ones. We also observed apathogen-specific pattern as to which autophagy phase could be modulated by specific genera. We found intriguing examples of bacterial proteins that could modulate autophagy, and in turn being targeted by autophagy as ahost defense mechanism. We confirmed experimentally an interplay between a Salmonella protease, YhjJ and autophagy. Our comparative meta-analysis points out key commonalities and differences in how pathogens could affect autophagy and how autophagy potentially recognizes these pathogenic effectors. Abbreviations: ATG5: autophagy related 5; CALCOCO2/NDP52: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; GST: glutathione S-transferase; LIR: MAP1LC3/LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha; OMV: outer membrane vesicles; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SCV: Salmonella containing vesicle; TECPR1: tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 1; YhjJ: hypothetical zinc-protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padhmanand Sudhakar
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gut Health and Microbes Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Siva Samavedam
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Koorosh Fatemian
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Current affiliation:Exaelements LTD, Coventry, UK
| | - Eszter Ari
- Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
- Synthetic and System Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Leila Gul
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Amanda Demeter
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gut Health and Microbes Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Department of Genetics, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emily Jones
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gut Health and Microbes Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Gut Health and Microbes Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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26
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Tomaipitinca L, Mandatori S, Mancinelli R, Giulitti F, Petrungaro S, Moresi V, Facchiano A, Ziparo E, Gaudio E, Giampietri C. The Role of Autophagy in Liver Epithelial Cells and Its Impact on Systemic Homeostasis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040827. [PMID: 30979078 PMCID: PMC6521167 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy plays a role in several physiological and pathological processes as it controls the turnover rate of cellular components and influences cellular homeostasis. The liver plays a central role in controlling organisms’ metabolism, regulating glucose storage, plasma proteins and bile synthesis and the removal of toxic substances. Liver functions are particularly sensitive to autophagy modulation. In this review we summarize studies investigating how autophagy influences the hepatic metabolism, focusing on fat accumulation and lipids turnover. We also describe how autophagy affects bile production and the scavenger function within the complex homeostasis of the liver. We underline the role of hepatic autophagy in counteracting the metabolic syndrome and the associated cardiovascular risk. Finally, we highlight recent reports demonstrating how the autophagy occurring within the liver may affect skeletal muscle homeostasis as well as different extrahepatic solid tumors, such as melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Tomaipitinca
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Sara Mandatori
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Federico Giulitti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simonetta Petrungaro
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Viviana Moresi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Facchiano
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata IDI-IRCCS, 00167 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elio Ziparo
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudia Giampietri
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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27
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Chronic Infections: A Possible Scenario for Autophagy and Senescence Cross-Talk. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100162. [PMID: 30308990 PMCID: PMC6210027 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple tissues and systems in the organism undergo modifications during aging due to an accumulation of damaged proteins, lipids, and genetic material. To counteract this process, the cells are equipped with specific mechanisms, such as autophagy and senescence. Particularly, the immune system undergoes a process called immunosenescence, giving rise to a chronic inflammatory status of the organism, with a decreased ability to counteract antigens. The obvious result of this process is a reduced defence capacity. Currently, there is evidence that some pathogens are able to accelerate the immunosenescence process for their own benefit. Although to date numerous reports show the autophagy–senescence relationship, or the connection between pathogens with autophagy or senescence, the link between the three actors remains unexplored. In this review, we have summarized current knowledge about important issues related to aging, senescence, and autophagy.
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28
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Insights into degradation mechanism of N-end rule substrates by p62/SQSTM1 autophagy adapter. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3291. [PMID: 30120248 PMCID: PMC6098011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05825-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
p62/SQSTM1 is the key autophagy adapter protein and the hub of multi-cellular signaling. It was recently reported that autophagy and N-end rule pathways are linked via p62. However, the exact recognition mode of degrading substrates and regulation of p62 in the autophagic pathway remain unknown. Here, we present the complex structures between the ZZ-domain of p62 and various type-1 and type-2 N-degrons. The binding mode employed in the interaction of the ZZ-domain with N-degrons differs from that employed by classic N-recognins. It was also determined that oligomerization via the PB1 domain can control functional affinity to the R-BiP substrate. Unexpectedly, we found that self-oligomerization and disassembly of p62 are pH-dependent. These findings broaden our understanding of the functional repertoire of the N-end rule pathway and provide an insight into the regulation of p62 during the autophagic pathway. The autophagy adapter p62/SQSTM1 plays a key role in selective autophagy and also recognizes N-end rule substrates. Here the authors provide molecular insights into p62 N-end rule substrate recognition by solving the structures of the p62 ZZ-domain in complex with various type 1 and type 2 degrons and also show the pH dependent oligomerization of p62.
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29
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Kim BW, Jin Y, Kim J, Kim JH, Jung J, Kang S, Kim IY, Kim J, Cheong H, Song HK. The C-terminal region of ATG101 bridges ULK1 and PtdIns3K complex in autophagy initiation. Autophagy 2018; 14:2104-2116. [PMID: 30081750 PMCID: PMC6984762 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1504716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The initiation of macroautophagy/autophagy is tightly regulated by the upstream ULK1 kinase complex, which affects many downstream factors including the PtdIns3K complex. The phosphorylation of the right position at the right time on downstream molecules is governed by proper complex formation. One component of the ULK1 complex, ATG101, known as an accessory protein, is a stabilizer of ATG13 in cells. The WF finger region of ATG101 plays an important role in the recruitment of WIPI1 (WD repeat domain, phosphoinositide interacting protein 1) and ZFYVE1 (zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1). Here, we report that the C-terminal region identified in the structure of the human ATG101-ATG13HORMA complex is responsible for the binding of the PtdIns3K complex. This region adopts a β-strand conformation in free ATG101, but either an α-helix or random coil in our ATG101-ATG13HORMA complex, which protrudes from the core and interacts with other molecules. The C-terminal deletion of ATG101 shows a significant defect in the interaction with PtdIns3K components and subsequently impairs autophagosome formation. This result clearly presents an additional role of ATG101 for bridging the ULK1 and PtdIns3K complexes in the mammalian autophagy process. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; BECN1: beclin 1; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HORMA: Hop1p/Rev7p/MAD2; HsATG13HORMA: HORMA domain of ATG13 from Homo sapiens; KO: knockout; MAD2: mitotic arrest deficient 2 like 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PIK3R4/VPS15: phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 4; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; SAXS: small-angle X-ray scattering; ScAtg13HORMA: HORMA domain of Atg13 from Sccharomyces cerevisiae; SEC-SAXS: size-exclusion chromatography with small-angle X-ray scattering; SpAtg13HORMA: HORMA domain of Atg13 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ULK1: unc51-like autophagy activating kinase 1; UVRAG: UV radiation resistance associated; WIPI1: WD repeat domain: phosphoinositide interacting 1; ZFYVE1/DFCP1: zinc finger FYVE-type containing 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Won Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Jin
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyea Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hoe Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juneyoung Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongman Kang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick Young Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungmok Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Cheong
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Tumor Microenvironment Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kyu Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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30
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Hargarten JC, Williamson PR. Epigenetic Regulation of Autophagy: A Path to the Control of Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1864. [PMID: 30154791 PMCID: PMC6102341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are a significant cause of debilitation and mortality globally and are in need of cost-effective therapeutics. Autophagy is a cellular pathway that facilitates immune modulation involved in both pathogen control and autoimmunity. Regulation is multifactorial and includes a number of epigenetic pathways which can involve modification of DNA-binding histones to induce autophagy-related mRNA synthesis or microRNA and decapping-associated mRNA degradation which results in autophagy suppression. Appreciation of epigenetic-based pathways involved in autophagy and autoimmunity may facilitate application of a burgeoning group of epigenetic pharmaceuticals to these important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Hargarten
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are involved in many physiological functions, such as inflammation, immune responses, cell migration, autophagy and signalling. They are also linked to diseases such as fibrosis, cancer and heart disease. How such a small family of only 15 members can have such widespread effects remains a conundrum. In this Cell Science at a Glance article, we summarise recent literature on the many cellular activities that have been ascribed to galectins. As shown on the accompanying poster, these include carbohydrate-independent interactions with cytosolic or nuclear targets and carbohydrate-dependent interactions with extracellular glycoconjugates. We discuss how these intra- and extracellular activities might be linked and point out the importance of unravelling molecular mechanisms of galectin function to gain a true understanding of their contributions to the physiology of the cell. We close with a short outlook on the organismal functions of galectins and a perspective on the major challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Johannes
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Cellular and Chemical Biology unit, U1143 INSERM, UMR3666 CNRS, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ralf Jacob
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Zytobiologie, Robert-Koch-Str. 6, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Sect. MIG (Microbiology, Immunology, Glycobiology), Dept Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, POB 117, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Shik Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute & Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722,
Korea
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