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Cosmetic Applications of Bee Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13110810. [PMID: 34822594 PMCID: PMC8625659 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) is a typical toxin secreted by stingers of honeybee workers. BV and BV therapy have long been attractive to different cultures, with extensive studies during recent decades. Nowadays, BV is applied to combat several skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, acne vulgaris, alopecia, vitiligo, and psoriasis. BV is used extensively in topical preparations as cosmetics and used as dressing for wound healing, as well as in facemasks. Nevertheless, the safety of BV as a therapeutic choice has always been a concern due to the immune system reaction in some people due to BV use. The documented unfavorable impact is explained by the fact that the skin reactions to BV might expand to excessive immunological responses, including anaphylaxis, that typically resolve over numerous days. This review aims to address bee venom therapeutic uses in skin cosmetics.
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LE TN, Da Silva D, Colas C, Darrouzet E, Baril P, Leseurre L, Maunit B. Asian hornet Vespa velutina nigrithorax venom: Evaluation and identification of the bioactive compound responsible for human keratinocyte protection against oxidative stress. Toxicon 2020; 176:1-9. [PMID: 31935389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the potential antioxidant molecules of the Asian hornet venom (Vespa velutina nigrithorax) responsible for radical scavenging activity and human keratinocyte protection against oxidative stress. We developed a first technical platform that combined a DPPH radical scavenging chemical assay and cytotoxicity and ROS (reactive oxygen species) production in HaCaT keratinocyte cells exposed to UVB to evaluate the antioxidant property of V. velutina venom. We further employed Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) combined with the DPPH assay as a targeted separation approach to isolate the antioxidant compounds responsible for the free radical scavenging property of V. velutina venom. In parallel, the latter was fractionated by a HPLC-DAD non-targeted separation approach. From this experiment, nine fractions were generated which were again evaluated separately for their antioxidant properties using DPPH assays. Results showed that only one fraction exhibited significant antioxidant activity in which serotonin was identified as the major compound by a UHPLC-ESI-QTOF HRMS/MS approach. We finally demonstrated, using purified serotonin molecule that this bioactive structure is mostly responsible for the free radical scavenging property of the crude venom as evidenced by DPPH and ROS assays in HaCaT cells exposed to UVB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nhi LE
- University of Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France.
| | - David Da Silva
- University of Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France.
| | - Cyril Colas
- University of Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France; CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, University of Orléans, F-45071, Orléans, France.
| | - Eric Darrouzet
- IRBI, UMR CNRS 7261, University of Tours, Faculty of Sciences, Parc de Grandmont, 37200, Tours, France.
| | - Patrick Baril
- CNRS, CBM, UPR 4301, University of Orléans, F-45071, Orléans, France.
| | - Lucie Leseurre
- CHIMEX (groupe L'Oréal), 16 Rue Maurice Berteaux, 95500, Le Thillay, France.
| | - Benoît Maunit
- University of Orléans, CNRS, ICOA, UMR 7311, F-45067, Orléans, France; University of Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, IMost, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Kim H, Park SY, Lee G. Potential Therapeutic Applications of Bee Venom on Skin Disease and Its Mechanisms: A Literature Review. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070374. [PMID: 31252651 PMCID: PMC6669657 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is larger than any other organ in humans. Like other organs, various bacterial, viral, and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer, affect the skin. Skin diseases like acne, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis often reduce the quality of life seriously. Therefore, effective treatment of skin disorders is important despite them not being life-threatening. Conventional medicines for skin diseases include corticosteroids and antimicrobial drugs, which are effective in treating many inflammatory and infectious skin diseases; however, there are growing concerns about the side effects of these therapies, especially during long-term use in relapsing or intractable diseases. Hence, many researchers are trying to develop alternative treatments, especially from natural sources, to resolve these limitations. Bee venom (BV) is an attractive candidate because many experimental and clinical reports show that BV exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-fibrotic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancer effects. Here, we review the therapeutic applications of BV in skin diseases, including acne, alopecia, atopic dermatitis, melanoma, morphea, photoaging, psoriasis, wounds, wrinkles, and vitiligo. Moreover, we explore the therapeutic mechanisms of BV in the treatment of skin diseases and killing effects of BV on skin disease-causing pathogens, including bacteria, fungi and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haejoong Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otolaryngology & Dermatology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea.
| | - Gihyun Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Dongshin University, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea.
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Gęgotek A, Jastrząb A, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Muszyńska M, Skrzydlewska E. The Effect of Sea Buckthorn ( Hippophae rhamnoides L.) Seed Oil on UV-Induced Changes in Lipid Metabolism of Human Skin Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E110. [PMID: 30142919 PMCID: PMC6162715 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids and proteins of skin cells are the most exposed to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation contained in sunlight. There is a growing need for natural compounds that will protect these sensitive molecules from damage, without harmful side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sea buckthorn seed oil on the redox balance and lipid metabolism in UV irradiated cells formed different skin layers to examine whether it had a protective effect. Human keratinocytes and fibroblasts were subjected to UVA (ultraviolet type A; 30 J/cm² and 20 J/cm²) or UVB (ultraviolet type B; 60 mJ/cm² and 200 mJ/cm², respectively) radiation and treated with sea buckthorn seed oil (500 ng/mL), and the redox activity was estimated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidants activity/level (using electron spin resonance (ESR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and spectrophotometry). Lipid metabolism was measured by the level of fatty acids, lipid peroxidation products, endocannabinoids and phospholipase A2 activity (GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), LC/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry), and spectrophotometry). Also, transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear erythroid 2-related factor) and its activators/inhibitors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) and cannabinoid receptor levels were measured (Western blot). Sea buckthorn oil partially prevents UV-induced ROS generation and enhances the level of non-enzymatic antioxidants such as glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trx) and vitamins E and A. Moreover, it stimulates the activity of Nrf2 leading to enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity. As a result, decreases in lipid peroxidation products (4-hydroxynonenal, 8-isoprostaglandin) and increases in the endocannabinoid receptor levels were observed. Moreover, sea buckthorn oil treatment enhanced the level of phospholipid and free fatty acids, while simultaneously decreasing the cannabinoid receptor expression in UV irradiated keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The main differences in sea buckthorn oil on various skin cell types was observed in the case of PPARs-in keratinocytes following UV radiation PPAR expression was decreased by sea buckthorn oil treatment, while in fibroblasts the reverse effect was observed, indicating an anti-inflammatory effect. With these results, sea buckthorn seed oil exhibited prevention of UV-induced disturbances in redox balance as well as lipid metabolism in skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes, which indicates it is a promising natural compound in skin photo-protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-089, Poland.
| | - Anna Jastrząb
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-089, Poland.
| | - Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-089, Poland.
| | - Marta Muszyńska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-089, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-089, Poland.
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Kim HL, Woo SM, Choi WR, Kim HS, Yi C, Kim KH, Cheng J, Yang SH, Suh JW. Scopoletin downregulates MMP‑1 expression in human fibroblasts via inhibition of p38 phosphorylation. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:2285-2293. [PMID: 30015831 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation of keratinocytes by ultraviolet B induces cytokine production, which in turn activates fibroblasts to produce cytokines and increase matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)‑1 protein expression. The present study investigated the effect and potential mechanisms of scopoletin on the regulation of MMP‑1 expression in fibroblasts. Scopoletin was isolated from Artemisia capillaris crude extract. Treatment of fibroblasts with scopoletin resulted in a decrease in the protein expression of MMP‑1 following stimulation with human keratinocyte (HaCaT) conditioned medium. To further explore the mechanism underlying this effect, the expression levels of proteins in the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling pathways were evaluated via western blot analysis. The mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)‑1α and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α were evaluated via reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The effect of scopoletin on cell viability was assessed with the MTT assay. The results demonstrated that scopoletin treatment markedly decreased MMP‑1, IL‑1α and TNFα mRNA expression in fibroblasts stimulated with HaCaT conditioned medium (40 mJ/cm2), without any apparent cell cytotoxicity, and in a dose‑dependent manner. In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that scopoletin reduced the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in fibroblasts. In summary, the present study demonstrated that scopoletin inhibited MMP‑1 and proinflammatory cytokine expression by inhibiting p38 MAPK phosphorylation. These findings suggest that scopoletin may have potential as a therapeutic agent to prevent and treat photoaging of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Lim Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Woo
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Rin Choi
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Suk Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunsik Yi
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyeon Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhua Cheng
- Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Chonnam 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Won Suh
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomodulation, Myongji University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17058, Republic of Korea
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Somwongin S, Chantawannakul P, Chaiyana W. Antioxidant activity and irritation property of venoms from Apis species. Toxicon 2018; 145:32-39. [PMID: 29499244 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological effects of bee venom has been reported, however, it has been restricted to the bee venom collected from European honey bee (Apis mellifera). The aim of the present study was to compare the antioxidant activities and irritation properties of venoms collected from four different Apis species in Thailand, which includes Apis cerena (Asian cavity nesting honeybee), Apis florea (dwarf honeybee), Apis dorsata (giant honeybee), and A. mellifera. Melittin content of each bee venom extracts was investigated by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2, 2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), and 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay were used to determine the antioxidant activity, whereas, hen's egg test chorioallantoic membrane assay was used to determine the irritation property of each bee venom extracts. Melittin was the major constituent in all bee venom extracts. The melittin content in A. dorsata, A. mellifera, A. florea, and A. cerena were 95.8 ± 3.2%, 76.5 ± 1.9%, 66.3 ± 8.6%, and 56.8 ± 1.8%, respectively. Bee venom extract from A. dorsata possessed the highest antioxidant activity with the inhibition of 41.1 ± 2.2% against DPPH, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of 10.21 ± 0.74 mM Trolox/mg and equivalent concentration (EC1) of 0.35 ± 0.02 mM FeSO4/mg. Bee venom extract from A. mellifera exhibited the highest irritation, followed by A. cerena, A. dorsata, and A. florea, respectively. Melittin was the compound responsible for the irritation property of bee venom extracts since it could induce severe irritation (irritation score was 13.7 ± 0.5, at the concentration of 2 mg/ml). The extract from A. dorsata which possessed the highest antioxidant activity showed no irritation up to the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. Therefore, bee venom extract from A. dorsata at the concentration not more than 0.1 mg/ml would be suggested for using as cosmetic ingredients since it possessed the highest antioxidant activity with no irritation. This study is the first report to compare the bee venom extracts from different Apis species and display their potential application of bee venom extracts in cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvimol Somwongin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Bee Protection Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; International College of Digital Innovation, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wantida Chaiyana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Research Center of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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Evaluation of Phototoxic and Skin Sensitization Potentials of PLA 2 -Free Bee Venom. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:157367. [PMID: 26347784 PMCID: PMC4546966 DOI: 10.1155/2015/157367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bee venom (BV) from honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) has been used in oriental medicine and cosmetic ingredients because of its diverse pharmacological activities. In many studies, among BV components, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is known as a major player in BV-induced allergic reaction. Therefore, we removed PLA2 from BV using ultrafiltration and then investigated in vitro phototoxicity and in vivo skin sensitization of PLA2-free BV (PBV) in comparison with regular BV. The 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity assay can be appropriated to identify the phototoxic effect of a test substance upon the exposure of ultraviolet A. Chlorpromazine, a positive control, showed high levels of photoirritation factor and mean photo effect values, while BV and PBV had less of these values. Local lymph node assay is an alternative method to evaluate skin sensitization potential of chemicals. BALB/c mice were treated with p-phenylenediamine (PPD, positive control), BV, or PBV. In all of PPD concentrations, stimulation indexes (SI) as sensitizing potential of chemicals were ≥1.6, determined to be sensitizer, while SI levels of BV and PBV were below 1.6. Thus, based on these findings, we propose that both BV and PBV are nonphototoxic compounds and nonsensitizers.
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