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Wessling R, Delgado Andrés R, Morhenn I, Acker P, Maftuhin W, Walter M, Würfel U, Esser B. Phenothiazine-Based Donor-Acceptor Polymers as Multifunctional Materials for Charge Storage and Solar Energy Conversion. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2200699. [PMID: 36333908 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The increasing energy demand for diverse applications requires new types of devices and materials. Multifunctional materials that can fulfill different roles are of high interest as they can allow fabricating devices that can both convert and store energy. Herein, organic donor-acceptor redox polymers that can function as charge storage materials in batteries and as donor materials in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) photovoltaic devices are investigated. Based on its reversible redox chemistry, phenothiazine is used as the main building block in the conjugated copolymer design and combined with diketopyrrolopyrrol and benzothiadiazole as electron-poor comonomers to shift the optical absorption into the visible region. The resulting polymers show excellent cycling stability as positive electrode materials in lithium-organic batteries at discharge potentials of 3.6-3.7 V versus Li/Li+ as well as good performances in BHJ solar cells with up to 1.9% power conversion efficiency. This study shows that the design of such multifunctional materials is possible, however, that it also faces challenges, as essential properties for good device function can lead to diametrically opposite requirements in materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Wessling
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Delgado Andrés
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Morhenn
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Acker
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wafa Maftuhin
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IWM, MikroTribologie Centrum µTC, Wöhlerstr. 11, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uli Würfel
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Synthesis, photophysical properties, and computational studies of benzothiadiazole and/or phenothiazine based donor/acceptor π-conjugated copolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02621-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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El-Shehawy AA, Attia AM, Abdallah ARIA, El-Hendawy MM. Synthesis, characterization, photophysical properties, and computational studies on N-hexylphenothiazine/cyanopyridine based π-conjugated copolymers. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008320988757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, π-conjugated copolymers, namely N-hexylphenothiazine/cyanopyridine/phenyl/benzothiadiazole, N-hexylphenothiazine/cyanopyridine/phenyl/9,9-dihexylfluorene, and N-hexylphenothiazine/cyanopyridine/phenyl/9,9-diethylhexylfluorene were readily synthesized via Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The polymer structures and their photophysical properties were characterized by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, GPC, TGA, XRD, UV-vis absorption and PL spectroscopy measurements. The coupling agent effect on photophysical properties of copolymers was investigated to rationally design polymers with particular physical properties to be employed in optoelectronic devices. The UV-vis absorption spectroscopy of copolymers showed λmax at a range of ∼334–474 nm and red-shifted in their films to a range of ∼342–381 nm. These copolymers displayed highly intense fluorescence in their solutions and films. The PL spectra of copolymers indicated red and near-infrared light, rendering them a prospect for being red and near-infrared light-emitting materials for PLEDs. XRD analysis demonstrated a d-spacing range of ∼3.79–4.32 Å, reflecting π-π stacking and some degree of crystallinity in some polymers, and only P1 and P2 showed peaks in the small-angle region, indicating lamellar structures. To understand the relationship between molecular structures of target materials and their photophysical and photovoltaic properties, density functional theory (DFT) and its time-dependent form (TD-DFT) were employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf A El-Shehawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Adel M Attia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Morad M El-Hendawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, Kharga, Egypt
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Sivanadanam J, Mandal S, Aidhen IS, Ramanujam K. Design of Cone-Shaped Hole Transporting Material Organic Structures for Perovskite Solar Cells Applications. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai 600 036 India
| | - Indrapal Singh Aidhen
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Madras; Chennai 600 036 India
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Seong KH, Yun DH, Woo JW. Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of Conjugated Polymers Having Push-pull Structure according to the Type of Side-chain in the N-Substituted Phenothiazine. APPLIED CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.14478/ace.2014.1111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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