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Arslan M, Kaleli İ, Kutlu M. Prospective Clinical Follow-Up Results of Infective Endocarditis. INFECTIOUS DISEASES & CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2024; 6:133-140. [PMID: 39005701 PMCID: PMC11243778 DOI: 10.36519/idcm.2024.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Objective Infective endocarditis incidence has been rising in recent years, with high mortality. Risk factors such as underlying heart diseases, chronic diseases, healthcare-associated infections, advanced age, and intravenous (IV) drug use have gained importance in the incidence, the treatment approach, and the disease course. The aim of this study is to contribute to Türkiye's data on infective endocarditis epidemiology and risk factors. Materials and Methods This study examined risk factors, diagnostic and treatment approaches, and prognosis of infective endocarditis cases at Pamukkale University Faculty of Medicine Hospital. It was carried out prospectively for 28 months. Results During this period, 67 endocarditis cases were detected in 65 patients. Among cardiac diseases, the rate of congenital heart diseases (41%), degenerative heart diseases (37%), and acute rheumatic fever (ARF) related valvular heart disease (31%) were found to be high. Hospitalization in the last six months (53.7%), history of cardiac surgery (41.8%), use of IV catheters (22.4%), hemodialysis (14.9%) and IV drug use (7.5%) were also determined. Staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci were the primary agents. The most used empirical treatments were ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, and gentamicin. Natural valve endocarditis was most determined. Surgical treatment was applied in 56.7% of endocarditis cases. Septic embolism and cardiac failure were the most common complications. Conclusion This study's findings regarding the epidemiology and prognosis of infective endocarditis pointed out that it is still a disease with a high mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Arslan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Türkiye
| | - İlknur Kaleli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Türkiye
| | - Murat Kutlu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Pamukkale University School of Medicine, Denizli, Türkiye
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2
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Woods EC, Nakasone TSM, Renault CA. Clinical reasoning for performance of transesophageal echocardiography in veterans with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP & HEALTHCARE EPIDEMIOLOGY : ASHE 2023; 3:e221. [PMID: 38156239 PMCID: PMC10753505 DOI: 10.1017/ash.2023.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
This study examined physicians' reasoning about obtaining transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in cases of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB). In 221 cases of SAB over 5 years, the most common reasons for not performing TEE were clinical response to antibiotics, negative TTE results, and the expectation that TEE would not change management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Woods
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Cybele A. Renault
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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3
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Sanaka KO, Dahiya D, Chaaban N, Cheng CI, Xu B. Contemporary Outcomes and Predictors of Inpatient Mortality for Infective Endocarditis Occurring in Renal Transplant Recipients in the United States. Am J Cardiol 2023; 203:55-63. [PMID: 37481813 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2023.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Renal transplant (RT) recipients are susceptible to infections because of immunosuppression. The literature regarding the epidemiology and outcomes of infective endocarditis (IE) in RT recipients is limited. We analyzed the National Inpatient Sample in the United States to study IE in RT and identify risk factors for inpatient mortality and IE development in RT patients. All patients ≥18 years who had IE with and without RT between 2007 and 2019 were identified from the National Inpatient Sample. The demographics, co-morbidities, length of stay, hospital costs, and mortality of IE patients with RT were compared with IE patients without RT. Predictors of inpatient mortality for RT recipients with IE were analyzed. Between 2007 and 2019, there were 777,245 hospitalizations for IE, of which 3,782 had RT. The IE in RT cohort was younger than the general IE population and had higher proportions of males, non-White races, and Hispanic ethnicity, and higher burden of co-morbidities, but similar inpatient mortality rates. On multivariate analysis, Staphylococcal IE (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2 to 4.3, p = 0.015), stroke (aOR 6.4, 95% CI 2.7 to 15.3, p <0.001), anemia (aOR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.0, p = 0.004), and shock (aOR 6.3, 95% CI 3.3 to 11.9, p <0.001) were associated with greater inpatient mortality, whereas Streptococcal endocarditis (aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.9, p = 0.038) was associated with lower inpatient mortality. In conclusion, RT patients with IE were younger and had more severe co-morbidities compared with IE patients without RT. Staphylococcal IE, presence of shock and stroke worsened the prognosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna O Sanaka
- Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dushyant Dahiya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Saginaw, Michigan
| | - Nourhan Chaaban
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Chin-I Cheng
- Department of Statistics, Actuarial and Data Sciences, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Bo Xu
- Robert and Suzanne Tomsich Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sydell and Arnold Miller Family Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
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4
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Kuo YS, Tsai YM. Exploring the Risk Factors and Possible Role of Calcium in Infective Endocarditis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2386. [PMID: 37510130 PMCID: PMC10378623 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a severe and potentially life-threatening infection that affects the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. Although rare, it is a potentially fatal condition, with an incidence of 3-10 cases per 100,000 people per year in developed countries and a mortality rate of up to 30% within 30 days. Early identification and diagnosis are critical for improving outcomes. The diagnosis of IE typically involves a combination of biomarkers, blood cultures, and echocardiography. However, currently, there are no specific biomarkers for the early detection of IE. Given the lack of specific biomarkers for IE, serum calcium levels have been suggested to play a unique role in IE. There have been few articles on the correlation between serum calcium and IE, suggesting that patients with endocarditis and lower levels of serum calcium may have a poorer prognosis. Therefore, in this article, we focus on biomarkers of endocarditis and discuss the evidence showing serum calcium as a potential indicator of IE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Shou Kuo
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Tsai
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei City 11490, Taiwan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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5
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Qadeer H, Suwal A, Oke IO. The Journey From Knee to Heart: A Case of Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Infective Endocarditis Secondary to Septic Prepatellar Bursitis. Cureus 2023; 15:e36806. [PMID: 37123801 PMCID: PMC10146384 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a cause of life-threatening gram-positive bacteremia and the most common causative organism of septic bursitis. Although there are several case reports of infective endocarditis complicated with septic bursitis and other rheumatic complications, there are very few cases reports of septic bursitis leading to infective endocarditis (IE). We present a patient with a history of recurrent prepatellar bursitis requiring catheter drainage, who presented with sepsis and IE.
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6
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Chen Y, Chen D, Liu H, Zhang CG, Song LL. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and infective endocarditis in a patient with epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:13418-13425. [PMID: 36683620 PMCID: PMC9850991 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i36.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) is among the leading causes of bacteraemia and infectious endocarditis. The frequency of infectious endocarditis (IE) among SAB patients ranges from 5% to 10%-12%. In adults, the characteristics of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK) include hyperkeratosis, erosions, and blisters. Patients with inflammatory skin diseases and some diseases involving the epidermis tend to exhibit a disturbed skin barrier and tend to have poor cell-mediated immunity.
CASE SUMMARY We describe a case of SAB and infective endocarditis in a 43-year-old male who presented with fever of unknown origin and skin diseases. After genetic tests, the skin disease was diagnosed as EHK.
CONCLUSION A breached skin barrier secondary to EHK, coupled with inadequate sanitation, likely provided the opportunity for bacterial seeding, leading to IE and deep-seated abscess or organ abscess. EHK may be associated with skin infection and multiple risk factors for extracutaneous infections. Patients with EHK should be treated early to minimize their consequences. If patients with EHK present with prolonged fever of unknown origin, IE and organ abscesses should be ruled out, including metastatic spreads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Dian Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Chen-Guang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Lin-Lin Song
- Department of Emergency, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing 102218, China
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7
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Østergaard L, Voldstedlund M, Bruun NE, Bundgaard H, Iversen K, Køber N, Dahl A, Chamat-Hedemand S, Petersen JK, Jensen AD, Christensen JJ, Rosenvinge FS, Jarløv JO, Moser C, Andersen CØ, Coia J, Marmolin ES, Søgaard KK, Lemming L, Køber L, Fosbøl EL. Prevalence and Mortality of Infective Endocarditis in Community-Acquired and Healthcare-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Danish Nationwide Registry-Based Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2022; 9:ofac647. [PMID: 36540385 PMCID: PMC9757695 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofac647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) can be community-acquired or healthcare-associated, and prior small studies have suggested that this mode of acquisition impacts the subsequent prevalence of infective endocarditis (IE) and patient outcomes. METHODS First-time SAB was identified from 2010 to 2018 using Danish nationwide registries and categorized into community-acquired (no healthcare contact within 30 days) or healthcare-associated (SAB >48 hours of hospital admission, hospitalization within 30 days, or outpatient hemodialysis). Prevalence of IE (defined from hospital codes) was compared between groups using multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis. One-year mortality of S aureus IE (SAIE) was compared between groups using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazard analysis. RESULTS We identified 5549 patients with community-acquired SAB and 7491 with healthcare-associated SAB. The prevalence of IE was 12.1% for community-acquired and 6.6% for healthcare-associated SAB. Community-acquired SAB was associated with a higher odds of IE as compared with healthcare-associated SAB (odds ratio, 2.12 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.86-2.41]). No difference in mortality was observed with 0-40 days of follow-up for community-acquired SAIE as compared with healthcare-associated SAIE (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, .83-1.37]), while with 41-365 days of follow-up, community-acquired SAIE was associated with a lower mortality (HR, 0.71 [95% CI, .53-.95]). CONCLUSIONS Community-acquired SAB was associated with twice the odds for IE, as compared with healthcare-associated SAB. We identified no significant difference in short-term mortality between community-acquired and healthcare-associated SAIE. Beyond 40 days of survival, community-acquired SAIE was associated with a lower mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauge Østergaard
- Correspondence: Lauge Østergaard, MD, PhD, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark ()
| | | | - Niels Eske Bruun
- Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark,Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Clinical Institutes, Copenhagen and Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nana Køber
- Department of Cardiology, Regionshospital Nord, Hjørring, Denmark
| | - Anders Dahl
- Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sandra Chamat-Hedemand
- Department of Cardiology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark,Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jens Jørgen Christensen
- Regional Department of Clinical Microbiology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Køge, Denmark
| | - Flemming Schønning Rosenvinge
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Odense University Hospital and Research Unit of Clinical Microbiology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto Jarløv
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Moser
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Denmark and Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - John Coia
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hospital of South-west Jutland and Institute for Regional Health Research University of South Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | | | - Kirstine K Søgaard
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Lemming
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Køber
- The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Ngiam JN, Liong TS, Sim MY, Chew NWS, Sia CH, Chan SP, Lim TW, Yeo TC, Tambyah PA, Loh PH, Poh KK, Kong WKF. Risk Factors for Mortality in Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device (CIED) Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113063. [PMID: 35683451 PMCID: PMC9181812 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Infections following cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) implantation can require surgical device removal and often results in significant cost, morbidity, and potentially mortality. We aimed to systemically review the literature and identify risk factors associated with mortality following CIED infection. Methods: Electronic searches (up to June 2021) were performed on PubMed and Scopus. Twelve studies (10 retrospective, 2 prospective cohort studies) were included for analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted with the restricted maximum likelihood method, with mortality as the outcome. The overall mortality was 13.7% (438/1398) following CIED infection. Results: On meta-analysis, the male sex (OR 0.77, 95%CI 0.57–1.01, I2 = 2.2%) appeared to have lower odds for mortality, while diabetes mellitus appeared to be associated with higher mortality (OR 1.47, 95%CI 0.67–3.26, I2 = 81.4%), although these trends did not reach statistical significance. Staphylococcus aureus as the causative organism (OR 2.71, 95%CI 1.76–4.19, I2 = 0.0%), presence of heart failure (OR 1.92, 95%CI 1.42–4.19, I2 = 0.0%) and embolic phenomena (OR 4.00, 95%CI 1.67–9.56, I2 = 69.8%) were associated with higher mortality. Surgical removal of CIED was associated with lower mortality compared with conservative management with antibiotics alone (OR 0.22, 95%CI 0.09–0.50, I2 = 62.8%). Conclusion: We identified important risk factors associated with mortality in CIED infections, including Staphyloccocus aureus as the causative organism, and the presence of complications, such as heart failure and embolic phenomena. Surgery, where possible, was associated with better outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Nicholas Ngiam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (J.N.N.); (P.A.T.)
| | - Tze Sian Liong
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (T.S.L.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Meng Ying Sim
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (T.S.L.); (M.Y.S.)
| | - Nicholas W. S. Chew
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (N.W.S.C.); (C.-H.S.); (T.W.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (P.H.L.); (K.K.P.)
| | - Ching-Hui Sia
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (N.W.S.C.); (C.-H.S.); (T.W.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (P.H.L.); (K.K.P.)
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Siew Pang Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Toon Wei Lim
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (N.W.S.C.); (C.-H.S.); (T.W.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (P.H.L.); (K.K.P.)
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Tiong-Cheng Yeo
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (N.W.S.C.); (C.-H.S.); (T.W.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (P.H.L.); (K.K.P.)
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Paul Anantharajah Tambyah
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore 119228, Singapore; (J.N.N.); (P.A.T.)
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Poay Huan Loh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (N.W.S.C.); (C.-H.S.); (T.W.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (P.H.L.); (K.K.P.)
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - Kian Keong Poh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (N.W.S.C.); (C.-H.S.); (T.W.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (P.H.L.); (K.K.P.)
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
| | - William K. F. Kong
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore 119074, Singapore; (N.W.S.C.); (C.-H.S.); (T.W.L.); (T.-C.Y.); (P.H.L.); (K.K.P.)
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +65-67722476; Fax: +65-68722998
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9
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Surgical Procedure Time and Mortality in Patients with Infective Endocarditis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus Species. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092538. [PMID: 35566663 PMCID: PMC9104614 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Streptococcus species (SS) show different clinical manifestations in infective endocarditis (IE), but the impact on the complexity of surgical treatment remains unclear. All patients with surgically treated IE due to SA or SS between July 2013 and December 2016 were extracted from a prospectively collected, single-center registry. Data on patient characteristics, surgical procedures, and postprocedural outcomes were collected. SA-IE was more common with prosthetic valves (26.3% vs. 7.3%, p = 0.04), cardiac devices (14.3% vs. 0%, p = 0.03), previous cardiac surgery (28.6% vs. 9.8%, p = 0.03), intravenous drug abuse (14.3% vs. 0%, p = 0.03), and embolic events (57.1% vs. 26.8%, p = 0.007). Preoperative CRP was significantly higher in SA-IE (median 96.1 mg/L vs. 42.4 mg/L, p = 0.002). Otherwise, SS-IE affected more cusps/leaflets (mean 2.4 vs. 1.8, p = 0.03) and led to more valve dysfunction (83.8% vs. 54.3%, p = 0.007). Surgery times did not differ between the groups, though patients with SA spent more time in the intensive care unit (median 7 vs. 4.5 days, p = 0.04). Hospital mortality did not differ, but patients with SA-IE had unfavorable long-term survival (p = 0.001). Future studies need to be larger and focus on the mechanism behind the reduced long-term survival to mitigate the deleterious effect of SA in surgically treated patients with IE.
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10
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Simos PA, Holland DJ, Stewart A, Isler B, Hughes I, Price N, Henderson A, Alcorn K. Clinical prediction scores and the utility of time to blood culture positivity in stratifying the risk of infective endocarditis in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:2003-2010. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Infective endocarditis (IE) complicates up to a quarter of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) cases. Risk scores predict IE complicating SAB but have undergone limited external validation, especially in community-acquired infections and those who use IV drugs. Addition of the time to positive culture (TTP) may provide incremental risk prognostication.
Objectives
To externally validate risk scores for predicting IE in SAB and assess the incremental value of TTP.
Methods
The modified Duke score was calculated for adults hospitalized with SAB at a major tertiary institution. All patients underwent echocardiography. Sensitivity and specificity of the risk scores for predicting IE were calculated, and the incremental value of TTP was assessed.
Results
One hundred and six cases were analysed and 18 (17%) met definite IE criteria. The optimal TTP to predict IE was 11.5 h (sensitivity 88.9%; specificity 71.6%). The sensitivity of VIRSTA and PREDICT (Predicting risk of endocarditis using a clinical tool) were similar (94.4% for both) and higher than POSITIVE (Prediction Of Staphylococcus aureus Infective endocarditis Time to positivity, IV drug use, Vascular phenomena, pre-Existing heart condition; 77.8%). The receiver-operator characteristic AUCs were VIRSTA 0.83, PREDICT 0.75, POSITIVE 0.89 and TTP 0.85. Adding TTP to VIRSTA (i.e. VIRSTA+) resulted in the highest AUC (0.90), sensitivity (100%) and negative predictive value (100%), albeit with a low specificity (33%).
Conclusions
The VIRSTA and POSITIVE scores were the strongest predictors for IE complicating SAB. The addition of TTP to VIRSTA (VIRSTA+) significantly improved discriminatory value and may be safely used to rationalize echocardiography strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Simos
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Infectious Disease Department, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - David J. Holland
- Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Birtinya, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam Stewart
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Campus, Brisbane, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Central Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Burcu Isler
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital Campus, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian Hughes
- Office for Research Governance and Development, Gold Coast Health, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan Price
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Henderson
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie Alcorn
- Infectious Disease Department, Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Ngiam JN, Chew NW, Sim MY, Liong TS, Li TYW, Leow R, Sia CH, Loh PH, Wong RC, Yeo TC, Poh KK, Kong WK. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics associated with the development of infective endocarditis in patients with significant mitral stenosis. Echocardiography 2021; 39:82-88. [PMID: 34931370 DOI: 10.1111/echo.15283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis (IE) confers significant mortality and morbidity in patients with underlying mitral stenosis (MS), with both diseased native valves and after valvular procedures. PURPOSE We examined the clinical and echocardiographic parameters in association with the development of IE on patients with significant MS. METHODS A total of 478 consecutive patients with index echocardiographic diagnosis of significant mitral stenosis (mitral valve area <1.5 cm2 ) were included. Patients were grouped into those with or without IE on at least 5 years of follow-up. Baseline clinical, echocardiographic profile and clinical outcomes were compared. RESULTS IE was observed in 4.4% (n = 21) of the cohort. These patients were younger (45.3 ± 14.6 vs. 53.2 ± 15.5 years, p = 0.022) at the time of MS diagnosis. NT-proBNP was higher in patients who developed IE (13529 ± 12230 vs. 4381 ± 5875 pg/ml, p < 0.001), with larger left atrial diameter (54.4 ± 10.1 vs. 49.9 ± 9.5 mm, p = 0.040) and elevated pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP, 62.3 ± 17.2 vs. 47.2 ± 16.5 mmHg, p = 0.026). There was no significant difference in terms of MS severity, other concomitant valvulopathies, or etiology (rheumatic or degenerative) of MS. Patients who smoked had higher incidence of IE (33.3% vs. 14.2%, log-rank 7.27, p = 0.007). After adjusting for age, valve procedure and PASP, patients who smoked remained at elevated risk of IE (adjusted hazards ratio 2.99, 95% confidence interval 1.18-7.56, p = 0.021). CONCLUSION IE occurs in a proportion of patients with MS. Smoking, younger age of diagnosis of MS as well as dilated left atria with elevated PASP may be associated with an elevated risk of this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Nicholas Ngiam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University, Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nicholas Ws Chew
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meng Ying Sim
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tze Sian Liong
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tony Yi-Wei Li
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ryan Leow
- Department of Medicine, National University Health System Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Hui Sia
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poay Huan Loh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raymond Cc Wong
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tiong-Cheng Yeo
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kian Keong Poh
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - William Kf Kong
- Department of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Bogari MH, Jarwan AS, Abukhodair AO, Alzahrani BA, Alsayegh JA, Al-Kathiri A, Kinsara AJ. Infective Endocarditis Outcomes in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021; 13:e20556. [PMID: 35103135 PMCID: PMC8776523 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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13
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Singhal T, Rodrigues C, Soman R, Wattal C, Swaminathan S, Nambi S, Talwar D, Singh RK, Todi S. Treatment of MRSA infections in India: Clinical insights from a Delphi analysis. Indian J Med Microbiol 2021; 40:35-45. [PMID: 34785281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE International and Indian guidelines for the management of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are available, but the local guidelines are not MRSA-specific. This study aimed to provide clinical insights for the treatment of MRSA infections in India. METHODS We used a three-step modified Delphi method to obtain insights. Ten experts comprising infectious disease specialists, microbiologists, pulmonologists, and critical care experts agreed to participate in the analysis. In round 1, a total of 161 statements were circulated to the panel and the experts were asked to 'agree' or 'disagree' by responding 'yes' or 'no' to each statement and provide comments. The same process was used for 73 statements in round 2. Direct interaction with the experts was carried out in round 3 wherein 35 statements were discussed. At least 80% of the experts had to agree for a statement to reach concordance. RESULTS Eighty-eight statements in round 1, thirty-eight statements in round 2, and eight statements in round 3 reached concordance and were accepted without modification. The final document comprised 152 statements on the management of various syndromes associated with MRSA such as skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia and endocarditis, pneumonia, bone and joint infections, and central nervous system infections. CONCLUSIONS This analysis will assist clinicians in India to choose an appropriate course of action for MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Singhal
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Chand Wattal
- Clinical Microbiology & Immunology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Subramanian Swaminathan
- Infectious Diseases and Infection Control at Gleneagles Global Hospitals (Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad), India
| | | | - Deepak Talwar
- Metro Respiratory Center Pulmonology & Sleep Medicine, Metro Hospital, Noida, India
| | | | - Subhash Todi
- Critical Care Medicine, Department of Academics & Health Research, AMRI Hospitals, Kolkata, India.
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14
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Acute Ischaemic Stroke in Infective Endocarditis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated with Reperfusion Therapy. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis in the setting of acute stroke poses a clinical challenge given the high mortality and morbidity associated with the condition. The pathophysiological mechanisms including clinical and imaging biomarkers that can provide insights into clinical trajectories of such patients are of immense interest. The current paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of acute stroke with infective endocarditis and provide insights into various clinical factors mediating outcomes and therapeutic strategies, specifically in the setting of reperfusion therapy. Prognostic and therapeutic pathways to potentially improve functional outcomes in these patients are also discussed.
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15
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Kimmig A, Hagel S, Weis S, Bahrs C, Löffler B, Pletz MW. Management of Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 7:616524. [PMID: 33748151 PMCID: PMC7973019 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.616524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, significance of a positive blood culture with this pathogen is often underestimated or findings are misinterpreted as contamination, which can result in inadequate diagnostic and therapeutic consequences. We here review and discuss current diagnostic and therapeutic key elements and open questions for the management of Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Kimmig
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Hagel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christina Bahrs
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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16
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Validation of VIRSTA and Predicting Risk of Endocarditis Using a Clinical Tool (PREDICT) Scores to Determine the Priority of Echocardiography in Patients With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e1151-e1157. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Infective endocarditis (IE) secondary to Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) has high morbidity and mortality. The systematic use of echocardiography in SAB is controversial. We aimed to validate VIRSTA and Predicting Risk of Endocarditis Using a Clinical Tool (PREDICT) scores for predicting the risk of IE in Colombian patients with SAB and, consequently, to determine the need for echocardiography.
Methods
Cohort of patients hospitalized with SAB in 2 high complexity institutions in Medellin, Colombia, between 2012 and 2018. The diagnosis of IE was established based on the modified Duke criteria. The VIRSTA and PREDICT scores were calculated from the clinical records, and their operational performance was calculated.
Results
The final analysis included 922 patients, 62 (6.7%) of whom were diagnosed with IE. The frequency of IE in patients with a negative VIRSTA scale was 0.44% (2/454). The frequency of IE in patients with a negative PREDICT scale on day 5 was 4.8% (30/622). The sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of the VIRSTA scale was 96.7% and 99.5%, respectively. For the PREDICT scale on day 5, the sensitivity and NPV were 51.6% and 95.1%, respectively. The discrimination, given by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was 0.86 for VIRSTA and 0.64 for PREDICT.
Conclusions
In patients with negative VIRSTA, screening echocardiography may be unnecessary because of the low frequency of IE. In PREDICT-negative patients, despite the low frequency of IE, it is not safe to omit echocardiography.
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Abe T, Eyituoyo HO, De Allie G, Olanipekun T, Effoe VS, Olaosebikan K, Mather P. Clinical outcomes in patients with native valve infective endocarditis and diabetes mellitus. World J Cardiol 2021; 13:11-20. [PMID: 33552399 PMCID: PMC7821010 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v13.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of data on the clinical outcomes in patients with native valve infective endocarditis (NVIE) and diabetes mellitus (DM).
AIM To investigate (1) trends in the prevalence of DM among patients with NVIE; and (2) the impact of DM on NVIE outcomes.
METHODS We identified 76385 with NVIE from the 2004 to 2014 National Inpatient Sample, of which 22284 (28%) had DM. We assessed trends in DM from 2004 to 2014 using the Cochrane Armitage test. We compared baseline comorbidities, microorganisms, and in-patients procedures between those with vs without DM. Propensity match analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to investigate study outcomes in in-hospital mortality, stroke, acute heart failure, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, and atrioventricular block.
RESULTS Crude rates of DM increased from in 22% in 2004 to 30% in 2014. There were significant differences in demographics, comorbidities and NVIE risk factors between the two groups. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism identified with higher rates in patients with DM (33.1% vs 35.6%; P < 0.0001). After propensity matching, in-hospital mortality (11.1% vs 11.9%; P < 0.0001), stroke (2.3% vs 3.0%; P < 0.0001), acute heart failure (4.6% vs 6.5%; P = 0.001), cardiogenic shock (1.5% vs 1.9%; P < 0.0001), septic shock (7.2% vs 9.6%; P < 0.0001), and atrioventricular block (1.5% vs 2.4%; P < 0.0001), were significantly higher in patients with DM. Independent predictors of mortality in NVIE patients with DM include hemodialysis, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation, staphylococcus aureus, and older age.
CONCLUSION There is an increasing prevalence of DM in NVIE and it is associated with poorer outcomes. Further studies are crucial to identify the clinical, and sociodemographic contributors to this trend and develop strategies to mitigate its attendant risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Harry Onoriode Eyituoyo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, United States
| | - Gabrielle De Allie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Titilope Olanipekun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Valery Sammah Effoe
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, United States
| | - Kikelomo Olaosebikan
- Department of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| | - Paul Mather
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, United States
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High Titer Persistent Neutralizing Antibodies Induced by TSST-1 Variant Vaccine Against Toxic Shock Cytokine Storm. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100640. [PMID: 33023185 PMCID: PMC7601046 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigen toxins lead to a devastating cytokine storm resulting in shock and multi-organ failure. We have previously assessed the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 variant vaccine (rTSST-1v) in clinical trials (NCT02971670 and NCT02340338). The current study assessed neutralizing antibody titers after repeated vaccination with escalating doses of rTSST-1v. At study entry, 23 out of 34 subjects (67.6%) had neutralizing antibody titers inhibiting T cell activation as determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation at a serum dilution of ≤1:100 with similar figures for inhibition of IL-2 activation (19 of 34 subjects, 55.9%) as assessed by quantitative PCR. After the first vaccination, numbers of subjects with neutralization titers inhibiting T cell activation (61.7% ≥ 1:1000) and inhibiting IL-2 gene induction (88.2% ≥ 1:1000) increased. The immune response was augmented after the second vaccination (inhibiting T cell activation: 78.8% ≥ 1:1000; inhibiting IL-2 induction: 93.9% ≥ 1:1000) corroborated with a third immunization months later in a small subgroup of subjects. Assessment of IFNγ, TNFα and IL-6 inhibition revealed similar results, whereas neutralization titers did not change in placebo participants. Antibody titer studies show that vaccination with rTSST-1v in subjects with no/low neutralizing antibodies can rapidly induce high titer neutralizing antibodies persisting over months.
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Solsi A, Findakly D, Mihyawi N, Fath AR. An Unusual Case of Neisseria flavescens/subflava Group Tricuspid Valve Endocarditis in a Patient With Previously Treated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis. Cureus 2020; 12:e9752. [PMID: 32944467 PMCID: PMC7489790 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.9752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is classified as an infection of any cardiac valve or endocardial surface and is often associated with high morbidity and mortality. Certain bacteria such as gram-positive cocci and viridans group streptococci have high predilection for both naïve and damaged cardiac valvular tissues, accounting for the majority of IE cases. In very infrequent instances, gram-negative bacteria (GNB), more specifically non-meningococcal, non-gonococcal GNB, have been shown to cause IE. The following is a case of a young male diagnosed with Neisseria flavescens/subflava tricuspid valve endocarditis after being previously treated for Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) endocarditis.
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20
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Fernandez JM, Dobrick JB, Jadavji A, Adam RD. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia at a referral medical center in Kenya: A retrospective review of cases from 2010 to 2018. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234914. [PMID: 32574220 PMCID: PMC7310726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many studies have shown that Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of both community onset and hospital onset bloodstream infections. However, relatively little is known about the occurrence and outcome of S. aureus bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa. A previous report indicated that S. aureus accounts for 16% of community onset and 6% of hospital onset bloodstream infections at Aga Khan University Hospital Nairobi (AKUHN). Data about the etiology of S. aureus bacteremia in sub-Saharan Africa will help optimize recognition and treatment. This study was performed in order to understand the etiologies and risk factors for S. aureus bacteremia in a sub-Saharan location. Materials and methods A review of the electronic record of laboratory results from September 2010 through December 2018 identified 201 patients seen at AKUHN with S. aureus bacteremia. The source and/or focus of infection was identified and in-hospital mortality was determined. Cases with bacteremia after three days of hospitalization were considered hospital acquired. Community onset cases were divided into community acquired and health care associated. Results Most cases (71%; 143/201) were community onset, but only 41% (83/201) of these cases were community acquired. The most commonly identified foci of infection for community acquired bacteremia were musculoskeletal (25%; 21/83) and skin and soft tissue (24%; 20/83). The majority of health care associated (70%; 40/57) and hospital acquired cases (74%; 43/58) were associated with invasive vascular devices, with peripheral IVs being the most common for hospital acquired and dialysis catheters being the most common for health care associated infections. In-hospital mortality rates were 23% (19/83) for community acquired, 19% (11/57) for health care associated and 33% (19/58) for hospital acquired infections. Conclusion Invasive vascular devices were associated with a substantial portion of cases of S. aureus bacteremia and provide an important target for infection control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna B Dobrick
- University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
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21
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Description of a pharmacist-driven safety algorithm in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Compliance, interventions, and good saves. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41:921-925. [PMID: 32539873 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-driven Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) safety bundle supported by leadership and to compare compliance before and after implementation. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study with descriptive and before-and-after analyses. SETTING Tertiary-care academic medical center. PATIENTS All patients with documented SAB, regardless of the source of infection, were included. Patients transitioned to palliative care were excluded from before-and-after analysis. METHODS A pharmacist-driven safety bundle including documented clearance of bacteremia, echocardiography, removal of central venous catheters, and targeted intravenous therapy of at least 2 weeks duration was implemented in November 2015 and was supported by leadership with stepwise escalation for nonresponse. A descriptive analysis of all patients with SAB during the study period included pharmacy interventions, acceptance rates, and escalation rates. A pre-post implementation analysis of 100 sequential patients compared bundle compliance and descriptive parameters. RESULTS Overall, 391 interventions were made in the 20-month period following implementation, including 20 "good saves" avoiding potentially major adverse events. No statistically significant differences in complete bundle compliance were detected between the periods (74% vs 84%; P = .08). However, we detected a significant increase in echocardiography after the bundle was implemented (83% vs 94%; P = .02) and fewer patients received suboptimal definitive therapy after the bundle was implemented (10% vs 3%; P = .045). CONCLUSIONS This pharmacist-driven SAB safety bundle with leadership support showed improvement in process measures, which may have prevented major adverse events, even with available infectious diseases (ID) consultation. It provides a critical safety net for institutions without mandatory ID consultation or with limited antimicrobial stewardship resources.
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22
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Martí-Carvajal AJ, Dayer M, Conterno LO, Gonzalez Garay AG, Martí-Amarista CE. A comparison of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of infective endocarditis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 5:CD009880. [PMID: 32407558 PMCID: PMC7527143 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009880.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infective endocarditis is a microbial infection of the endocardial surface of the heart. Antibiotics are the cornerstone of treatment, but due to the differences in presentation, populations affected, and the wide variety of micro-organisms that can be responsible, their use is not standardised. This is an update of a review previously published in 2016. OBJECTIVES To assess the existing evidence about the clinical benefits and harms of different antibiotics regimens used to treat people with infective endocarditis. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase Classic and Embase, LILACS, CINAHL, and the Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science on 6 January 2020. We also searched three trials registers and handsearched the reference lists of included papers. We applied no language restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of antibiotic regimens for treating definitive infective endocarditis diagnosed according to modified Duke's criteria. We considered all-cause mortality, cure rates, and adverse events as the primary outcomes. We excluded people with possible infective endocarditis and pregnant women. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently performed study selection, 'Risk of bias' assessment, and data extraction in duplicate. We constructed 'Summary of findings' tables and used GRADE methodology to assess the quality of the evidence. We described the included studies narratively. MAIN RESULTS Six small RCTs involving 1143 allocated/632 analysed participants met the inclusion criteria of this first update. The included trials had a high risk of bias. Three trials were sponsored by drug companies. Due to heterogeneity in outcome definitions and different antibiotics used data could not be pooled. The included trials compared miscellaneous antibiotic schedules having uncertain effects for all of the prespecified outcomes in this review. Evidence was either low or very low quality due to high risk of bias and very low number of events and small sample size. The results for all-cause mortality were as follows: one trial compared quinolone (levofloxacin) plus standard treatment (antistaphylococcal penicillin (cloxacillin or dicloxacillin), aminoglycoside (tobramycin or netilmicin), and rifampicin) versus standard treatment alone and reported 8/31 (26%) with levofloxacin plus standard treatment versus 9/39 (23%) with standard treatment alone; risk ratio (RR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49 to 2.56. One trial compared fosfomycin plus imipenem 3/4 (75%) versus vancomycin 0/4 (0%) (RR 7.00, 95% CI 0.47 to 103.27), and one trial compared partial oral treatment 7/201 (3.5%) versus conventional intravenous treatment 13/199 (6.53%) (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.31). The results for rates of cure with or without surgery were as follows: one trial compared daptomycin versus low-dose gentamicin plus an antistaphylococcal penicillin (nafcillin, oxacillin, or flucloxacillin) or vancomycin and reported 9/28 (32.1%) with daptomycin versus 9/25 (36%) with low-dose gentamicin plus antistaphylococcal penicillin or vancomycin; RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.89. One trial compared glycopeptide (vancomycin or teicoplanin) plus gentamicin with cloxacillin plus gentamicin (13/23 (56%) versus 11/11 (100%); RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.85). One trial compared ceftriaxone plus gentamicin versus ceftriaxone alone (15/34 (44%) versus 21/33 (64%); RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.10), and one trial compared fosfomycin plus imipenem versus vancomycin (1/4 (25%) versus 2/4 (50%); RR 0.50, 95% CI 0.07 to 3.55). The included trials reported adverse events, the need for cardiac surgical interventions, and rates of uncontrolled infection, congestive heart failure, relapse of endocarditis, and septic emboli, and found no conclusive differences between groups (very low-quality evidence). No trials assessed quality of life. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This first update confirms the findings of the original version of the review. Limited and low to very low-quality evidence suggests that the comparative effects of different antibiotic regimens in terms of cure rates or other relevant clinical outcomes are uncertain. The conclusions of this updated Cochrane Review were based on few RCTs with a high risk of bias. Accordingly, current evidence does not support or reject any regimen of antibiotic therapy for the treatment of infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo J Martí-Carvajal
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE (Cochrane Ecuador), Quito, Ecuador
- School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (Cochrane Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark Dayer
- Department of Cardiology, Taunton and Somerset NHS Trust, Taunton, UK
| | - Lucieni O Conterno
- Medical School, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Division, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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Horino T, Hori S. Metastatic infection during Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Infect Chemother 2019; 26:162-169. [PMID: 31676266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes various infections, including skin and soft tissue infections and pneumonia via both, community-associated and nosocomial infection. These infectious diseases can lead to bacteremia, and may subsequently result in metastatic infections in several cases. Metastatic infections are critical complications in patients with S. aureus bacteremia, since the optimal duration of the antimicrobial treatment differs in patients with and without metastatic infection. Notably, two weeks of antimicrobial treatment is recommended in case of uncomplicated S. aureus bacteremia, whereas in patients with S. aureus bacteremia-associated endocarditis or vertebral osteomyelitis, six weeks of antimicrobial administration is vital. In addition, misdiagnosis or insufficient treatment in metastatic infection is associated with poor prognosis, functional disability, and relapse. Although echocardiography is recommended to examine endocarditis in the patients with S. aureus bacteremia, it remains unclear which patients should undergo additional examinations, such as CT and MRI, to detect the presence of other metastatic infections. Clinical studies have revealed that permanent foreign body and persistent bacteremia are predictive factors for metastatic infections, and experimental studies have demonstrated that the virulence factors of S. aureus, such as fnbA and clfA, are associated with endocarditis; however, these factors are not proven to increase the risk of metastatic infections. In this review, we assessed the incidence, predictive factors, diagnosis, and treatment for metastatic infections during S. aureus bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Horino
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Seiji Hori
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jikei University School of Medicine, Japan
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Wang SN, Li JJ, Liu YX, Lin Z, Qiao JJ, Chen LH, Li Y, Wu Y, Wang MM, Liu YB, Yan C, Chen ZH, Gao CQ. Pulsed xenon ultraviolet and non-thermal atmospheric plasma treatments are effective for the disinfection of air in hospital blood sampling rooms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:137-140. [PMID: 31152875 PMCID: PMC7105215 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Non-thermal atmospheric plasma treatment and pulsed xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) treatment are widely used in disinfection of hospital environments. However, their effectiveness has not been evaluated against a comparator. The objective of this study is to evaluate their effectiveness in the disinfection of pathogens in the air in hospital blood sampling rooms. METHODS Samples were taken from the air before and after disinfection with PX-UV and non-thermal atmospheric plasma. We counted bacterial colonies and identified the types of bacteria. RESULTS Non-thermal plasma treatment significantly reduced bacterial counts in the air, the median reduced from 1 before treatment to zero afterwards (p = 0.03). PX-UV treatment also significantly reduced bacterial counts in the air (p = 0.01), the median reduced from 1.5 before treatment to zero afterwards. Pathogens identified in the current study include nosocomial bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and yeast. CONCLUSION Disinfection of blood sampling sites is essential in a health service department. The efficiency of PX-UV and non-thermal atmospheric plasma treatment are comparable in air disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Ni Wang
- The Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Third XiangYa Hospital and Center for Scientific Research with Animal Models, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- The Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Third XiangYa Hospital and Center for Scientific Research with Animal Models, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ying-Xin Liu
- Health Management Center, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Health Management Center, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Qiao
- The Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Third XiangYa Hospital and Center for Scientific Research with Animal Models, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yu Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Clinical Laboratory, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Mei-Mei Wang
- The Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Third XiangYa Hospital and Center for Scientific Research with Animal Models, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yun-Bo Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhi-Heng Chen
- Health Management Center, The Third XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
| | - Chang-Qing Gao
- The Research Center for Medical Sciences, The Third XiangYa Hospital and Center for Scientific Research with Animal Models, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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Comparación de las características y curso clínico de la endocarditis infecciosa por Staphylococcus aureus meticilino sensible versus meticilino resistente. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE CARDIOLOGÍA 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rccar.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Hoerr V, Franz M, Pletz MW, Diab M, Niemann S, Faber C, Doenst T, Schulze PC, Deinhardt-Emmer S, Löffler B. S. aureus endocarditis: Clinical aspects and experimental approaches. Int J Med Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29526448 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease, caused by septic vegetations and inflammatory foci on the surface of the endothelium and the valves. Due to its complex and often indecisive presentation the mortality rate is still about 30%. Most frequently bacterial microorganisms entering the bloodstream are the underlying origin of the intracardiac infection. While the disease was primarily restricted to younger patients suffering from rheumatic heart streptococci infections, new at risk categories for Staphylococcus (S.) aureus infections arose over the last years. Rising patient age, increasing drug resistance, intensive treatment conditions such as renal hemodialysis, immunosuppression and long term indwelling central venous catheters but also the application of modern cardiac device implants and valve prosthesis have led to emerging incidences of S. aureus IE in health care settings and community. The aetiologic change has impact on the pathophysiology of IE, the clinical presentation and the overall patient management. Despite intensive research on appropriate in vitro and in vivo models of IE and gained knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms in the formation of bacterial vegetations and extracardiac complications, improved understanding of relevant bacterial virulence factors and triggered host immune responses is required to help developing novel antipathogenic treatment strategies and pathogen specific diagnostic markers. In this review, we summarize and discuss the two main areas affected by the changing patient demographics and provide first, recent knowledge about the pathogenic strategies of S. aureus in the induction of IE, including available experimental models of IE used to study host-pathogen interactions and diagnostic and therapeutic targets. In a second focus we present diagnostic (imaging) regimens for patients with S. aureus IE according to current guidelines as well as treatment strategies and surgical recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Hoerr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany.
| | - M Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - M W Pletz
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - M Diab
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - S Niemann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Domagkstr. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - C Faber
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Building A16, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - T Doenst
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - P C Schulze
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - S Deinhardt-Emmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - B Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
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