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Dong Y, Song H, J Holmes A, Yan J, Ren C, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Yuan J, Cheng Y, Raubenheimer D, Cui Z. Normal diet ameliorates obesity more safely and effectively than ketogenic diet does in high-fat diet-induced obesity mouse based on gut microbiota and lipid metabolism. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:589-605. [PMID: 37475128 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2235899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports the efficacy of ketogenic diets for inducing weight loss, but there are also potential health risks due to their unbalanced nutrient composition. We aim at assessing relative effectiveness of a balanced diet and ketogenic diet for reversing metabolic syndrome in a diet-induced C57BL/6J mouse model. Mice were fed high-fat diet to induce obesity. Obese individuals were then fed either ketogenic or balanced diets as an obesity intervention. Serum, liver, fat and faecal samples were analysed. We observed that both diet interventions led to significant decrease in body weight. The ketogenic intervention was less effective in reducing adipocyte cell size and led to dyslipidaemia. The composition of the gut microbiome in the balanced diet intervention was more similar to the non-obese control group and had improved functional attributes. Our results indicate intervention with balanced diets ameliorates obesity more safely and effectively than ketogenic diets in diet-induced obesity mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Dong
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongjie Song
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Andrew J Holmes
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiabao Yan
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Cuiru Ren
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Yuan
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Cheng
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhenwei Cui
- Centre for Sport Nutrition and Health, Centre for Nutritional Ecology, School of Physical Education (Main Campus), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Medina-Ceja L, Villalpando-Vargas F, Girón de la Cruz GI, Lara-Vazquez AM, Flores-Mancilla L, Salazar-Sánchez JC, Morales-Villagrán A. Effect of Chronic Krill Oil Supplement on Seizures Induced by Pentylenetetrazole in the Hippocampus of Adult Rats with Previous Febrile Seizures. J Food Sci 2019; 84:1703-1711. [PMID: 31218711 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of krill oil (KO) supplement on seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) in animals with previous febrile seizures (FSs) induced by hyperthermia to determine its effectiveness in seizure susceptibility and as an anticonvulsant. Male Wistar rats with FS separated into water (W, 1 mL), palm oil (PO, 300 mg/kg, total volume 1 mL), or KO (300 mg/kg, total volume 1 mL) groups. All drugs were administered chronically via the intragastric route. Electrical activity was recorded by intracranial EEG simultaneously with convulsive behavior. All animals' brains were processed by immunofluorescence against GFAP, NeuN, and connexins (Cx); cellular quantification was performed in hippocampus and pyramidal or granular layer thickness was evaluated with cresyl violet (CV) staining. The results showed a significant delay in convulsive behavior and a slight increased survival time after PTZ administration in the group treated with KO compared with PO and W groups. The epileptiform activity showed high amplitude and frequency, with no significant differences between groups, nor were there differences in the number and duration of discharge trains. KO and PO increased the number of astrocytes and the number of neurons compared with the W group. KO and PO decreased the expression of Cx36 without affecting Cx43 expression or the thickness of layers. Based on these data, we consider it important to perform more experiments to determine the anticonvulsant role of KO, taking into account the partial effect found in this study. KO could be used as a coadjuvant of traditional anticonvulsive treatments. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this study was evaluated the anticonvulsive effect of a chronic krill oil (KO) supplement in animals with seizures. Results showed that KO had partial anticonvulsive effects measured by EEG activity and convulsive behavior analysis. These data justify further research that looks at KO supplementation as a prospective coadjuvant of pharmacologic management of seizure disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Ceja
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, Univ. of Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Fridha Villalpando-Vargas
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, Univ. of Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Gloria I Girón de la Cruz
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, Univ. of Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Adriana M Lara-Vazquez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, Univ. of Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Leopoldo Flores-Mancilla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Behavior, Human Medicine and Health Science Academic Unit, Autonomous Univ. of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Juan C Salazar-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CUCBA, Univ. of Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Rho JM, Shao LR, Stafstrom CE. 2-Deoxyglucose and Beta-Hydroxybutyrate: Metabolic Agents for Seizure Control. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:172. [PMID: 31114484 PMCID: PMC6503754 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Current anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) are believed to reduce neuronal excitability through modulation of ion channels and transporters that regulate excitability at the synaptic level. While most patients with epilepsy respond to ASDs, many remain refractory to medical treatment but respond favorably to a high-fat, low-carbohydrate metabolism-based therapy known as the ketogenic diet (KD). The clinical effectiveness of the KD has increasingly underscored the thesis that metabolic factors also play a crucial role in the dampening neuronal hyperexcitability that is a hallmark feature of epilepsy. This notion is further amplified by the clinical utility of other related metabolism-based diets such as the modified Atkins diet and the low-glycemic index treatment (LGIT). Traditional high-fat diets are characterized by enhanced fatty acid oxidation (which produces ketone bodies such as beta-hydroxybutyrate) and a reduction in glycolytic flux, whereas the LGIT is predicated mainly on the latter observation of reduced blood glucose levels. As dietary implementation is not without challenges regarding clinical administration and patient compliance, there is an inherent desire and need to determine whether specific metabolic substrates and/or enzymes might afford similar clinical benefits, hence validating the concept of a “diet in a pill.” Here, we discuss the evidence for one glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) and one metabolic substrate, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) exerting direct effects on neuronal excitability, highlight their mechanistic differences, and provide the strengthening scientific rationale for their individual or possibly combined use in the clinical arena of seizure management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong M Rho
- Section of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Li-Rong Shao
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Kumari S, Mazumder AG, Bhardwaj A, Singh D. Early α-linolenic acid exposure to embryo reduces pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures in zebrafish larva. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019; 143:15-20. [PMID: 30975378 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, there has been a tremendous increase in interest of general population toward food-based therapies for management of chronic clinical conditions due to their lesser adverse effects with prolonged use over pharmacotherapies. Foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids have shown some promising results in case of epilepsy. The present study was envisioned to investigate the effect of early exposure of α-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential omega-3 fatty acid in developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos toward pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizure susceptibility. The healthy wild-type zebrafish embryos were incubated in system water or system water containing different ALA concentrations (1-20 µM) till 7 dpf (days post fertilization). Each larva at 7 dpf was placed in 8 mM PTZ solution and seizure event was recorded. ALA incubation at 10 µM and 20 µM concentrations showed a dose-dependent reduction in PTZ-mediated hyperactive responses in larvae indicated by a marked decrease in total distance travelled and speed, as compared to vehicle control. Furthermore, both the treated groups showed increase in the latency to PTZ-induced clonus-like seizures in larvae, as compared to vehicle control. ALA incubated larvae at 10 µM and 20 µM concentrations also showed a significant reduction in c-fos mRNA level. A marked increase in the level of ALA and docosahexaenoic acid was also observed in the larvae incubated at highest effective concentration of ALA. The present study concluded that embryonic exposure of ALA reduced PTZ-induced seizures in zebrafish larva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Kumari
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Arindam Ghosh Mazumder
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Avantika Bhardwaj
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW High-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets have been used for almost a century for the treatment of epilepsy. Used traditionally for the treatment of refractory pediatric epilepsies, in recent years the use of ketogenic diets has experienced a revival to include the treatment of adulthood epilepsies as well as conditions ranging from autism to chronic pain and cancer. Despite the ability of ketogenic diet therapy to suppress seizures refractory to antiepileptic drugs and reports of lasting seizure freedom, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This review explores new insights into mechanisms mobilized by ketogenic diet therapies. RECENT FINDINGS Ketogenic diets act through a combination of mechanisms, which are linked to the effects of ketones and glucose restriction, and to interactions with receptors, channels, and metabolic enzymes. Decanoic acid, a component of medium-chain triclycerides, contributes to seizure control through direct α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor inhibition, whereas drugs targeting lactate dehydrogenase reduce seizures through inhibition of a metabolic pathway. Ketogenic diet therapy also affects DNA methylation, a novel epigenetic mechanism of the diet. SUMMARY Ketogenic diet therapy combines several beneficial mechanisms that provide broad benefits for the treatment of epilepsy with the potential to not only suppress seizures but also to modify the course of the epilepsy.
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