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Giacomini A, Grillo E, Rezzola S, Ribatti D, Rusnati M, Ronca R, Presta M. The FGF/FGFR system in the physiopathology of the prostate gland. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:569-610. [PMID: 32730114 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are a family of proteins possessing paracrine, autocrine, or endocrine functions in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, angiogenesis, tissue homeostasis, wound repair, and cancer. Canonical FGFs bind and activate tyrosine kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs), triggering intracellular signaling cascades that mediate their biological activity. Experimental evidence indicates that FGFs play a complex role in the physiopathology of the prostate gland that ranges from essential functions during embryonic development to modulation of neoplastic transformation. The use of ligand- and receptor-deleted mouse models has highlighted the requirement for FGF signaling in the normal development of the prostate gland. In adult prostate, the maintenance of a functional FGF/FGFR signaling axis is critical for organ homeostasis and function, as its disruption leads to prostate hyperplasia and may contribute to cancer progression and metastatic dissemination. Dissection of the molecular landscape modulated by the FGF family will facilitate ongoing translational efforts directed toward prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Giacomini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Grillo
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Rezzola
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberto Ronca
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences, and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy; and Italian Consortium for Biotechnology, Unit of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Love HD, Booton SE, Boone BE, Breyer JP, Koyama T, Revelo MP, Shappell SB, Smith JR, Hayward SW. Androgen regulated genes in human prostate xenografts in mice: relation to BPH and prostate cancer. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8384. [PMID: 20027305 PMCID: PMC2793011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate carcinoma (CaP) are linked to aging and the presence of androgens, suggesting that androgen regulated genes play a major role in these common diseases. Androgen regulation of prostate growth and development depends on the presence of intact epithelial-stromal interactions. Further, the prostatic stroma is implicated in BPH. This suggests that epithelial cell lines are inadequate to identify androgen regulated genes that could contribute to BPH and CaP and which could serve as potential clinical biomarkers. In this study, we used a human prostate xenograft model to define a profile of genes regulated in vivo by androgens, with an emphasis on identifying candidate biomarkers. Benign transition zone (TZ) human prostate tissue from radical prostatectomies was grafted to the sub-renal capsule site of intact or castrated male immunodeficient mice, followed by the removal or addition of androgens, respectively. Microarray analysis of RNA from these tissues was used to identify genes that were; 1) highly expressed in prostate, 2) had significant expression changes in response to androgens, and, 3) encode extracellular proteins. A total of 95 genes meeting these criteria were selected for analysis and validation of expression in patient prostate tissues using quantitative real-time PCR. Expression levels of these genes were measured in pooled RNAs from human prostate tissues with varying severity of BPH pathologic changes and CaP of varying Gleason score. A number of androgen regulated genes were identified. Additionally, a subset of these genes were over-expressed in RNA from clinical BPH tissues, and the levels of many were found to correlate with disease status. Our results demonstrate the feasibility, and some of the problems, of using a mouse xenograft model to characterize the androgen regulated expression profiles of intact human prostate tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D. Love
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - S. Erin Booton
- Dermatology Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Braden E. Boone
- Vanderbilt Microarray Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Joan P. Breyer
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Tatsuki Koyama
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Monica P. Revelo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Scott B. Shappell
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Avero Diagnostics, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Medical Research Service, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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