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Teixeira Júnior AAL, da Costa Melo SP, Pinho JD, Sobrinho TBM, Rocha TMS, Duarte DRD, de Oliveira Barbosa L, Duarte WE, de Castro Belfort MR, Duarte KG, da Silva Neto AL, de Ribamar Rodrigues Calixto J, Paiva Paiva LC, do Nascimento FSMS, Alencar Junior AM, Khayat AS, da Graça Carvalhal Frazão Corrêa R, Lages JS, Dos Reis RB, Araújo WS, Silva GEB. A comprehensive analysis of penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence reveals new insights into the disease. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1063. [PMID: 36243680 PMCID: PMC9569053 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although penile cancer (PC) is uncommon in developed countries, it is widespread in developing countries. The state of Maranhão (Northeast, Brazil) has the highest global incidence recorded for PC, and, despite its socioeconomic vulnerability, it has been attributed to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. This study aimed to determine the histopathological features, the prevalence of HPV infection, and the immunohistochemical profile of PC in Maranhão. METHODS A retrospective cohort of 200 PC cases were evaluated. HPV detection was performed using nested-PCR followed by direct sequencing for genotyping. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed using monoclonal antibodies anti-p16INK4a, p53, and ki-67. RESULTS Our data revealed a delay of 17 months in diagnosis, a high rate of penile amputation (96.5%), and HPV infection (80.5%) in patients from Maranhão (Molecular detection). We demonstrated the high rate of HPV in PC also by histopathological and IHC analysis. Most patients presented koilocytosis (75.5%), which was associated with those reporting more than 10 different sexual partners during their lifetime (p = 0.001). IHC revealed frequent p16INK4a overexpression (26.0%) associated with basaloid (p < 0.001) and high-grade tumors (p = 0.008). Interestingly, p16 appears not to be a better prognostic factor in our disease-free survival analysis, as previously reported. We also demonstrated high ki-67 and p53 expression in a subset of cases, which was related to worse prognostic factors such as high-grade tumors, angiolymphatic and perineural invasion, and lymph node metastasis. We found a significant impact of high ki-67 (p = 0.002, log-rank) and p53 (p = 0.032, log-rank) expression on decreasing patients' survival, as well as grade, pT, stage, pattern, and depth of invasion (p < 0.05, log-rank). CONCLUSIONS Our data reaffirmed the high incidence of HPV infection in PC cases from Maranhão and offer new insights into potential factors that may contribute to the high PC incidence in the region. We highlighted the possible association of HPV with worse clinical prognosis factors, differently from what was observed in other regions. Furthermore, our IHC analysis reinforces p16, ki-67, and p53 expression as important diagnosis and/or prognosis biomarkers, potentially used in the clinical setting in emerging countries such as Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Augusto Lima Teixeira Júnior
- Department of Genetics and Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Syomara Pereira da Costa Melo
- Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Thaís Bastos Moraes Sobrinho
- Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Thalita Moura Silva Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Denner Rodrigo Diniz Duarte
- Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Liseana de Oliveira Barbosa
- Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Wesliany Everton Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Marta Regina de Castro Belfort
- Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Kelly Gomes Duarte
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Lima da Silva Neto
- Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcio Cristiano Paiva Paiva
- Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Machado Alencar Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.,University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | | | - Joyce Santos Lages
- University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Borges Dos Reis
- Postgraduate Program in Clinical Surgery, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Wilson Silva Araújo
- Department of Genetics and Postgraduate Program in Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gyl Eanes Barros Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Adult Health, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Immunofluorescence and Electron Microscopy, University Hospital of the Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Health Science, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil.
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Clinical and Novel Biomarkers in Penile Carcinoma: A Prospective Review. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12091364. [PMID: 36143149 PMCID: PMC9502223 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12091364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile carcinoma is a rare urological neoplasia in men compared to other more common tumors, such as prostate, kidney, or bladder tumors. However, this neoplasm continues to affect a large number of patients worldwide, with developing countries presenting the highest incidence and mortality rates. Important risk factors such as the human papilloma virus, a factor affecting a large number of patients, have been described; however, few studies have evaluated screening programs in populations at risk for this disease, which severely affects the quality of life of older men. The management of these patients is usually complex, requiring surgical interventions that are not without risk and that have a great impact on the functionality of the male reproductive system. In addition, in cases of disseminated disease or with significant locoregional involvement, patients are evaluated by multidisciplinary oncological committees that can adjust the application of aggressive neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy on numerous occasions without clear improvement in survival. Chemotherapy regimens are usually aggressive, and unlike in other urological neoplasms, few advances have been made in the use of immunotherapy in these patients. The study of serological and histological biomarkers may help to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of these tumors and select patients who have a higher risk of metastatic progression. Similarly, the analysis of molecular markers will improve the availability of targeted therapies for the management of patients with disseminated disease that would benefit prognosis. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to summarize the main advances that have occurred in the development of serological and histological markers and their therapeutic implications in patients diagnosed with penile carcinoma, explaining the limitations that have been observed and analyzing future perspectives in the management of this disease.
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vulvar cancer with and without inguinal lymph node involvement. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:1183-1193. [PMID: 34495397 PMCID: PMC9015993 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with increased metastatic spread and poor prognosis. Data on vulvar carcinoma are limited. Methods Thirty-two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (16 with and 16 without inguinal lymph node metastases) and their lymph node deposits were evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of EMT markers (vimentin, cyclin D1, e-cadherin), p16, p53 and Ki-67. Results of EMT-immunostainings were compared to lymph node involvement and expression of p53 and p16. The micro-anatomical staining pattern for EMT markers comparing the tumor center with the front of invasion was analysed in each tumor. Results There was no difference in the expression of EMT markers between node negative and node positive tumors. Staining for vimentin and cyclin D1 was seen within tumor cells at the front of invasion in 100 and 84.4% of the tumors, respectively. The majority of cases (68.7%) showed negative or reduced staining for e-cadherin in this micro-anatomical localization. Tumor cells within the lymph node metastases showed positive staining for e-cadherin in 75% and for cyclin D1 in 49% of the cells but were negative for vimentin in 13 out of 16 cases (81.3%). Tumors with aberrant p53 staining represented a non-significant higher vimentin but significantly higher cyclin D1 expression at the front of invasion than those with p53 wild-type pattern. Conclusion The present study shows no differences in the expression of EMT markers between node positive and node negative vulvar cancers. The evaluation of immunostaining within the micro-anatomical context indicates that an EMT-phenotype is restricted to the tumor cells at the front of invasion. Paired analyses of vulvar carcinomas and their lymph node deposits suggest mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) in the metastatic deposits. Immunohistochemical staining results may suggest that EMT is more prevalent in vulvar cancer with aberrant p53 staining. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03715-2.
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Yu YB, Wang YH, Yang XC, Zhao Y, Wang ML, Liang Y, Niu HT. The relationship between human papillomavirus and penile cancer over the past decade: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl 2020; 21:375-380. [PMID: 31134917 PMCID: PMC6628743 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_39_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection appears to play an important role in the development of penile cancer (PeCa), but their relationship remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to elucidate their relationship. We systematically searched Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for case-control studies and cross-sectional studies using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) or paraffin-embedded (PE) PeCa tissues to detect HPV (published between January 1, 2007, and December 29, 2017; no language restrictions). Twenty-two studies were identified, and 1664 cases were available for analysis. The combined HPV infectious risk of PeCa is 51.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 43.0%–60.0%). The three most common subtypes of HPV were HPV16 (28.5%), HPV18 (2.3%), and HPV6 (2.3%). The virus was relevantly associated with basaloid (85.5%, 95% CI: 77.2%–93.8%) and warty (50.0%, 95% CI: 35.2%–64.8%) carcinomas. The invasiveness of PeCa was not associated with HPV (χ2 = 0.181, df = 1, P < 0.671). HPV infection in PeCa tended to be moderately differentiated (54.4%, 95% CI: 47.7%–61.1%). This study found that almost half of PeCa patients are associated with HPV. The most commonly associated genotype is HPV16, but several other genotypes were also detected. In addition to types 6 and 11, other single low-risk HPV infections have been found to contribute to PeCa to a lesser degree. HPV-positive tumors tend to exhibit warty and/or basaloid features, corresponding to a moderate histological grade. The role of HPV in PeCa should be revisited to provide evidence for the development of PeCa in the presence of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bo Yu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yong-Hua Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xue-Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Mei-Lan Wang
- The Nursing Department, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Ye Liang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hai-Tao Niu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China
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Liu Z, Zhu W, Kong X, Chen X, Sun X, Zhang W, Zhang R. Tanshinone IIA inhibits glucose metabolism leading to apoptosis in cervical cancer. Oncol Rep 2019; 42:1893-1903. [PMID: 31485631 PMCID: PMC6775814 DOI: 10.3892/or.2019.7294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer requires aerobic glycolysis to supply the energy required for proliferation. Existing evidence has revealed that blocking glycolysis results in apoptosis of cancer cells. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is a diterpenoid naphthoquinone found in traditional Chinese medicine, Danshen (Salvia sp.). Tan IIA exhibits potential anticancer activity. However, its effect on cell viability of human cervical cancer cells and its mechanism are unknown. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of Tan IIA on proliferation and glucose metabolism in cervical cancer cells. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, apoptosis was determined using flow cytometry and glucose uptake, lactate production, and adenosine triphosphate content were measured to assess glucose metabolism. The expression of apoptosis‑associated proteins was detected by western blotting and the antitumor activity of Tan IIA in vivo was evaluated in cervical carcinoma‑bearing mice. The results revealed Tan IIA treatment resulted in a considerable reduction in the viability of SiHa cells. Tan IIA decreased the expression of HPV oncogenes E6 and E7, induced apoptosis and also decreased glycolysis by suppressing the activity of the intracellular AKT/mTOR and HIF‑1α. In vivo, treatment with Tan IIA resulted in a 72.7% reduction in tumor volume. The present study highlights the potential therapeutic value of Tan IIA, which functions by inducing apoptosis and may be associated with inhibition of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Wenhe Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Kong
- Faculty of Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Sun
- Faculty of Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
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Hu J, Cui Y, Liu P, Zhou X, Ren W, Chen J, Zu X. Predictors of inguinal lymph node metastasis in penile cancer patients: a meta-analysis of retrospective studies. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:6425-6441. [PMID: 31372046 PMCID: PMC6628149 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s206579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Inguinal lymph node metastasis (LNM) is one of the most significant prognostic factors for patients with penile cancer. This study aimed to identify potential predictors of inguinal LNM. Patients and methods A comprehensive search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases for studies that reported predictors of inguinal LNM in penile cancer was performed. Finally, we selected 42 eligible studies with 4,802 patients. Accumulative analyses of odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed. All analyses were performed by using Review Manager software version 5.3. Results Among the 4,802 patients, 1,706 (36%) were diagnosed with inguinal LNM. Predictors of LNM included two categories: tumor-associated biomarkers and invasive clinicopathologic characteristics. Biomarker-specific predictors: the program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression (OR=2.55, p=0.002), higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) (OR=4.22, p=0.010), higher C-reactive protein (CRP) (OR=4.78, p<0.001), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag) overexpression (OR=8.52, p<0.001), P53 protein overexpression (OR=3.57, p<0.001). Clinicopathological predictors: positive clinical lymph node (cN+) (OR=5.86, p<0.001), high-risk histopathological subtype (OR=14.63, p<0.001) and intermediate-risk subtype (OR=3.37, p<0.001), vertical growth pattern (OR=1.97, p=0.020), higher stage (AJCC: OR=3.66, p<0.001; UICC: OR=2.43, p<0.001), higher tumor grade (OR=3.37, p<0.001), tumor size (>3 cm) (OR=2.00, p=0.002), LVI (OR=3.37, p<0.001), invasion depth (>5 mm) (OR=2.58, p=0.002), nerve invasion (OR=2.84, p<0.001), corpora cavernosum invasion (OR=2.22, p<0.001), corpus spongiosum invasion (OR=1.73, p=0.002) and urethra invasion (OR=1.81, p=0.030). Conclusion Current meta-analysis conclusively identified valuable predictors of inguinal LNM for patients with penile cancer. However, high-quality studies are warranted to further validate our conclusions. The intrinsic link between these predictors needs to be further investigated to create an accurate mathematical prediction model for LNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Peihua Liu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbiao Ren
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Chen
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongbing Zu
- Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Penile cancer is a rare disease and can be associated with a high risk of recurrence in regional lymph nodes and distant sites. Surveillance strategies geared towards early detection and treatment are recommended given the significant morbidity and mortality associated with recurrences. Although physical examination is the single most important surveillance strategy, imaging is an important adjunct in high-risk disease and certain clinical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpa S Salami
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Kidd LC, Chaing S, Chipollini J, Giuliano AR, Spiess PE, Sharma P. Relationship between human papillomavirus and penile cancer-implications for prevention and treatment. Transl Androl Urol 2017; 6:791-802. [PMID: 29184775 PMCID: PMC5673821 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2017.06.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Penile cancer is a rare disease in the United States, but rates are increasing, causing concern. Several risk factors have been associated with the disease, including human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Knowledge of HPV pathogenesis has led to the development of a vaccine, which has proven instrumental in reducing the incidence of female HPV-related cancers, but results in men have yet to be elucidated. Fortunately, rates of vaccination are up-trending in both males and females in the past several years. In addition, targeted therapies are the focus of several ongoing research efforts. Some of these therapeutics are currently in use, while several are in trials. With continued patient education and research, both treatment and prevention of HPV-related pre-malignant lesions and penile cancer will likely diminish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Kidd
- Department of Urology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sharon Chaing
- Department of Urology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Juan Chipollini
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anna R. Giuliano
- Center for Infection Research in Cancer (CIRC), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philippe E. Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Pranav Sharma
- Department of Urology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Liu Q, Zhang C, Ma G, Zhang Q. Expression of SPRR3 is associated with tumor cell proliferation and invasion in glioblastoma multiforme. Oncol Lett 2013; 7:427-432. [PMID: 24396461 PMCID: PMC3881942 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophagin, also known as small proline-rich protein 3 (SPRR3), has been demonstrated to be important in the initiation and progression of numerous types of tumor, including colorectal and breast cancer. However, studies concerning the biological functions of SPRR3 in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are limited. Therefore, we aimed to identify the functions and molecular mechanisms underlying the role of SPRR3 in GBM. Hypomethylation of SPRR3 was observed and associated with a poor clinical outcome in GBM patients compared with healthy individuals by using gene methylation profiling. The present study was performed to investigate the expression status and effects of SPRR3 in GBM. The U251 cell line was used in the functional analyses. Cell growth was examined by MTT and colony formation assay. Cell invasion was measured using the Transwell invasion assay. The expression of SPRR3 in tissue samples was examined by immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that the overexpression of SPRR3 accelerates U251 cell proliferation and invasion. It was also observed that SPRR3 was markedly upregulated in 72.7% of GBM samples (24/33) compared with the normal tissue. These results suggest that an increased expression of SPRR3 is involved in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Guofo Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, P.R. China
| | - Quangeng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
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Protzel C, Spiess PE. Molecular research in penile cancer-lessons learned from the past and bright horizons of the future? Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:19494-505. [PMID: 24077122 PMCID: PMC3821569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141019494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Penile cancer is a rare tumor. There is a limited understanding of the biological mediators of prognostic and therapeutic importance in penile cancer. However, there exists some fundamental understanding of the major pathways involved in the development of penile pre-neoplastic lesions and neoplasms. The aim of the present review is to highlight our current state of molecular knowledge in penile cancer to foster the necessary tools for researchers to pave major advancements in our current treatment paradigms and cancer specific outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Protzel
- Department of Urology, University of Rostock, Rostock 18055, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Philippe E. Spiess
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-813-745-2484; Fax: +1-813-745-8494
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Li D, Han Z, Liu J, Zhang X, Ren J, Yan L, Liu H, Xu Z. Upregulation of nucleus HDGF predicts poor prognostic outcome in patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma bypass VEGF-A and Ki-67. Med Oncol 2013; 30:702. [PMID: 23999841 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) has been verified to serve as a credible prognostic marker for several types of cancers, but its role in urologic carcinomas remains undetermined. In this study, we analyzed the significance of HDGF, as well as its relative factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and Ki-67, in penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded PSCC samples from 54 patients receiving surgery at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University were included in the retrospective study. The expressions of HDGF, VEGF-A, and Ki-67 were detected by immunohistochemistry of a non-biotin polymerized horseradish peroxidase method. The relationships between the expressions of HDGF and VEGF-A, Ki-67 were assessed. Moreover, their correlations with clinical pathologic characteristics and disease prognosis were, respectively, evaluated. HDGF, VEGF-A, and Ki-67 were positively expressed in 28 (51.9%), 29 (53.7%), and 26 (48.1%) patients, respectively. The expressions of VEGF-A and Ki-67 were closely correlated with PSCC type (P < 0.05). A statistically significant relationship between the expressions of HDGF and VEGF-A in PSCC was observed (P = 0.03). Patients with symptom interval of more than 6 months had a significantly poorer survival rate than those with symptom interval less than 6 months (43.3 vs. 70.8%, P = 0.043). Patients with positive HDGF expression also showed a significantly poorer survival rate than those with negative HDGF expression (39.3 vs. 73.1%, P = 0.013). Logistic regression demonstrated that the expression level of HDGF was an independent predictor for the prognosis of postoperative patients. The expression of HDGF significantly correlated with VEGF-A, but not Ki-67 expression. Overexpression of HDGF, rather than VEGF-A or Ki-67, was confirmed to be an independent prognosticator of poor outcome for PSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China,
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Chang D, Xu H, Guo Y, Jiang X, Liu Y, Li K, Pan C, Yuan M, Wang J, Li T, Liu C. Simulated microgravity alters the metastatic potential of a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 49:170-7. [PMID: 23404217 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Simulated microgravity (SM) has been implicated in affecting diverse cellular pathways. Although there is emerging evidence that SM can alter cellular functions, its effect in cancer metastasis has not been addressed. Here, we demonstrate that SM inhibits migration, gelatinolytic activity, and cell proliferation of an A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line in vitro. Expression of antigen MKI67 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) was reduced in A549 cells stimulated by clinorotation when compared with the 1×g control condition, while overexpression of each gene improves ability of proliferation and migration, respectively, under SM conditions. These findings suggest that SM reduced the metastatic potential of human lung adenocarcinoma cells by altering the expression of MKI67 and MMP2, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, which may provide some clues to study cancer metastasis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Chang
- Nanlou Respiratory Diseases Department, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
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13
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Sonpavde G, Pagliaro LC, Buonerba C, Dorff TB, Lee RJ, Di Lorenzo G. Penile cancer: current therapy and future directions. Ann Oncol 2013; 24:1179-89. [PMID: 23293117 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mds635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Penile cancer (PC) is a rare cancer in western countries, but is more common in parts of the developing world. Due to its rarity and the consequent lack of randomized trials, current therapy is based on retrospective studies and small prospective trials. Design Studies of PC therapy were searched in PubMed and abstracts at major conferences. Results PC is generally an aggressive malignancy characterized by early locoregional lymph node (LN) spread and later metastases in distant sites. Given the strong predictive value of LN involvement for overall survival, evaluating regional LNs is critical. Advanced LN involvement is increasingly being treated with multimodality therapy incorporating chemotherapy and/or radiation. A single superior cisplatin-based regimen has not been defined. Further advances may occur with a better collaboration on an international scale and comprehensive understanding of tumor biology. To this end, the preventive role of circumcision and understanding of the oncogenic roles of Human Papilloma Virus-16, and smoking may yield advances. Preliminary data suggest a role for agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis. Conclusion Advances in therapy for PC will require efficient trial designs, synergistic collaboration, incentives to industry and the efforts of patient advocacy groups and venture philanthropists.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sonpavde
- Department of Medicine, Section of Medical Oncology, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, Birmingham
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Down-regulation of the metastasis suppressor protein KAI1/CD82 correlates with occurrence of metastasis, prognosis and presence of HPV DNA in human penile squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2008; 452:369-75. [PMID: 18305955 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/13/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC), the outcome largely depends on early detection and resection of inguinal lymph node metastases. We investigated the role of metastasis suppressor protein kang ai 1 (KAI1)/cluster of differentiation 82 (CD82), which is known to be of prognostic significance for a wide variety of cancers. Moreover, we analysed the tumours for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA and loss of heterozygosity at the 11p11.2 locus. Tissue samples of 30 primary PSCCs were investigated immunohistochemically using an anti-KAI1/CD82 polyclonal antibody. The expression was assessed according to the degree of KAI1/CD82-positive tumour cells as positive, decreased or negative. The presence of HPV6/11, HPV16 and HPV18 DNA was analysed by polymerase chain reaction. All patients with decreased or negative expression of KAI1/CD82 in primary lesions had lymph node metastases (p = 0.0002). Patients with positive KAI1/CD82 expression showed a significant better prognosis for survival compared to the other groups (p = 0.0042). Presence of HPV DNA was associated with decreased or negative KAI1/CD82 expression. Lacking or decreased expression of metastasis suppressor gene KAI1/CD82 appears to be a prognostic parameter for the occurrence of lymph node metastases in PSCC. Our study suggests an association of decreased KAI1/CD82 expression with tumour progression, development of metastases and disease-specific death.
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