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Pshenichnaya N, Lizinfeld I, Umbetova K, Konnova Y, Gopatsa G, Kuandykova A, Omarova B. Salmonella Reading: A rare case of generalized salmonellosis in non-endemic region. IDCases 2023; 33:e01879. [PMID: 37671336 PMCID: PMC10475470 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella Reading is a rare serotype of Salmonella enterica and is associated with sporadic cases and rare outbreaks worldwide. This article describes a rare case of generalized S. Reading infection imported from Indonesia to Moscow, Russia. A 37-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with fever, weakness, and headache after returning from Indonesia. During his stay in Indonesia, he developed symptoms of a gastrointestinal infection, which resolved there. However, upon return to Moscow, his condition worsened due to high fever, and he was diagnosed with a generalized salmonellosis caused by S. Reading (positive blood and stool culture). This case highlights the importance of differential diagnosis in patients with fever. The health risks associated with traveling to exotic countries and the importance of preventive measures are emphasized. This is the first published case of S. Reading in Eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina Umbetova
- First Moscow State Medical University named after I.M. Sechenov, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia Konnova
- State Budget Institution of Health Care "Infectious clinical hospital № 2" of the Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Gopatsa
- Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ainash Kuandykova
- Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Kazakhstan
| | - Balnur Omarova
- Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Kazakhstan
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Agga GE, Silva PJ, Martin RS. Prevalence, Serotypes, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella from Mink Feces and Feed in the United States. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2021; 19:45-55. [PMID: 34520249 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2021.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a leading cause of foodborne illnesses, and concentrated animal production such as commercial mink farming can be a reservoir. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes and mobile genetic elements, and phylogenetic characterization of Salmonella from mink fecal (n = 42) and feed (n = 8) samples at a commercial mink farm in the United States. Salmonella was detected from 11 (26.2%) fecal and 1 (12.5%) feed samples. Twelve fecal isolates obtained from the positive samples were identified into four serotypes: Salmonella Uganda (eight isolates; two isolates were obtained from one sample), Salmonella Reading (two isolates), Salmonella Heidelberg (one isolate), and Salmonella Orion (one isolate). Two isolates from the positive feed sample were identified as Salmonella Cerro. Twelve isolates, one isolate per positive sample, were whole genome sequenced for further characterization. The two Salmonella Reading isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) with the classical ASSuT (ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, and tetracycline) phenotype. Genotypically, the isolates were correspondingly positive, both by polymerase chain reaction and by whole-genome sequencing (WGS), for blaTEM-1, aph(3″)-Ib and aph(6)-Id, sul2, and tet(A). WGS additionally identified trimethoprim resistance gene dfrA8 in Salmonella Reading, and fosfomycin resistance gene fosA7 in Salmonella Heidelberg. All isolates carried Salmonella-specific multidrug resistance (mdsA/B), gold resistance, and intimin-like virulence genes. In addition, Salmonella Orion carried copper and silver resistance gene clusters. The two Salmonella Reading isolates also carried a cytolethal distension toxin (cdtB) gene. Salmonella Reading isolates belonged to ST412, a predominant sequence type among turkey and human isolates obtained in relation to recent salmonellosis outbreaks in North America. Phylogenetically, Salmonella Uganda, Salmonella Heidelberg, and Salmonella Reading were mostly associated with historic human/clinical, and poultry and swine source isolates. This study indicates that mink production can be a reservoir for foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella with MDR serovars commonly associated with human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getahun E Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Philip J Silva
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, Bowling Green, Kentucky, USA
| | - Randal S Martin
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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Olson EG, Wythe LA, Dittoe DK, Feye KM, Ricke SC. Application of Amplon in combination with peroxyacetic acid for the reduction of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Reading on skin-on, bone-in tom turkey drumsticks. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6997-7003. [PMID: 33248616 PMCID: PMC7704950 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) has become an important component of pathogen reduction in poultry processing, but there are potential concerns for continued exposure. The objective was to evaluate the effects of PAA and Amplon (AMP) used alone or in the combination. Bone-in tom turkey drumsticks (N = 100, n = 10, k = 5, 0 and 24 h) per study were obtained and inoculated with either nalidixic acid–resistant Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Reading (64 μg/mL). The inocula were allowed to adhere to the drums at 4°C for 60 min for a final attachment of 108 and 107 cfu/g per S. Typhimurium and S. Reading, respectively. Drumsticks were treated with a no-treatment control; tap water, pH 8.5 (TW); TW+500 ppm PAA, pH 3.5 (PAA); TW+500 ppm AMP, pH 1.3 (AMP); TW + PAA + AMP (PAA + AMP). Treatments were applied as short duration dips (30 s) and allowed to drip for 2 min. After treatment, drums were stored at 4°C until microbial analyses at 0 and 24 h. Drums were rinsed in neutralizing buffered peptone water and spot plated for total aerobes and Salmonella. Bacterial counts were log10 transformed and analyzed using n-way ANOVA. All treatments reduced S. Reading on turkey legs at both 0 and 24 h (P < 0.0001; P < 0.0001). At 24 h, drums treated with PAA + AMP (3.92 log10 cfu/g) had less S. Reading than no-treatment control, TW, and AMP. Treatment by time interactions were observed for total aerobes among drums in both studies (P < 0.0001, P < 0.0001) and Salmonella among drums inoculated with S. Typhimurium (P < 0.0001). During the S. Reading and S. Typhimurium study, all treatments reduced Salmonella and total aerobes on drums. During the S. Typhimurium study, drums treated with PAA + AMP had the lowest numerical load of S. Typhimurium and total aerobes. The combination of AMP + PAA may exhibit a synergistic effect in reducing Salmonella on turkey drums, thus increasing the safety of turkey products for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Olson
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, WI
| | - L A Wythe
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, WI
| | - D K Dittoe
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
| | - K M Feye
- Department of Food Science and Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704
| | - S C Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, WI.
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Modelling of the Behaviour of Salmonella enterica serovar Reading on Commercial Fresh-Cut Iceberg Lettuce Stored at Different Temperatures. Foods 2020; 9:foods9070946. [PMID: 32708923 PMCID: PMC7404800 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to model the growth and survival behaviour of Salmonella Reading and endogenous lactic acid bacteria on fresh pre-cut iceberg lettuce stored under modified atmosphere packaging for 10 days at different temperatures (4, 8 and 15 °C). The Baranyi and Weibull models were satisfactorily fitted to describe microbial growth and survival behaviour, respectively. Results indicated that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) could grow at all storage temperatures, while S. Reading grew only at 15 °C. Specific growth rate values (μmax) for LAB ranged between 0.080 and 0.168 h−1 corresponding to the temperatures 4 and 15 °C while for S. Reading at 15 °C, μmax = 0.056 h−1. This result was compared with published predictive microbiology models for other Salmonella serovars in leafy greens, revealing that predictions from specific models could be valid for such a temperature, provided they were developed specifically in lettuce regardless of the type of serovars inoculated. The parameter delta obtained from the Weibull model for the pathogen was found to be 16.03 and 18.81 for 4 and 8 °C, respectively, indicating that the pathogen underwent larger reduction levels at lower temperatures (2.8 log10 decrease at 4 °C). These data suggest that this Salmonella serovar is especially sensitive to low temperatures, under the assayed conditions, while showcasing that a correct refrigeration could be an effective measure to control microbial risk in commercial packaged lettuce. Finally, the microbiological data and models from this study will be useful to consider more specifically the behaviour of S. Reading during transport and storage of fresh-cut lettuce, elucidating the contribution of this serovar to the risk by Salmonella in leafy green products.
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Miller EA, Elnekave E, Flores-Figueroa C, Johnson A, Kearney A, Munoz-Aguayo J, Tagg KA, Tschetter L, Weber BP, Nadon CA, Boxrud D, Singer RS, Folster JP, Johnson TJ. Emergence of a Novel Salmonella enterica Serotype Reading Clonal Group Is Linked to Its Expansion in Commercial Turkey Production, Resulting in Unanticipated Human Illness in North America. mSphere 2020; 5:e00056-20. [PMID: 32295868 PMCID: PMC7160679 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00056-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Two separate human outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serotype Reading occurred between 2017 and 2019 in the United States and Canada, and both outbreaks were linked to the consumption of raw turkey products. In this study, a comprehensive genomic investigation was conducted to reconstruct the evolutionary history of S. Reading from turkeys and to determine the genomic context of outbreaks involving this infrequently isolated Salmonella serotype. A total of 988 isolates of U.S. origin were examined using whole-genome-based approaches, including current and historical isolates from humans, meat, and live food animals. Broadly, isolates clustered into three major clades, with one apparently highly adapted turkey clade. Within the turkey clade, isolates clustered into three subclades, including an "emergent" clade that contained only isolates dated 2016 or later, with many of the isolates from these outbreaks. Genomic differences were identified between emergent and other turkey subclades, suggesting that the apparent success of currently circulating subclades is, in part, attributable to plasmid acquisitions conferring antimicrobial resistance, gain of phage-like sequences with cargo virulence factors, and mutations in systems that may be involved in beta-glucuronidase activity and resistance towards colicins. U.S. and Canadian outbreak isolates were found interspersed throughout the emergent subclade and the other circulating subclade. The emergence of a novel S Reading turkey subclade, coinciding temporally with expansion in commercial turkey production and with U.S. and Canadian human outbreaks, indicates that emergent strains with higher potential for niche success were likely vertically transferred and rapidly disseminated from a common source.IMPORTANCE Increasingly, outbreak investigations involving foodborne pathogens are difficult due to the interconnectedness of food animal production and distribution, and homogeneous nature of industry integration, necessitating high-resolution genomic investigations to determine their basis. Fortunately, surveillance and whole-genome sequencing, combined with the public availability of these data, enable comprehensive queries to determine underlying causes of such outbreaks. Utilizing this pipeline, it was determined that a novel clone of Salmonella Reading has emerged that coincided with increased abundance in raw turkey products and two outbreaks of human illness in North America. The rapid dissemination of this highly adapted and conserved clone indicates that it was likely obtained from a common source and rapidly disseminated across turkey production. Key genomic changes may have contributed to its apparent continued success in commercial turkeys and ability to cause illness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Miller
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ehud Elnekave
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Abigail Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ashley Kearney
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jeannette Munoz-Aguayo
- Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lorelee Tschetter
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Bonnie P Weber
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Celine A Nadon
- Public Health Agency of Canada, National Microbiology Laboratory, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Dave Boxrud
- Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jason P Folster
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Timothy J Johnson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Mid-Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Willmar, Minnesota, USA
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