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Growth behavior of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and generic E. coli in raw pork considering background microbiota at 10, 25, and 40 °C. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 391-393:110134. [PMID: 36812695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological evidence suggests that pork products may be vehicles for the transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to humans. The severe morbidity associated with STEC infections highlights the need for research to understand the growth behavior of these bacteria in pork products. Classical predictive models can estimate pathogen growth in sterile meat. However, competition models considering background microbiota reflect a more realistic scenario for raw meat products. The objective of this study was to estimate the growth kinetics of clinically significant STEC (O157, non-O157, and O91), Salmonella, and generic E. coli in raw ground pork using competition primary growth models at temperature abuse (10 and 25 °C) and sublethal temperature (40 °C). A competition model incorporating the No lag Buchanan model was validated using the acceptable prediction zone (APZ) method where >92 % (1498/1620) of the residual errors fell within the APZ (pAPZ > 0.70). The background microbiota (mesophilic aerobic plate counts, APC) inhibited the growth of STEC and Salmonella indicating a simple one-directional competitive interaction between pathogens and the mesophilic microbiota of ground pork. The maximum specific growth rate (μmax) of all the bacterial groups was not significantly different (p > 0.05) based on fat content (5 vs 25 %) except for generic E. coli at 10 °C. E. coli O157 and non-O157 behaved similarly in terms of μmax and maximum population density (MPD). Salmonella showed a similar (p > 0.05) μmax to E. coli O157 and non-O157 at 10 and 40 °C but a significantly higher rate (p < 0.05) at 25 °C. STEC were more prone to be inhibited by APC than Salmonella at 10 and 25 °C. The μmax of O91 was lower (p < 0.05) than other STEC and Salmonella at 10 and 25 °C but similar (p > 0.05) at 40 °C. Generic E. coli showed a two- to five-times higher (p < 0.05) μmax (0.028 ± 0.011 log10 CFU/h) than other bacterial groups (0.006 ± 0.004 to 0.012 ± 0.003 log10 CFU/h) at 10 °C making it a potential indicator bacteria for process control. Industry and regulators can use competitive models to develop appropriate risk assessment and mitigation strategies to improve the microbiological safety of raw pork products.
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Singha S, Thomas R, Viswakarma JN, Gupta VK. Foodborne illnesses of Escherichia coli O157origin and its control measures. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:1274-1283. [PMID: 36936116 PMCID: PMC10020406 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05381-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne illnesses are leading source of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing nations. Escherichia coli O157 is one of the most reported foodborne pathogen that emerged in the past few decades. South East Asia region suffers the highest average burden of diarrhoeal mortality, especially when it comes to child mortality.Query Many studies were undertaken in the developed nations to evaluate the role of E. coli O157 as one of the etiological agent in foodborne outbreaks. In this article, we discuss the distribution of E. coli O157 serotype in the food chains of South East Asian countries, with a special focus on India where more than half a million child diarrhoeal deaths occurs every year and the reasons for which is often not ascertained to the fullest extent. The article also describes in detail about the various detection methods and control measures with respect to E. coli O157. The aim of this study is to document and highlight the extent of Foodborne infections of E. coli O157 origin and thereby taking effective and proactive preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songeeta Singha
- Food Quality Control Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | - Rajendran Thomas
- Food Quality Control Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
| | - Jai Narain Viswakarma
- Assam Don Bosco University, Tapesia Gardens, Kamarkuchi, Sonapur, Assam 782402 India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Food Quality Control Laboratory, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig, Rani, Guwahati, Assam 781131 India
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Bumunang EW, Zaheer R, Stanford K, Laing C, Niu D, Guan LL, Chui L, Tarr GAM, McAllister TA. Genomic Analysis of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli O157 Cattle and Clinical Isolates from Alberta, Canada. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090603. [PMID: 36136541 PMCID: PMC9505746 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin (stx) is the principal virulence factor of the foodborne pathogen, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and is associated with various lambdoid bacterio (phages). A comparative genomic analysis was performed on STEC O157 isolates from cattle (n = 125) and clinical (n = 127) samples to characterize virulence genes, stx-phage insertion sites and antimicrobial resistance genes that may segregate strains circulating in the same geographic region. In silico analyses revealed that O157 isolates harboured the toxin subtypes stx1a and stx2a. Most cattle (76.0%) and clinical (76.4%) isolates carried the virulence gene combination of stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA. Characterization of stx1 and stx2-carrying phages in assembled contigs revealed that they were associated with mlrA and wrbA insertion sites, respectively. In cattle isolates, mlrA and wrbA insertion sites were occupied more often (77% and 79% isolates respectively) than in clinical isolates (38% and 1.6% isolates, respectively). Profiling of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in the assembled contigs revealed that 8.8% of cattle (11/125) and 8.7% of clinical (11/127) isolates harboured ARGs. Eight antimicrobial resistance genes cassettes (ARCs) were identified in 14 isolates (cattle, n = 8 and clinical, n = 6) with streptomycin (aadA1, aadA2, ant(3’’)-Ia and aph(3’’)-Ib) being the most prevalent gene in ARCs. The profound disparity between the cattle and clinical strains in occupancy of the wrbA locus suggests that this trait may serve to differentiate cattle from human clinical STEC O157:H7. These findings are important for stx screening and stx-phage insertion site genotyping as well as monitoring ARGs in isolates from cattle and clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel W. Bumunang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Rahat Zaheer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Kim Stanford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1M4, Canada
| | - Chad Laing
- National Centre for Animal Disease Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Lethbridge, AB T1J 0P3, Canada
| | - Dongyan Niu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P9, Canada
| | - Linda Chui
- Alberta Precisions Laboratory, Alberta Public Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J2, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Gillian A. M. Tarr
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Tim A. McAllister
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Wang X, Yan K, Fu M, Liang S, Zhao H, Fu C, Yang L, Song Z, Sun D, Wan C. EspF of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Enhances Apoptosis via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Intestinal Epithelial Cells: An Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantitation-Based Comparative Proteomic Analysis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:900919. [PMID: 35847082 PMCID: PMC9279134 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.900919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been large foodborne outbreaks related to Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) around the world. Among its virulence proteins, the EspF encoded by locus of enterocyte effacement is one of the most known functional effector proteins. In this research, we infected the HT-29 cells with the EHEC wild type strain and EspF-deficient EHEC strain. Via the emerging technique isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), we explored the pathogenic characteristics of EspF within host cells. Our data showed that the differences regarding cellular responses mainly contained immune regulation, protein synthesis, signal transduction, cellular assembly and organization, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and apoptosis. Notably, compared with the EspF-deficient strain, the protein processing in the ER and ribosome were upregulated during wild type (WT) infection. Our findings proved that the EspF of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli induced ER stress in intestinal epithelial cells; the ER stress-dependent apoptosis pathway was also activated within the host cells. This study provides insight into the virulence mechanism of protein EspF, which will deepen our general understanding of A/E pathogens and their interaction with host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kaina Yan
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Muqing Fu
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Liang
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyi Zhao
- Genecreate Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., National Bio-industry Base, Wuhan, China
| | - Changzhu Fu
- MRC Toxicology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihong Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dayong Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Dayong Sun,
| | - Chengsong Wan
- BSL-3 Laboratory (Guangdong), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Chengsong Wan,
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Preparation of polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel containing bacteriophage and its evaluation for potential use in the healing of skin wounds. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Nastasijevic I, Schmidt JW, Boskovic M, Glisic M, Kalchayanand N, Shackelford SD, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M, Bosilevac JM. Seasonal Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli on Pork Carcasses for Three Steps of the Harvest Process at Two Commercial Processing Plants in the United States. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 87:e01711-20. [PMID: 33067201 PMCID: PMC7755256 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01711-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen that has a significant impact on public health, with strains possessing the attachment factor intimin referred to as enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and associated with life-threatening illnesses. Cattle and beef are considered typical sources of STEC, but their presence in pork products is a growing concern. Therefore, carcasses (n = 1,536) at two U.S. pork processors were sampled once per season at three stages of harvest (poststunning skins, postscald carcasses, and chilled carcasses) and then examined using PCR for Shiga toxin genes (stx), intimin genes (eae), aerobic plate count (APC), and Enterobacteriaceae counts (EBC). The prevalence of stx on skins, postscald, and chilled carcasses was 85.3, 17.5, and 5.4%, respectively, with 82.3, 7.8, and 1.7% of swabs, respectively, having stx and eae present. All stx-positive samples were subjected to culture isolation that resulted in 368 STEC and 46 EHEC isolates. The most frequently identified STEC were serogroups O121, O8, and O91 (63, 6.7, and 6.0% of total STEC, respectively). The most frequently isolated EHEC was serotype O157:H7 (63% of total EHEC). Results showed that scalding significantly reduced (P < 0.05) carcass APC and EBC by 3.00- and 2.50-log10 CFU/100 cm2, respectively. A seasonal effect was observed, with STEC prevalence lower (P < 0.05) in winter. The data from this study show significant (P < 0.05) reduction in the incidence of STEC (stx) from 85.3% to 5.4% and of EHEC (stx plus eae) from 82.3% to 1.7% within the slaughter-to-chilling continuum, respectively, and that potential EHEC can be confirmed present throughout using culture isolation.IMPORTANCE Seven serogroups of STEC are responsible for most (>75%) cases of severe illnesses caused by STEC and are considered adulterants of beef. However, some STEC outbreaks have been attributed to pork products, although the same E. coli are not considered adulterants in pork because little is known of their prevalence along the pork chain. The significance of the work presented here is that it identifies disease-causing STEC, EHEC, demonstrating that these same organisms are a food safety hazard in pork as well as beef. The results show that most STEC isolated from pork are not likely to cause severe disease in humans and that processes used in pork harvest, such as scalding, offer a significant control point to reduce contamination. The results will assist the pork processing industry and regulatory agencies to optimize interventions to improve the safety of pork products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John W Schmidt
- USDA ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Marija Boskovic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Glisic
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Tommy L Wheeler
- USDA ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
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Remfry SE, Amachawadi RG, Shi X, Bai J, Woodworth JC, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Goodband RD, DeRouchey JM, Nagaraja TG. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Prevalence of Serogroups of Escherichia coli Known to Carry Shiga Toxin Genes in Feces of Finisher Pigs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2020; 17:782-791. [PMID: 32833570 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2020.2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are major foodborne pathogens and seven serogroups, O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, that account for the majority of the STEC-associated illness in humans. Similar to cattle, swine also harbor STEC and shed them in the feces and can be a source of human STEC infections. Information on the prevalence of STEC in swine feces is limited. Therefore, our objective was to utilize polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to determine prevalence of major virulence genes and serogroups of STEC. Fecal samples (n = 598), collected from finisher pigs within 3 weeks before marketing in 10 pig flows located in 8 states, were included in the study. Samples enriched in E. coli broth were subjected to a real-time PCR assay targeting three virulence genes, Shiga toxin 1 (stx1), Shiga toxin 2 (stx2), and intimin (eae), which encode for Shiga toxins 1 and 2, and intimin, respectively. A novel PCR assay was designed and validated to detect serogroups, O8, O20, O59, O86, O91, O100, O120, and O174, previously reported to be commonly present in swine feces. In addition, enriched fecal samples positive for Shiga toxin genes were subjected to a multiplex PCR assay targeting O26, O45, O103, O104, O111, O121, O145, and O157 serogroups implicated in human clinical infections. Of the 598 fecal samples tested by real-time PCR, 25.9%, 65.1%, and 67% were positive for stx1, stx2, and eae, respectively. The novel eight-plex PCR assay indicated the predominant prevalence of O8 (88.6%), O86 (35.5%), O174 (24.1%), O100 (20.2%), and O91 (15.6%) serogroups. Among the seven serogroups relevant to human infections, three serogroups, O121 (17.6%), O157 (14%), and O26 (11%) were predominant. PCR-based detection indicated high prevalence of Shiga toxin genes and serogroups that are known to carry Shiga toxin genes, including serogroups commonly prevalent in cattle feces and implicated in human infections and in edema disease in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Remfry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Xiaorong Shi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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