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Gajawada P, Cetinkaya A, von Gerlach S, Kubin N, Burger H, Näbauer M, Grinninger C, Rolf A, Schönburg M, Choi YH, Kubin T, Richter M. Myocardial Accumulations of Reg3A, Reg3γ and Oncostatin M Are Associated with the Formation of Granulomata in Patients with Cardiac Sarcoidosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084148. [PMID: 33923774 PMCID: PMC8072627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a poorly understood disease and is characterized by the focal accumulation of immune cells, thus leading to the formation of granulomata (GL). To identify the developmental principles of fatal GL, fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis of CS and control patients is presented here. CS is visualized macroscopically by positron emission tomography (PET)/ computed tomography (CT). A battery of antibodies is used to determine structural, cell cycle and inflammatory markers. GL consist of CD68+, CD163+ and CD206+ macrophages surrounded by T-cells within fibrotic areas. Cell cycle markers such as phospho-histone H3, phospho-Aurora and Ki67 were moderately present; however, the phosphorylated ERM (ezrin, radixin and moesin) and Erk1/2 proteins, strong expression of the myosin motor protein and the macrophage transcription factor PU.1 indicate highly active GL. Mild apoptosis is consistent with PI3 kinase and Akt activation. Massive amounts of the IL-1R antagonist reflect a mild activation of stress and inflammatory pathways in GL. High levels of oncostatin M and the Reg3A and Reg3γ chemokines are in accordance with macrophage accumulation in areas of remodeling cardiomyocytes. We conclude that the formation of GL occurs mainly through chemoattraction and less by proliferation of macrophages. Furthermore, activation of the oncostatin/Reg3 axis might help at first to wall-off substances but might initiate the chronic development of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Gajawada
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (P.G.); (A.C.); (N.K.); (H.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Ayse Cetinkaya
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (P.G.); (A.C.); (N.K.); (H.B.); (M.S.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Susanne von Gerlach
- Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg GmbH, Standort Marburg, Baldingerstr., 35033 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Natalia Kubin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (P.G.); (A.C.); (N.K.); (H.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Heiko Burger
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (P.G.); (A.C.); (N.K.); (H.B.); (M.S.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Michael Näbauer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.N.); (C.G.)
| | - Carola Grinninger
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum der Universität München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; (M.N.); (C.G.)
| | - Andreas Rolf
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
- Department of Cardiology, Kerckhoff Heart and Lung Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Schönburg
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (P.G.); (A.C.); (N.K.); (H.B.); (M.S.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
| | - Yeong-Hoon Choi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (P.G.); (A.C.); (N.K.); (H.B.); (M.S.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RhineMain, 60549 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (T.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Thomas Kubin
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (P.G.); (A.C.); (N.K.); (H.B.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (T.K.); (M.R.)
| | - Manfred Richter
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Kerckhoff Heart Center, Benekestr. 2-8, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany; (P.G.); (A.C.); (N.K.); (H.B.); (M.S.)
- Campus Kerckhoff, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.C.); (T.K.); (M.R.)
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p38 MAPK Pathway in the Heart: New Insights in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197412. [PMID: 33049962 PMCID: PMC7582802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) family controls cell adaptation to stress stimuli. p38 function has been studied in depth in relation to cardiac development and function. The first isoform demonstrated to play an important role in cardiac development was p38α; however, all p38 family members are now known to collaborate in different aspects of cardiomyocyte differentiation and growth. p38 family members have been proposed to have protective and deleterious actions in the stressed myocardium, with the outcome of their action in part dependent on the model system under study and the identity of the activated p38 family member. Most studies to date have been performed with inhibitors that are not isoform-specific, and, consequently, knowledge remains very limited about how the different p38s control cardiac physiology and respond to cardiac stress. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of the p38 pathway in cardiac physiology and discuss recent advances in the field.
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Hiraki D, Uehara O, Kuramitsu Y, Morikawa T, Harada F, Yoshida K, Akino K, Chiba I, Asaka M, Abiko Y. P. gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide Stimulates the Upregulated Expression of the Pancreatic Cancer-Related Genes Regenerating Islet-Derived 3 A/G in Mouse Pancreas. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197351. [PMID: 33027970 PMCID: PMC7583020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between periodontal disease and pancreatic cancer, the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, the effects of systemic administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PG-LPS) on gene expression were comprehensively explored in mouse pancreas that did not demonstrate any signs of inflammation. PG-LPS was prepared in physiological saline and intraperitoneally administered to male mice at a concentration of 5 mg/kg every 3 days for 1 month. After extracting total RNA from the excised mice pancreas, a comprehensive DNA microarray analysis of gene expression was performed. Tissue specimens were also subjected to hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry using anti-regenerating islet-derived 3A and G (Reg3A/G) antibody. ImageJ software was used to quantify the area of Reg3A/G positive cells in pancreatic islets by binarizing image date followed by area extraction. The results were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) with p < 0.05 considered as significant. Reg3G, a gene related to pancreatic cancer, was one of the 10 genes with the highest levels of expression in the pancreas stimulated with PG-LPS. The comprehensive analysis revealed a 73-fold increase in Reg3G expression level in the PG-LPS group when compared with the control group; in addition, the expression level of Reg3A was increased by 11-fold in the PG-LPS group. Image analysis showed that the ratio of Reg3A/G positive cells was higher in the PG-LPS group than the control. Immunostaining showed the presence of Reg3A/G-positive cells in the alpha-cell equivalent areas around the islets of Langerhans in the PG-LPS group. These results support the notion that periodontal disease may be a risk factor for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Hiraki
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Osamu Uehara
- Division of Disease Control and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (O.U.); (I.C.)
| | - Yasuhiro Kuramitsu
- Research Institute of Cancer Prevention, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Tetsuro Morikawa
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (T.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Fumiya Harada
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Koki Yoshida
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (T.M.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kozo Akino
- Research Institute of Cancer Prevention, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Itsuo Chiba
- Division of Disease Control and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (O.U.); (I.C.)
| | - Masahiro Asaka
- Research Institute of Cancer Prevention, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757 Kanazawa, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan; (T.M.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-133-23-1211
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Rysä J, Tokola H, Ruskoaho H. Mechanical stretch induced transcriptomic profiles in cardiac myocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4733. [PMID: 29549296 PMCID: PMC5856749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23042-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces are able to activate hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes in the overloaded myocardium. However, the transcriptional profiles triggered by mechanical stretch in cardiac myocytes are not fully understood. Here, we performed the first genome-wide time series study of gene expression changes in stretched cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM)s, resulting in 205, 579, 737, 621, and 1542 differentially expressed (>2-fold, P < 0.05) genes in response to 1, 4, 12, 24, and 48 hours of cyclic mechanical stretch. We used Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to predict functional pathways and upstream regulators of differentially expressed genes in order to identify regulatory networks that may lead to mechanical stretch induced hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. We also performed micro (miRNA) expression profiling of stretched NRVMs, and identified that a total of 8 and 87 miRNAs were significantly (P < 0.05) altered by 1-12 and 24-48 hours of mechanical stretch, respectively. Finally, through integration of miRNA and mRNA data, we predicted the miRNAs that regulate mRNAs potentially leading to the hypertrophic growth induced by mechanical stretch. These analyses predicted nuclear factor-like 2 (Nrf2) and interferon regulatory transcription factors as well as the let-7 family of miRNAs as playing roles in the regulation of stretch-regulated genes in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Heikki Tokola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Säkkinen H, Aro J, Kaikkonen L, Ohukainen P, Näpänkangas J, Tokola H, Ruskoaho H, Rysä J. Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 target regenerating islet-derived 3γ expression is upregulated in cardiac inflammatory response in the rat heart. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/20/e12996. [PMID: 27798352 PMCID: PMC5099961 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerating islet‐derived 3γ (Reg3γ) is a multifunctional protein, associated with various tissue injuries and inflammatory states. Since chronic inflammation is characteristics also for heart failure, the aim of this study was to characterize Reg3γ expression in cardiac inflammatory conditions. Reg3γ expression was studied in experimental rat models of myocardial infarction (MI) and pressure overload in vivo. For cell culture studies neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs) were used. In addition, adenovirus‐mediated gene transfer of upstream mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase 3b and p38α MAPK in vivo and in vitro was performed. Reg3γ mRNA (12.8‐fold, P < 0.01) and protein (5.8‐fold, P < 0.001) levels were upregulated during the postinfarction remodeling at day 1 after MI, and angiotensin II (Ang II) markedly increased Reg3γ mRNA levels from 6 h to 2 weeks. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the Ang II‐induced expression of Reg3γ was localized into the cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts of the proliferating connective tissue in the heart. Stretching and treatments with endothelin‐1, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and fibroblast growth factor‐1 increased Reg3γ mRNA levels in NRCMs. SB203580, a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, markedly attenuated LPS and mechanical stretch‐induced upregulation of Reg3γ gene expression. Moreover, combined overexpression of MKK3bE and WT p38α increased Reg3γ gene expression in cultured cardiomyocytes in vitro and in the rat heart in vivo. Our study shows that cardiac stress activates Reg3γ expression and p38 MAPK is an upstream regulator of Reg3γ gene expression in heart. Altogether our data suggest Reg3γ is associated with cardiac inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Säkkinen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jani Aro
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Leena Kaikkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pauli Ohukainen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Näpänkangas
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Tokola
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Ruskoaho
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland .,Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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