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Wong SK. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Beta (GSK3β) as a Potential Drug Target in Regulating Osteoclastogenesis: An Updated Review on Current Evidence. Biomolecules 2024; 14:502. [PMID: 38672518 PMCID: PMC11047881 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3β) is a highly conserved protein kinase originally involved in glucose metabolism, insulin activity, and energy homeostasis. Recent scientific evidence demonstrated the significant role of GSK3β in regulating bone remodelling through involvement in multiple signalling networks. Specifically, the inhibition of GSK3β enhances the conversion of osteoclast progenitors into mature osteoclasts. GSK3β is recognised as a pivotal regulator for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG), phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), canonical Wnt/beta (β)-catenin, and protein kinase C (PKC) signalling pathways during osteoclastogenesis. Conversely, the inhibition of GSK3β has been shown to prevent bone loss in animal models with complex physiology, suggesting that the role of GSK3β may be more significant in bone formation than bone resorption. Divergent findings have been reported regarding the efficacy of GSK3β inhibitors as bone-protecting agents. Some studies demonstrated that GSK3β inhibitors reduced osteoclast formation, while one study indicated an increase in osteoclast formation in RANKL-stimulated bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). Given the discrepancies observed in the accumulated evidence, further research is warranted, particularly regarding the use of GSK3β silencing or overexpression models. Such efforts will provide valuable insights into the direct impact of GSK3β on osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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Mouse Models of Mineral Bone Disorders Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065325. [PMID: 36982400 PMCID: PMC10048881 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) inevitably develop mineral and bone disorders (CKD–MBD), which negatively impact their survival and quality of life. For a better understanding of underlying pathophysiology and identification of novel therapeutic approaches, mouse models are essential. CKD can be induced by surgical reduction of a functional kidney mass, by nephrotoxic compounds and by genetic engineering specifically interfering with kidney development. These models develop a large range of bone diseases, recapitulating different types of human CKD–MBD and associated sequelae, including vascular calcifications. Bones are usually studied by quantitative histomorphometry, immunohistochemistry and micro-CT, but alternative strategies have emerged, such as longitudinal in vivo osteoblast activity quantification by tracer scintigraphy. The results gained from the CKD–MBD mouse models are consistent with clinical observations and have provided significant knowledge on specific pathomechanisms, bone properties and potential novel therapeutic strategies. This review discusses available mouse models to study bone disease in CKD.
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Lau YK, Peck SH, Arginteanu T, Wu M, Lin M, Shore EM, Klein PS, Casal ML, Smith LJ. Effects of lithium administration on vertebral bone disease in mucopolysaccharidosis I dogs. Bone 2022; 154:116237. [PMID: 34695616 PMCID: PMC8671266 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by deficient activity of the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase, leading to abnormal accumulation of heparan and dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycans in cells and tissues. Patients commonly exhibit progressive skeletal abnormalities, in part due to failures of endochondral ossification during postnatal growth. Previously, using the naturally-occurring canine model, we showed that bone and cartilage cells in MPS I exhibit elevated lysosomal storage from an early age and that animals subsequently exhibit significantly diminished vertebral trabecular bone formation. Wnts are critical regulators of endochondral ossification that depend on glycosaminoglycans for signaling. The objective of this study was to examine whether lithium, a glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor and stimulator of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, administered during postnatal growth could attenuate progression of vertebral trabecular bone disease in MPS I. MPS I dogs were treated orally with therapeutic levels of lithium carbonate from 14 days to 6 months-of-age. Untreated heterozygous and MPS I dogs served as controls. Serum was collected at 3 and 6 months for assessment of bone turnover markers. At the study end point, thoracic vertebrae were excised and assessed using microcomputed tomography and histology. Lithium-treated animals exhibited significantly improved trabecular spacing, number and connectivity density, and serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels compared to untreated animals. Growth plates from lithium-treated animals exhibited increased numbers of hypertrophic chondrocytes relative to both untreated MPS I and heterozygous animals. These findings suggest that bone and cartilage cells in MPS I are still capable of responding to exogenous osteogenic signals even in the presence of significant lysosomal storage, and that targeted osteogenic therapies may represent a promising approach for attenuating bone disease progression in MPS I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Khai Lau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sun H Peck
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Toren Arginteanu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meilun Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Megan Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen M Shore
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Margret L Casal
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lachlan J Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Yamada S, Wallingford MC, Borgeia S, Cox TC, Giachelli CM. Loss of PiT-2 results in abnormal bone development and decreased bone mineral density and length in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 495:553-559. [PMID: 29133259 PMCID: PMC5739526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Normal bone mineralization requires phosphate oversaturation in bone matrix vesicles, as well as normal regulation of phosphate metabolism via the interplay among bone, intestine, and kidney. In turn, derangement of phosphate metabolism greatly affects bone function and structure. The type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, PiT-1 and PiT-2, are believed to be important in tissue phosphate metabolism and physiological bone formation, but their requirement and molecular roles in bone remain poorly investigated. In order to decipher the role of PiT-2 in bone, we examined normal bone development, growth, and mineralization in global PiT-2 homozygous knockout mice. PiT-2 deficiency resulted in reduced vertebral column, femur, and tibia length as well as mandibular dimensions. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed that bone mineral density in the mandible, femur, and tibia were decreased, indicating that maintenance of bone function and structure is impaired in both craniofacial and long bones of PiT-2 deficient mice. Both cortical and trabecular thickness and mineral density were reduced in PiT-2 homozygous knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that PiT-2 is involved in normal bone development and growth and plays roles in cortical and trabecular bone metabolism feasibly by regulating local phosphate transport and mineralization processes in the bone. Further studies that evaluate bone cell-specific loss of PiT-2 are now warranted and may yield insight into complex mechanisms of bone development and growth, leading to identification of new therapeutic options for patients with bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Mary C Wallingford
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suhaib Borgeia
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Timothy C Cox
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cecilia M Giachelli
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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Tatsumoto N, Arioka M, Yamada S, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Tokumoto M, Tsuruya K, Kitazono T, Sasaguri T. Inhibition of GSK-3β increases trabecular bone volume but not cortical bone volume in adenine-induced uremic mice with severe hyperparathyroidism. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/21/e13010. [PMID: 27803315 PMCID: PMC5112491 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for bone fractures compared with the general population. Repression of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway is associated with bone abnormalities. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)‐3β, a critical component of the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, increases bone volume through accumulation of β‐catenin. It remains unknown whether inhibition of GSK‐3β increases bone volume in CKD. The present in vivo study examined the effects of GSK‐3β inhibition on bone volume in CKD mice. Wild‐type mice were divided into three groups. One group was fed a control diet (CNT) and the other two groups were fed a diet containing 0.2% adenine and given water with or without lithium chloride (LiCl), a GSK‐3 inhibitor (CKD, CKD+LiCl, respectively). GSK‐3β heterozygous knockout mice were fed a diet containing 0.2% adenine (CKD‐GSK‐3β+/−). After 6 weeks, trabecular and cortical bone volumes of the femur were analyzed using microcomputed tomography. CKD mice developed azotemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hyperparathyroidism, followed by a decrease in cortical bone volume without any change in trabecular bone volume. Serum levels of urea nitrogen, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone were comparable among the three groups of CKD mice. Trabecular bone volume increased in CKD‐GSK‐3β+/− and CKD+LiCl mice compared with CNT and CKD mice. However, there were no significant differences in cortical bone volume among the three groups of CKD mice. The results suggest that inhibition of GSK‐3β increases trabecular bone volume but not cortical bone volume in adenine‐induced uremic mice with uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Tatsumoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Arioka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Global Medical Science Education Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masanori Tokumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tsuruya
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Integrated Therapy for Chronic Kidney Disease, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sasaguri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Zhao B, Gao WW, Liu YJ, Jiang M, Liu L, Yuan Q, Hou JB, Xia ZY. The role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:1632-1639. [PMID: 29171428 PMCID: PMC5696844 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.217337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury can lead to severe brain injury. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta is known to be involved in myo-cardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and diabetes mellitus. However, the precise role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced brain injury is unclear. In this study, we observed the effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta on brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Rat models of diabetes mellitus were generated via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. Models of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury were generated by occluding the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. Post-conditioning comprised three cycles of ischemia/reperfusion. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot assays demonstrated that after 48 hours of reperfusion, the structure of the brain was seriously damaged in the experimental rats compared with normal controls. Expression of Bax, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling, and cleaved caspase-3 in the brain was significantly increased, while expression of Bcl-2, interleukin-10, and phospho-glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta was decreased. Diabetes mellitus can aggravate inflammatory reactions and apoptosis. Ischemic post-conditioning with glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitor lithium chloride can effectively reverse these changes. Our results showed that myocardial ischemic post-conditioning attenuated myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury-induced brain injury by activating glyco-gen synthase kinase 3 beta. According to these results, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta appears to be an important factor in brain injury induced by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen-Wei Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ya-Jing Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-Bao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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