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Feinkohl I, Janke J, Slooter AJC, Winterer G, Spies C, Pischon T. The Association of Plasma Leptin, Soluble Leptin Receptor and Total and High-Molecular Weight Adiponectin With the Risk of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2024:S1064-7481(24)00297-5. [PMID: 38637191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2024.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (NCD) are poorly characterized in terms of their risk factor profiles. Leptin and adiponectin are adipose-tissue-derived hormones with a role in inflammation and atherosclerosis whose function in perioperative NCD is unclear. Here, we used a cohort of older adults to examine the association of preoperative plasma concentrations of these biomarkers with the risk of perioperative NCD. METHODS Prospective analysis of 768 participants aged ≥ 65 years of the BioCog study. Blood was collected before surgery for measurement of plasma total and high-molecular-weight (hmw) adiponectin, leptin, and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R). The free leptin index (FLI, leptin:sOB-R) was calculated. Postoperative delirium (POD) was assessed twice daily until postoperative day 7/discharge. Five hundred twenty-six patients (68.5%) returned for 3-month follow-up and provided data on postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). POCD was defined as a decline on six neuropsychological tests that exceeded that of a nonsurgical control group. Logistic regression analyses examined the associations of each exposure with POD and POCD risk, in separate models adjusted for age, sex, fasting, surgery type, and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Of 768 patients, 152 (19.8%) developed POD. Of 526 attendants of the follow-up, 54 (10.3%) had developed POCD. Leptin, sOB-R, and total and hmw adiponectin were each not associated with POD. For POCD, we observed reduced risk in patients in FLI quartile 4 compared with quartile 1 (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% CI 0.08, 0.89). Sensitivity analyses for the outcome POD revealed statistically significant interaction terms of sOB-R and total adiponectin with obesity (BMI≥30kg/m2 versus BMI<30kg/m2). For the outcome POCD, a higher sOB-R was associated with an increased risk in the obese subgroup (odds ratio, 4.00; 95% CI 1.01, 15.86). CONCLUSIONS We did not find consistent evidence for the role of leptin, its receptor, and total and hmw adiponectin in POD and POCD risk. Future research should be used to support or refute our findings and to fully characterize any differences in the associations of these hormones with POD/POCD between obese and nonobese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Feinkohl
- Medical Biometry and Epidemiology Group, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany; Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arjen J C Slooter
- Departments of Intensive Care Medicine and Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Neurology, UZ Brussels and Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Georg Winterer
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; MDC/BIH Biobank, Max Delbrueck Center, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
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Aguiar APN, Mendonça PDS, Lima Junior RCP, Mota AGDM, Wong DVT, Oliveira RTGD, Ribeiro-Júnior HL, Pinheiro RF, Magalhães SMM. The role of adiposity, adipokines and polymorphisms of leptin and adiponectin in myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Nutr 2024; 131:737-748. [PMID: 37855224 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523002283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between leptin and adiponectin gene polymorphisms, circulating levels of leptin and adiponectin, adiposity and clinical markers in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). This cross-sectional study was conducted with 102 adults and elderly MDS patients and 102 age- and sex-matched controls. Clinical characteristics, co-morbidities, anthropometric data, laboratory evaluation and genetic analysis (polymorphisms -2548G > A/rs7799039 of the LEP gene and +276G > T/rs1501299 of the ADIPOQ gene) were investigated. Serum leptin was higher and adiponectin lower in MDS when compared with controls. There was a significant positive correlation between serum leptin levels and BMI (r = 0·264, P = 0·025), waist circumference (r = 0·235, P = 0·047), body fat percentage (BF %) (r = 0·373, P = 0·001) and the fat mass index (FMI) (r = 0·371, P < 0·001). A lower mean adiponectin was found among patients with high BF %, higher visceral adiposity index and metabolic syndrome. A significant association was found between the AA genotype (mutant) of the LEP polymorphism rs7799039 and male sex and blast excess (≥ 5 %). In addition, a significant association was observed between the TT genotype (mutant) of the ADIPOQ rs1501299 polymorphism and Fe overload. These results demonstrate the importance of a comprehensive and systematic evaluation in patients with MDS in order to identify and control negative factors not related to the disease at an early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Patrícia Nogueira Aguiar
- Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE60430-275, Brazil
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Priscila da Silva Mendonça
- Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE60430-275, Brazil
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- University Hospital Walter Cantidio, Brazilian Company of Hospital Services (EBSERH), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberto Cesar Pereira Lima Junior
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Anacelia Gomes de Matos Mota
- Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE60430-275, Brazil
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Deysi Viviana Tenazoa Wong
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Roberta Tatiane Germano de Oliveira
- Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE60430-275, Brazil
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Howard Lopes Ribeiro-Júnior
- Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE60430-275, Brazil
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ronald Feitosa Pinheiro
- Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE60430-275, Brazil
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program of Pathology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Meira Magalhães
- Cancer Cytogenomic Laboratory, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE60430-275, Brazil
- Center for Research and Drug Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Post-graduate Program in Medical Science, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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Minato-Inokawa S, Hayashida Y, Honda M, Tsuboi-Kaji A, Takeuchi M, Kitaoka K, Kurata M, Wu B, Kazumi T, Fukuo K. Association between serum leptin concentrations and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance of 2.5 and higher in normal weight Japanese women. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8217. [PMID: 37217782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal weight insulin resistant phenotype was characterized in 251 Japanese female university students using homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. Birth weight, body composition at age 20, cardiometabolic traits and dietary intake were compared cross-sectionally between insulin sensitive (< 1.6, n = 194) and insulin resistant (2.5 and higher, n = 16) women. BMI averaged < 21 kg/m2 and waist < 72 cm and did not differ between two groups. The percentage of macrosomia and serum absolute and fat-mass corrected leptin concentrations were higher in insulin resistant women although there was no difference in birth weight, fat mass index, trunk/leg fat ratio and serum adiponectin. In addition, resting pulse rate, serum concentrations of free fatty acids, triglycerides and remnant-like particle cholesterol were higher in insulin resistant women although HDL cholesterol and blood pressure did not differ. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, serum leptin (odds ratio:1.68, 95% confidential interval:1.08-2.63, p = 0.02) was associated with normal weight insulin resistance independently of macrosomia, free fatty acids, triglycerides, remnant-like particle cholesterol and resting pulse rate. In conclusion, normal weight IR phenotype may be associated with increased plasma leptin concentrations and leptin to fat mass ratio in young Japanese women, suggesting higher leptin production by body fat unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Minato-Inokawa
- Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
- Laboratory of Community Health and Nutrition, Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuuna Hayashida
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mari Honda
- Open Research Center for Studying of Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Health, Sports, and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Kobe Women's University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tsuboi-Kaji
- Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
- Department of Nutrition, Osaka City Juso Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mika Takeuchi
- Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
| | - Kaori Kitaoka
- Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
- Department of Advanced Epidemiology, Noncommunicable Disease (NCD) Epidemiology Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Miki Kurata
- Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Bin Wu
- Open Research Center for Studying of Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tsutomu Kazumi
- Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan.
- Open Research Center for Studying of Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
- Department of Medicine, Kohan Kakogawa Hospital, Kakogawa, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Fukuo
- Research Institute for Nutrition Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 6-46, Ikebiraki-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8558, Japan
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
- Open Research Center for Studying of Lifestyle-Related Diseases, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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Agbogu-Ike OU, Ogoina D, Onyemelukwe GC. Leptin Concentrations in Non-Obese and Obese Non-Diabetes Nigerian-Africans. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2021; 14:4889-4902. [PMID: 34992397 PMCID: PMC8710913 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s264735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversial findings exist on the role of leptin in obesity and its correlation with metabolic variables, with few data emanating from Nigerian-Africans. Plasma leptin was therefore determined in obese and non-obese. Its relationship with obesity indices and metabolic variables were further envisaged. MATERIALS AND METHODS A cross-sectional comparative study on 87 randomly-selected non-diabetes Nigerians distributed into 3 groups (24 normal, 23 pre-obese and 40 obese). Obesity indices, fasting Insulin (FI) and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined. Plasma leptin was determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mann-Whitney U-test, Independent Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation and Step-wise Multivariate Logistic Regression analysis determined outcomes. RESULTS Median+IQR leptin concentrations were higher in obese {61.8(40.8, 91.4) ng/mL, p<0.001} than pre-obese {42.7(28.0, 51.7) ng/mL, p=0.003} and normal {28.6(20.7, 39.8) ng/mL, p=0.03} BMI categories. Leptin was higher (p<0.001) in females than males {Median+IQR, 52.0 (35.0, 80.0) ng/mL versus 34.0(24, 65.0 ng/mL)}. Leptin was positively correlated with body fat percentage (BFP), r=0.57; waist circumference (WC), r=0.46 and body mass index (BMI), r=0.50, p<0.001, respectively in all subjects, with higher correlation coefficient in males than females. Leptin showed sex-specific correlations to age, FI and HOMA-IR. In the unadjusted models, central obesity/generalized obesity, WC, BMI, BFP, combined pre-obesity/obesity, younger age and female sex were significantly (p<0.001) associated with log-transformed leptin. WC (OR: 1.2, 95% CI, 1.05-1.38, p=0.009), BFP (OR: 1.41, 95% CI, 1.07-1.84, p=0.013) and BMI (OR: 1.6, 95% CI, 1.13-2.31, p=0.008) in men and all subjects, were independently associated with hyperleptinaemia following adjustments. CONCLUSION Plasma leptin concentrations, fasting insulin and insulin resistance are higher in obese and pre-obese than normal controls, with females showing higher leptin concentrations than males. Leptin is independently related to BMI, BFP, WC, female sex and generalized/central obesity in Nigerian-Africans especially males. It showed sex-specific relations to age, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obiageli Uzoamaka Agbogu-Ike
- Department of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria
- Correspondence: Obiageli Uzoamaka Agbogu-Ike Department of Medicine, ABUTH, Zaria, NigeriaTel +234 8129930000 Email
| | - Dimie Ogoina
- Department of Medicine, Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Bayelsa, Nigeria
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Onyemelukwe OU, Ogoina D, Onyemelukwe GC. Leptin concentrations in type 2 diabetes and non-diabetes Nigerian-Africans. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 2020; 10:444-454. [PMID: 33224595 PMCID: PMC7675163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Most studies on leptin in diabetes mellitus (DM) compared to healthy controls were done in Caucasians, with conflicting findings. Paucity of data on this exists in Nigerian-Africans. Therefore, the study determined plasma leptin concentrations in newly diagnosed type-2 diabetes versus controls and its relation to obesity/demographic-metabolic indices. A cross-sectional comparative study on 154 subjects: 67 diabetes and 87 healthy controls at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Leptin was determined by the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mann-Whitney U test, Spearman's Correlation and Step-wise Multiple Logistic Regression analysis of Log-transformed variables determined outcomes. Leptin trended towards lower levels in DM subjects than controls when both sexes were combined, though insignificant (P=0.12). Leptin was significantly (P<0.001) positively correlated with waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) in DM (WC, r=0.71; BMI, r=0.84) as well as controls (WC, r=0.46, BMI, r=0.51), respectively. Leptin was significantly (P<0.001) higher in females than males, with approximately 2 times Odds of female sex association with log-transformed (Ln10) hyperleptinaemia {Odds Ratio (OR): 1.9, 95% CI, 0.97-3.92, P<0.001}. Age was positively (r=0.21, P=0.05) correlated to leptin in controls, while fasting blood glucose (FBG) negatively correlated to uncontrolled DM (r=-0.26). Leptin showed no significant (P>0.05) correlation to fasting insulin (FI) and HOMA-IR. WC was an independent predictor of Ln10hyperleptinaemia in DM subjects (OR: 1.12, 95% CI, 1.03-1.23, P=0.01). BMI showed significant (P<0.001) association with Ln10hyperleptinaemia in both subjects. Conclusively, leptin trends towards lower levels but are not different in newly diagnosed DM than controls. The association of leptin with obesity is similar but stronger in diabetes than controls, with no relations to FI and HOMA-IR. WC and BMI are independent predictors of hyperleptinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimie Ogoina
- Department of Medicine, Niger Delta University Teaching HospitalOkolobiri, Bayelsa, Nigeria
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Duliban M, Gorowska-Wojtowicz E, Tworzydlo W, Rak A, Brzoskwinia M, Krakowska I, Wolski JK, Kotula-Balak M, Płachno BJ, Bilinska B. Interstitial Leydig Cell Tumorigenesis-Leptin and Adiponectin Signaling in Relation to Aromatase Expression in the Human Testis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103649. [PMID: 32455738 PMCID: PMC7279359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although epidemiological studies from the last years report an increase in the incidences of Leydig cell tumors (previously thought to be a rare disease), the biochemical characteristics of that tumor important for understanding its etiology, diagnosis, and therapy still remains not completely characterized. Our prior studies reported G-protein coupled estrogen receptor signaling and estrogen level disturbances in Leydig cell tumors. In addition, we found that expressions of multi-level-acting lipid balance- and steroidogenesis–controlling proteins including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor are altered in this tumor. In order to get deeper into the other molecular mechanisms that regulate lipid homeostasis in the Leydig cell tumor, here we investigate the presence and expression of newly-described hormones responsible for lipid homeostasis balancing (leptin and adiponectin), together with expression of estrogen synthase (aromatase). Samples of Leydig cell tumors (n = 20) were obtained from patients (31–45 years old) and used for light and transmission electron microscopic, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analyses. In addition, body mass index (BMI) was calculated. In tumor mass, abundant lipid accumulation in Leydig cells and various alterations of Leydig cell shape, as well as the presence of adipocyte-like cells, were observed. Marked lipid content and various lipid droplet size, especially in obese patients, may indicate alterations in lipid homeostasis, lipid processing, and steroidogenic organelle function in response to interstitial tissue pathological changes. We revealed significantly increased expression of leptin, adiponectin and their receptors, as well as aromatase in Leydig cell tumors in comparison to control. The majority of patients (n = 13) were overweight as indicated by their BMI. Moreover, a significant increase in expression of phospholipase C (PLC), and kinases Raf, ERK which are part of adipokine transductional pathways, was demonstrated. These data expand our previous findings suggesting that in human Leydig cell tumors, estrogen level and signaling, together with lipid status, are related to each other. Increased BMI may contribute to certain biochemical characteristics and function of the Leydig cell in infertile patients with a tumor. In addition, altered adipokine-estrogen microenvironment can have an effect on proliferation, growth, and metastasis of tumor cells. We report here various targets (receptors, enzymes, hormones) controlling lipid balance and estrogen action in Leydig cell tumors indicating their possible usefulness for diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Duliban
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Ewelina Gorowska-Wojtowicz
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence: (E.G.-W.); (M.K.-B.)
| | - Waclaw Tworzydlo
- Developmental Biology and Invertebrate Morphology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Rak
- Department of Physiology and Toxicology of Reproduction, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Brzoskwinia
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Izabella Krakowska
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Jan K. Wolski
- nOvum Fertility Clinic, Bociania 13, 02-807 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Malgorzata Kotula-Balak
- University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.G.-W.); (M.K.-B.)
| | - Bartosz J. Płachno
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Barbara Bilinska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (M.D.); (M.B.); (B.B.)
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