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Song M, Zhuge Y, Tu Y, Liu J, Liu W. The Multifunctional Role of KCNE2: From Cardiac Arrhythmia to Multisystem Disorders. Cells 2024; 13:1409. [PMID: 39272981 PMCID: PMC11393857 DOI: 10.3390/cells13171409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The KCNE2 protein is encoded by the kcne2 gene and is a member of the KCNE protein family, also known as the MinK-related protein 1 (MiRP1). It is mostly present in the epicardium of the heart and gastric mucosa, and it is also found in the thyroid, pancreatic islets, liver and lung, among other locations, to a lesser extent. It is involved in numerous physiological processes because of its ubiquitous expression and partnering promiscuity, including the modulation of voltage-dependent potassium and calcium channels involved in cardiac action potential repolarization, and regulation of secretory processes in multiple epithelia, such as gastric acid secretion, thyroid hormone synthesis, generation and secretion of cerebrospinal fluid. Mutations in the KCNE2 gene or aberrant expression of the protein may play a critical role in cardiovascular, neurological, metabolic and multisystem disorders. This article provides an overview of the advancements made in understanding the physiological functions in organismal homeostasis and the pathophysiological consequences of KCNE2 in multisystem diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.T.)
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.S.); (Y.Z.); (Y.T.)
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Abbott GW. Kv Channel Ancillary Subunits: Where Do We Go from Here? Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:0. [PMID: 35797055 PMCID: PMC9394777 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00005.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels each comprise four pore-forming α-subunits that orchestrate essential duties such as voltage sensing and K+ selectivity and conductance. In vivo, however, Kv channels also incorporate regulatory subunits-some Kv channel specific, others more general modifiers of protein folding, trafficking, and function. Understanding all the above is essential for a complete picture of the role of Kv channels in physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey W Abbott
- Bioelectricity Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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Liu X, Chen H, Yan Z, Du L, Huang D, Gao WD, Hu Z. Remote liver ischemic preconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1903. [PMID: 33479330 PMCID: PMC7820418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) exhibits a higher sensitivity to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and may compromise the effectiveness of cardioprotective interventions, including ischemic preconditioning. We previously found that liver ischemic preconditioning (RLIPC) could limit infarct size post I/R in non-diabetic rat hearts and further exerted anti-arrhythmic effects in diabetic or non-diabetic rats after myocardial I/R, however, little is known regarding the effect of RLIPC on infarct-sparing in diabetic hearts. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of RLIPC on I/R injury in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats. Type 1 diabetes mellitus was induced by one-time intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were exposed to 45 min of left anterior descend in (LAD) coronary artery occlusion, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. For liver ischemic preconditioning, four cycles of 5 min of liver I/R stimuli were performed before LAD occlusion. The cardioprotective effect of RLIPC was determined in diabetic rats. Compared to non-RLIPC treated DM rats, RLIPC treatment significantly reduced infarct size and cardiac tissue damage, inhibited apoptosis in diabetic hearts post I/R. RLIPC also improved cardiac functions including LVESP, LVEDP, dp/dtmax, and - dp/dtmax. In addition, RLIPC preserved cardiac morphology by reducing the pathological score post I/R in diabetic hearts. Finally, Westernblotting showed that RLIPC stimulated phosphorylation of ventricular GSK-3β and STAT-5, which are key components of RISK and SAFE signaling pathways. Our study showed that liver ischemic preconditioning retains strong cardioprotective properties in diabetic hearts against myocardial I/R injury via GSK-3β/STAT5 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhibing Yan
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dou Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Dong Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Hu Z, Liu J, Zhou L, Tian X, Abbott GW. AKT and ERK1/2 activation via remote ischemic preconditioning prevents Kcne2-dependent sudden cardiac death. Physiol Rep 2020; 7:e13957. [PMID: 30737904 PMCID: PMC6368489 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading global cause of mortality. SCD often arises from cardiac ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, pathologic sequence variants within ion channel genes, or a combination of the two. Alternative approaches are needed to prevent or ameliorate ventricular arrhythmias linked to SCD. Here, we investigated the efficacy of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) of the limb versus the liver in reducing ventricular arrhythmias in a mouse model of SCD. Mice lacking the Kcne2 gene, which encodes a potassium channel β subunit associated with acquired Long QT syndrome were exposed to IR injury via coronary ligation. This resulted in ventricular arrhythmias in all mice (15/15) and SCD in 5/15 mice during reperfusion. Strikingly, prior RIPC (limb or liver) greatly reduced the incidence and severity of all ventricular arrhythmias and completely prevented SCD. Biochemical and pharmacological analysis demonstrated that RIPC cardioprotection required ERK1/2 and/or AKT phosphorylation. A lack of alteration in GSK‐3β phosphorylation suggested against conventional reperfusion injury salvage kinase (RISK) signaling pathway protection. If replicated in human studies, limb RIPC could represent a noninvasive, nonpharmacological approach to limit dangerous ventricular arrhythmias associated with ischemia and/or channelopathy‐linked SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Hu
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Leng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Tian
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Geoffrey W Abbott
- Bioelectricity Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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Yang G, Yang Y, Li Y, Hu Z. Remote liver ischaemic preconditioning protects rat brain against cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury by activation of an AKT-dependent pathway. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:852-863. [PMID: 32134522 DOI: 10.1113/ep088394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Can remote liver ischaemic preconditioning (RLIPC) protect rat brain against cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury? What is the main finding and its importance? Pretreatment with RLIPC reduced cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological outcomes and inhibited neuron apoptosis. RLIPC led to increased phosphorylation of AKT, while inhibition of AKT abolished the effects of RLIPC. Our data suggest that liver ischaemic preconditioning exerts a strong neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury by activating an AKT-dependent pathway. ABSTRACT Remote limb ischaemic preconditioning has been shown to have beneficial effects in protecting brains against ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, little is known regarding the effect of remote liver ischaemic conditioning (RLIPC). We therefore investigated the effect of RLIPC on brain tissues suffering from I/R injury. Rats were randomly assigned to a sham group, a control group or a RLIPC group. Rats in all groups except for the sham group received middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h, followed by 48 h of reperfusion. For the RLIPC rats, four cycles of 5 min of liver ischaemia (portal vein, hepatic arterial and venous trunk occlusion) with 5 min intermittent reperfusion were carried out before cerebral ischaemia. Infarct volume was assessed after 48 h of reperfusion. Blood samples were taken for serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) tests. Morphological changes of cortical tissue and cellular apoptosis were determined. Right cortex tissues were taken for western blotting measurements. Our data demonstrate that RLIPC reduced cerebral I/R injury, decreased the volume of the MCAO-evoked infarct region, decreased serum levels of LDH and CK-MB, and reduced neurological deficits and apoptosis after I/R injury. Moreover, rats receiving RLIPC showed increased cortical AKT phosphorylation, but protein phosphorylation level was unchanged in the survivor activating factor enhancement (SAFE) signalling pathway. Accordingly, inhibition of AKT with wortmannin abolished the neuroprotective action of liver preconditioning. Our study showed for the first time that liver ischaemic preconditioning effectively protects brain against cerebral I/R injury by activating an AKT-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Experimental Animal Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Lab for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Hu
- Laboratory of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Boknik P, Drzewiecki K, Eskandar J, Gergs U, Hofmann B, Treede H, Grote-Wessels S, Fabritz L, Kirchhof P, Fortmüller L, Müller FU, Schmitz W, Zimmermann N, Kirchhefer U, Neumann J. Evidence for Arrhythmogenic Effects of A 2A-Adenosine Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1051. [PMID: 31619997 PMCID: PMC6759833 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine can be released from the heart and may stimulate four different cardiac adenosine receptors. A receptor subtype that couples to the generation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is the A2A-adenosine receptor (A2A-AR). To better understand its role in cardiac function, we studied mechanical and electrophysiological effects in transgenic mice that overexpress the human A2A-AR in cardiomyocytes (A2A-TG). We used isolated preparations from the left atrium, the right atrium, isolated perfused hearts with surface electrocardiogram (ECG) recording, and surface body ECG recordings of living mice. The hypothesized arrhythmogenic effects of transgenicity per se and A2A-AR stimulation were studied. We noted an increase in the incidence of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias under these conditions in A2A-TG. Moreover, we noted that the A2A-AR agonist CGS 21680 exerted positive inotropic effect in isolated human electrically driven (1 Hz) right atrial trabeculae carneae. We conclude that A2A-ARs are functional not only in A2A-TG but also in isolated human atrial preparations. A2A-ARs in A2A-TG per se and their stimulation can lead to cardiac arrhythmias not only in isolated cardiac preparations from A2A-TG but also in living A2A-TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Boknik
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Drzewiecki
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - John Eskandar
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Gergs
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Britt Hofmann
- Klinik für Herzchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hendrik Treede
- Klinik für Herzchirurgie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grote-Wessels
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paulus Kirchhof
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospital NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Fortmüller
- Institute for Human Genetics, Genetic epidemiology, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Ulrich Müller
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schmitz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Kirchhefer
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Neumann
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Lonek L, Puhova A, Griecsova-Kindernay L, Patel SP, Zohdi V, Jezova D, Ravingerova T. Voluntary exercise may activate components of pro-survival risk pathway in the rat heart and potentially modify cell proliferation in the myocardium. Physiol Res 2019; 68:581-588. [PMID: 31177799 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although physical exercise is known to reduce size of infarction, incidence of ventricular arrhythmias, and to improve heart function, molecular mechanisms of this protection are not fully elucidated. We explored the hypothesis that voluntary running, similar to adaptive interventions, such as ischemic or remote preconditioning, may activate components of pro-survival (RISK) pathway and potentially modify cell proliferation. Sprague-Dawley adult male rats freely exercised for 23 days in cages equipped with running wheels, while sedentary controls were housed in standard cages. After 23 days, left ventricular (LV) myocardial tissue samples were collected for the detection of expression and activation of RISK proteins (WB). The day before, a marker of cell proliferation 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was given to all animals to detect its incorporation into DNA of the LV cells (ELISA). Running increased phosphorylation (activation) of Akt, as well as the levels of PKC? and phospho-ERK1/2, whereas BrdU incorporation into DNA was unchanged. In contrast, exercise promoted pro-apoptotic signaling - enhanced Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and activation of GSK-3ß kinase. Results suggest that in the rat myocardium adapted to physical load, natural cardioprotective processes associated with physiological hypertrophy are stimulated, while cell proliferation is not modified. Up-regulation of pro-apoptotic markers indicates potential induction of cell death mechanisms that might lead to maladaptation in the long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lonek
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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