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Tamhane S, Menon LP, Edem D, Sharma P, Maradana J. Ectopic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone-Producing Metastatic Gastrinoma: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e45329. [PMID: 37849614 PMCID: PMC10577390 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors secreting gastrin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are rare. The presentation of the cases can be varied, making the diagnosis challenging and often delayed. Here, we present a patient who presented with severe hypokalemia and was found to have ectopic Cushing's syndrome. An abdominal CT scan showed a pancreatic lesion with metastatic liver disease. A biopsy of the liver lesion confirmed a metastatic neuroendocrine tumor. The final diagnosis was ectopic ACTH-producing metastatic gastrinoma. Twenty-four-hour urinary cortisol was significantly elevated at 9,790 mcg/24 hours. The excess hormonal secretion was successfully treated with ketoconazole and somatostatin analogs. She was further started on chemotherapy with capecitabine plus temozolomide, which has become the preferred chemotherapy treatment after the results of the recently completed trial. She also received Y90 therapy for metastatic liver disease. The prognosis of metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors is poor. Multidisciplinary combined therapies can help control disease and improve prognosis. We present an 18-month-long patient follow-up and a literature review of ectopic ACTH-producing metastatic gastrinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrikant Tamhane
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Baptist Health, North Little Rock, USA
| | - Lakshmi P Menon
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | - Dinesh Edem
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
| | | | - Jhansi Maradana
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mass General Brigham Wentworth-Douglas Hospital, Dover, USA
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2
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A rare case of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm causing Cushing’s syndrome. Clin J Gastroenterol 2022; 15:256-262. [DOI: 10.1007/s12328-021-01563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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3
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Zhang D, Lu L, Zhu HJ, Xiao Y, Han XL, Du SD, Xue HD, Liu QX, Zhu ZH, Hu MM, Zhai X, Xing XP, Lu ZL. Somatostatin Treatment for Ectopic ACTH Syndrome due to Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Review of the Literature. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:6283706. [PMID: 35265125 PMCID: PMC8901294 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6283706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze and summarize the effect of SSA treatment on EAS due to p-NETs (EAS-p-NETs). METHODS Thirteen patients with EAS-p-NETs treated with SSAs at our center or described in the literature were included in this study. Clinical characteristics, laboratory data, imaging studies, histopathologic results, the effect of SSA treatment, and the prognosis of these EAS-p-NET patients were evaluated. RESULTS Four males and 9 females with an average age of 42.9 years were included in the study. The mean duration of follow-up was 38.8 ± 28.2 months. As one of the combined treatment measures, SSAs controlled the levels of ACTH and cortisol in 9 of the 13 patients (69.2%). Partial response was observed in 3 patients (23.1%), stable disease in 2 patients (15.4%), and progressive disease in 6 patients (46.2%). The median time to tumor progression was 24 months, and the median overall survival was 61 months. The side effects of SSA treatment included temporary mild abdominal pain, diarrhea, gallstones, and cholecystitis. CONCLUSIONS As a supplemental therapy, SSA treatment led to clinical and biochemical improvement with a good safety profile in patients exhibiting EAS-p-NET with metastasis. However, tumor progression was inhibited by SSA treatment in only a few patients. Combined with other treatments, SSAs may improve the prognosis of patients with EAS-p-NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Air Force Medical Center, People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100142, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hui-Juan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xian-Lin Han
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shun-Da Du
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hua-Dan Xue
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qing-Xing Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ming-Ming Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao Zhai
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Cristante J, Lepelley M, Mallaret M, Carreau A, Chabre O. Pneumocystis pneumonia can complicate medical treatment of hypercortisolism even in outpatients with Cushing's disease. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2020; 81:551-560. [PMID: 33278378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Several cases of Pneumocystosis pneumonia (PCP) have been reported in patients with hypercortisolism, mainly in patients with severe ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS). We report 2 cases of PCP that did not develop until after starting treatment with metyrapone, one of which occurred in an outpatient with Cushing's disease (CD) without pulmonary symptoms before medical treatment for CD. Patient 1 presented as an outpatient with CD and severe hypercortisolism but nonetheless in good general condition. Treatment with metyrapone was started before pituitary surgery. Patient 2 had EAS due to prostate cancer. Respiratory failure in the two patients occurred 4 days and 30 days, respectively, after the start of metyrapone treatment. In both cases, chest CT showed bilateral interstitial infiltrates, and Pneumocystis jirovecii was found on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). A literature review was performed to identify risk factors for PCP in patients with CD: we identified 20 other cases of PCP in patients treated for hypercortisolism, including 16 patients with EAS. Ninety percent of patients had free urinary cortisol greater than 6 times the upper limit of normal (ULN). In conclusion, onset of PCP after initiation of anticortisolic therapy is not limited to patients with EAS, and may occur in CD patients with elevated cortisol levels, even if the patient remains in good general condition and has no pulmonary symptoms before treatment. In such patients, routine prophylactic treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Cristante
- Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital Centre Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
| | - Marion Lepelley
- Pharmacovigilance Unit, University Hospital Centre Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
| | - Michel Mallaret
- Pharmacovigilance Unit, University Hospital Centre Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
| | - Agnès Carreau
- Endocrinology Unit, Annecy Genevois Hospital Centre, 1, avenue de l'Hôpital, Epagny Metz-Tessy, BP 90074, 74374 Pringy Cedex, France.
| | - Olivier Chabre
- Endocrinology Unit, University Hospital Centre Grenoble Alpes, CS 10217, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France.
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5
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Iwayama H, Hirase S, Nomura Y, Ito T, Morita H, Otake K, Okumura A, Takagi J. Spontaneous adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) normalisation due to tumour regression induced by metyrapone in a patient with ectopic ACTH syndrome: case report and literature review. BMC Endocr Disord 2018; 18:19. [PMID: 29587720 PMCID: PMC5872391 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-018-0246-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome (EAS) is caused by tumours releasing ACTH. Ectopic ACTH-producing tumour regression is rarely induced using steroidogenesis inhibitors. We presented a case of EAS in which ACTH production by a lung tumour was reduced by metyrapone (MTP) and also reviewed previous cases of ectopic ACTH production suppressed via steroidogenesis inhibition. CASE PRESENTATION A 71-year-old female with general fatigue, central obesity and impaired glucose tolerance was diagnosed with Cushing's syndrome due to elevated ACTH (192.9 pg/mL; normal range, 7.2-63.3 pg/mL), cortisol (73.1 μg/dL; 6.4-21.0 μg/dL) and 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC) (6160 μg/day; 11.2-80.3 μg/day) levels. Chest computed tomography identified a solid 26.6 × 22.9 × 30.0 mm tumour with a cavity in the upper lobe of the left lung. There was no adrenal gland enlargement. Tumour markers were not significantly elevated; ACTH levels were not suppressed by 8-mg dexamethasone. A corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test revealed blunted ACTH response (basal ACTH, 204.6 pg/mL; highest ACTH level during the 120-min stimulation test, 214.0 pg/mL). She was diagnosed with EAS due to a lung lesion. MTP treatment was started to reduce cortisol production. ACTH levels and cortisol and UFC levels were normalised and the ACTH-producing lung tumour was ablated after MTP treatment. In several reported cases, plasma ACTH levels reduced during steroidogenesis inhibitor treatment for EAS. Among the 10 patients, three cases of pheochromocytoma, one of thymic carcinoid and one of islet cell carcinoma were reported. In four cases, the tumour was not detected. In our case, the pathology of the lung tumour was unknown because of lack of tumour cells in biopsy. The patients were treated with ketoconazole (KTZ) and/or MTP and exhibited ACTH and cortisol/UFC suppression, but tumour regression was observed only in our case. CONCLUSION MTP and/or KTZ may reduce ACTH and cortisol production. The tumour spontaneously regressed after MTP treatment, indicating that MTP may reduce the tumour size without surgery. The mechanisms of therapeutic effects of steroidogenesis inhibitors and prognosis of spontaneous remission should be elucidated further via molecular biology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Paediatrics, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Sho Hirase
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yuka Nomura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Ito
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Morita
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kazuo Otake
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Paediatrics, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Junko Takagi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Nagakute, Japan
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6
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do Amor Divino PH, Marchetti KR, Almeida MQ, Riechelmann RP. Functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour causing Cushing's syndrome: the effect of chemotherapy on clinical symptoms. Ecancermedicalscience 2017; 11:773. [PMID: 29104610 PMCID: PMC5659828 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2017.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that can originate from any part of the gastrointestinal tract, bronchi, thyroid and pancreas. These tumours may be functioning or not depending on their ability to produce active substances, such as adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). ACTH-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours are rare, with limited data about effective antitumor therapies. Case Report A 58-year-old man with a history of type-2 diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension was diagnosed with Cushing’s syndrome (CS) secondary to an ACTH ectopic production from a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumour of the pancreas metastatic to the liver. The patient underwent initial body-caudal pancreatectomy, splenectomy and hepatic nodulectomy with subsequent recurrence. Hepatic embolisation and somatostatin analogues were used to control CS but without success. Bilateral adrenalectomy led to CS control, while capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CAPOX) was effective in controlling tumour growth and ACTH production. Discussion ACTH-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours are rare, aggressive and difficult to treat with available therapies. In settings of limited resources, such as in developing countries where targeted therapies are not available, cytotoxic chemotherapy with CAPOX represents a good and inexpensive option to control ACTH-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. Because of its complexity, the management of this tumour should be performed by multidisciplinary teams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katia Regina Marchetti
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, 1246-000, Brazil
| | - Madson Q Almeida
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Av Dr Arnaldo, 251 - Cerqueira César, Sao Paulo, 1246-000, Brazil
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7
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Elston MS, Crawford VB, Swarbrick M, Dray MS, Head M, Conaglen JV. Severe Cushing's syndrome due to small cell prostate carcinoma: a case and review of literature. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:R80-R86. [PMID: 28584167 PMCID: PMC5510445 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) due to ectopic adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) is associated with a variety of tumours most of which arise in the thorax or abdomen. Prostate carcinoma is a rare but important cause of rapidly progressive CS. To report a case of severe CS due to ACTH production from prostate neuroendocrine carcinoma and summarise previous published cases. A 71-year-old male presented with profound hypokalaemia, oedema and new onset hypertension. The patient reported two weeks of weight gain, muscle weakness, labile mood and insomnia. CS due to ectopic ACTH production was confirmed with failure to suppress cortisol levels following low- and high-dose dexamethasone suppression tests in the presence of a markedly elevated ACTH and a normal pituitary MRI. Computed tomography demonstrated an enlarged prostate with features of malignancy, confirmed by MRI. Subsequent prostatic biopsy confirmed neuroendocrine carcinoma of small cell type and conventional adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Adrenal steroidogenesis blockade was commenced using ketoconazole and metyrapone. Complete biochemical control of CS and evidence of disease regression on imaging occurred after four cycles of chemotherapy with carboplatin and etoposide. By the sixth cycle, the patient demonstrated radiological progression followed by recurrence of CS and died nine months after initial presentation. Prostate neuroendocrine carcinoma is a rare cause of CS that can be rapidly fatal, and early aggressive treatment of the CS is important. In CS where the cause of EAS is unable to be identified, a pelvic source should be considered and imaging of the pelvis carefully reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Elston
- Department of EndocrinologyWaikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Waikato Clinical CampusUniversity of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - V B Crawford
- Department of EndocrinologyWaikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - M Swarbrick
- Department of RadiologyWaikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - M S Dray
- Department of PathologyWaikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - M Head
- Department of OncologyTauranga Hospital, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - J V Conaglen
- Waikato Clinical CampusUniversity of Auckland, Hamilton, New Zealand
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8
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Oda N, Miyahara N, Tabata M, Minami D, Ninomiya K, Kanehiro A, Komatsubara M, Inagaki K, Tanimoto M, Kiura K. Pneumocystis Pneumonia Concomitant with Ectopic ACTH Syndrome Caused by a Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Thymus. Intern Med 2017; 56:551-555. [PMID: 28250304 PMCID: PMC5399209 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report the case of a 44-year-old man who was diagnosed with pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) concomitant with ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) syndrome, which had been caused by a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the thymus. Chest computed tomography revealed ground-glass opacities in the lungs. PCP was diagnosed by a polymerase chain reaction with bronchoalveolar lavage. The levels of cortisol were slowly corrected with an adrenal enzyme inhibitor, and the exacerbation of PCP was successfully avoided. Our case indicates that in addition to prophylaxis, the early diagnosis of PCP and the slow correction of hypercortisolemia should be considered in order to prevent an exacerbation due to the reconstitution of the immune function in patients with ectopic ACTH syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Oda
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Japan
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9
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Dobreva EA, Krylov VV, Kuznetsov NS, Parshin VV, Ippolitov LI. [ACTH-producing tumors of the chest: features of clinical course, diagnosis and surgical treatment]. Khirurgiia (Mosk) 2016:45-51. [PMID: 26753201 DOI: 10.17116/hirurgia20158245-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E A Dobreva
- Surgical Endocrinology Research Center of Russian Ministry of Health
| | - V V Krylov
- Chair of Faculty Surgery, Medical Faculty of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - N S Kuznetsov
- Surgical Endocrinology Research Center of Russian Ministry of Health
| | - V V Parshin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - L I Ippolitov
- Surgical Department of the University's Clinical Hospital #1 of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russian Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Doi M, Sugiyama T, Izumiyama H, Yoshimoto T, Hirata Y. Clinical features and management of ectopic ACTH syndrome at a single institute in Japan. Endocr J 2010; 57:1061-9. [PMID: 21076235 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k10e-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic ACTH syndrome (EAS) is a diagnostic challenge because it is often indistinguishable from Cushing's disease. We describe our series of EAS patients referred to us during 1992-2009. Among 16 cases (9 females / 7 males), with mean age of 58.4 ± 19.0yr, the ectopic source was identified in ten (proven EAS), whereas unidentified in six (occult/unknown EAS). Their salient clinical manifestations included Cushingoid feature (88%), skin pigmentation (88%), profound hypokalemia (88%), hypertension (75%), diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance (75%), hyperlipidemia (69%), and severe infection (44%). Dynamic endocrine tests revealed markedly elevated plasma ACTH levels (211 ± 116pg/mL) and cortisol levels (60.9 ± 30.1µg/dL) which showed resistance to overnight high-dose (8mg) dexamethasone suppression test in 15 (94%) and unresponsiveness to CRH stimulation in 12 (75%). No ACTH gradient during inferior petrosal sampling was noted in 13 of 15 (87%). Imaging tests by CT/MRI identified the tumors in 8 of 16 (50%), in 4 of 11 (36%) and 4 of 6 (66.7%) octreotide-responders by somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, but in only one of 9 (11.1%) by FDG-PET scan. Six cases deceased, including small cell carcinoma (2) and adenocarcinoma (1) of lung, neuroendocrine carcinoma of pancreas (1) and stomach (1), and olfactory neuroblastoma (1), whereas 4 cases survived after removal of the tumors, including bronchial carcinoid tumor (3) and thymic hyperplasia (1). Six occult/unknown EAS patients survived for 67.5 months after medical treatment with metyrapone to control hypercortisolism. Thus, various endocrine tests combined with imaging studies are required to correctly localize the tumors. Control of hypercortisolemia by metyrapone, even if tumor is unrecognized, is critical for better prognosis, and the long-term follow-up by repeated endocrine and imaging tests is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Doi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Sugiyama T, Kouyama R, Tani Y, Izumiyama H, Akashi T, Kishimoto S, Arii S, Hirata Y. Giant malignant insulinoma which developed from a non-functioning pancreatic tumor over a long period of time. Intern Med 2010; 49:1573-9. [PMID: 20686293 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.49.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulinomas are the most common hormone-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), which are usually benign, solitary and small. We describe herein a patient with a giant insulinoma (>10 cm in diameter) with concomitant thyroid tumor as detected by Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS). A 50-year-old man presented hypoglycemic symptoms 20 years after the first detection of a pancreatic tumor, which was ameliorated by administration of a somatostatin analogue, octreotide. SRS showed abnormal uptake by the insulinoma as well as by the thyroid tumor. RT-PCR and immunohistochemical study revealed abundant expression of somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-1, -2, and -5 in his insulinoma and SSTR-1 and -2 in his thyroid follicular neoplasm. This is a rare case of a slow-growing pancreatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma over a long period of time to become a symptomatic giant insulinoma. Furthermore, SRS proves to be a useful tool for localization of insulinoma as well as concomitant thyroid neoplasm with predominant expression of SSTRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Endocrinology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School.
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12
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Kondo T, Matsuyama R, Ashihara H, Matsuo Y, Sasaki K, Goto R, Ono K, Takaki Y, Honda Y, Iyama KI, Kawashima J, Motoshima H, Tsuruzoe K, Miyamura N, Araki E. A case of ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with multiple liver metastases. Endocr J 2010; 57:229-36. [PMID: 20032567 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production by the pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (p-NET) is relatively rare, and patients with this tumor show poor prognosis. In this study, we present the case of a 64-year-old woman who presented with ectopic ACTH syndrome due to p-NET with multiple liver metastases. Computed tomography revealed that she had multiple masses in the liver and a solid mass in the head of the pancreas. Endocrinological examinations revealed markedly elevated plasma ACTH (735.0 pg/mL) and cortisol (34.7 microg/dL) levels associated with hypokalemia (2.7 mEq/L), diabetes and typical Cushingoid features. Histological examinations by needle biopsy of liver tumors in S5 and S8 indicated metastatic ACTH-producing NET, which was also confirmed by venous sampling. The metastatic live tumor was somatostatin receptor (SSTR)-2a- and SSTR-5-positive as revealed by immunohistochemical staining, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed divergent expression patterns of SSTRs, pro-opiomelanocortin, and gastrin mRNA. To avoid complications of hypercortisolemia, metyrapone was first administered to reduce the cortisol levels. After near-normalization of cortisol levels, transarterial chemoembolization and somatostatin analogue treatment were performed. The combination of these treatments effectively decreased ACTH and cortisol levels and also ameliorated hyperglycemia. We have achieved controlled hormone secretion and prevented tumor growth in this patient for more than 20 months, suggesting that highly individualized treatment for NET should be undertaken because of its divergent and heterogeneous characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kondo
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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13
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Benítez Velazco A, Pacheco Capote C, Latre Romero J. Síndrome de Cushing ectópico, producido por un tumor neuroendocrino pancreático funcionante, en una paciente con enfermedad de von Hippel-Lindau. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 27:29-33. [DOI: 10.1157/13114367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Kletter GB, Sweetser DA, Wallace SF, Sawin RS, Rutledge JC, Geyer JR. Adrenocorticotropin-secreting pancreatoblastoma. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2007; 20:639-42. [PMID: 17642425 DOI: 10.1515/jpem.2007.20.5.639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a 3-year-old child with Cushing's syndrome due to an ACTH-secreting metastatic pancreatoblastoma. This malignancy is a rare cause of Cushing's syndrome, particularly at pediatric age. We describe her course including the use of ketoconazole to alleviate hypercortisolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gad B Kletter
- Pediatric Endocrine, Swedish Physician Division 1101 Madison, Suite # 800, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
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Kanno K, Morokuma Y, Tateno T, Hirono Y, Taki K, Osamura RY, Hirata Y. Olfactory neuroblastoma causing ectopic ACTH syndrome. Endocr J 2005; 52:675-81. [PMID: 16410658 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.52.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 39-year-old woman who presented with typical Cushingoid appearance (moon facies, central obesity, purpura) was admitted to our hospital because of pulmonary infection. She was found to have hypertension, severe hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Endocrine data revealed elevated plasma levels of ACTH and cortisol with lack of circadian rhythm, non-suppressibility to high-dose dexamethasone, and hyperresponsiveness to CRH stimulation. Although no pituitary mass was detected by MRI of the brain, inferior petrosal sinus sampling showed a step-up of central to peripheral ACTH levels; these data are consistent with the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. She was successfully treated with metyrapone to control hypercortisolemia. Ten months later, a mass was detected in the ethmoid sinus, which was surgically removed. After resection of the ethmoid sinus tumor, her Cushingoid features and hypercortisolemia disappeared, but recurred after enlargement of a second mass in the maxillary sinus. After resection of the maxillary sinus tumor, her hypercortisolemia subsided. Histologically, the tumor tissues from both the ethmoid and maxillary sinus were identical and consistent with the diagnosis of olfactory neuroblastoma. Immunohistochemically, the immunoreactivities of ACTH and POMC were positive in the cytoplasm of tumor cells, and immunoreactive ACTH was demonstrated in both tumor tissues. Thus, this is the second rare case with ectopic ACTH syndrome caused by olfactory neuroblastoma thus far reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Kanno
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo
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