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Mitra S, Chen B, Shelton JM, Nitschke S, Wu J, Covington L, Dear M, Lynn T, Verma M, Nitschke F, Fuseya Y, Iwai K, Evers BM, Minassian BA. Myofiber-type-dependent 'boulder' or 'multitudinous pebble' formations across distinct amylopectinoses. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:46. [PMID: 38411740 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
At least five enzymes including three E3 ubiquitin ligases are dedicated to glycogen's spherical structure. Absence of any reverts glycogen to a structure resembling amylopectin of the plant kingdom. This amylopectinosis (polyglucosan body formation) causes fatal neurological diseases including adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) due to glycogen branching enzyme deficiency, Lafora disease (LD) due to deficiencies of the laforin glycogen phosphatase or the malin E3 ubiquitin ligase and type 1 polyglucosan body myopathy (PGBM1) due to RBCK1 E3 ubiquitin ligase deficiency. Little is known about these enzymes' functions in glycogen structuring. Toward understanding these functions, we undertake a comparative murine study of the amylopectinoses of APBD, LD and PGBM1. We discover that in skeletal muscle, polyglucosan bodies form as two main types, small and multitudinous ('pebbles') or giant and single ('boulders'), and that this is primarily determined by the myofiber types in which they form, 'pebbles' in glycolytic and 'boulders' in oxidative fibers. This pattern recapitulates what is known in the brain in LD, innumerable dust-like in astrocytes and single giant sized in neurons. We also show that oxidative myofibers are relatively protected against amylopectinosis, in part through highly increased glycogen branching enzyme expression. We present evidence of polyglucosan body size-dependent cell necrosis. We show that sex influences amylopectinosis in genotype, brain region and myofiber-type-specific fashion. RBCK1 is a component of the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), the only known cellular machinery for head-to-tail linear ubiquitination critical to numerous cellular pathways. We show that the amylopectinosis of RBCK1 deficiency is not due to loss of linear ubiquitination, and that another function of RBCK1 or LUBAC must exist and operate in the shaping of glycogen. This work opens multiple new avenues toward understanding the structural determinants of the mammalian carbohydrate reservoir critical to neurologic and neuromuscular function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmistha Mitra
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA.
| | - Baozhi Chen
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - John M Shelton
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9148, USA
| | - Silvia Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Lindsay Covington
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9148, USA
| | - Mathew Dear
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Tori Lynn
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Mayank Verma
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Felix Nitschke
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Fuseya
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Kyoto University School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Bret M Evers
- Departments of Pathology and Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9073, USA
| | - Berge A Minassian
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-9063, USA.
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2
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Huang X, Ma J, Wei Y, Chen H, Chu W. Identification of biomarkers associated with diagnosis of postmenopausal osteoporosis patients based on bioinformatics and machine learning. Front Genet 2023; 14:1198417. [PMID: 37465165 PMCID: PMC10352088 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1198417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulating evidence suggests that postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a common chronic systemic metabolic bone disease, but its specific molecular pathogenesis remains unclear. This study aimed to identify novel genetic diagnostic markers for PMOP. Methods: In this paper, we combined three GEO datasets to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and performed functional enrichment analysis of PMOP-related differential genes. Key genes were analyzed using two machine learning algorithms, namely, LASSO and the Gaussian mixture model, and candidate biomarkers were found after taking the intersection. After further ceRNA network construction, methylation analysis, and immune infiltration analysis, ACACB and WWP1 were finally selected as diagnostic markers. Twenty-four clinical samples were collected, and the expression levels of biomarkers in PMOP were detected by qPCR. Results: We identified 34 differential genes in PMOP. DEG enrichment was mainly related to amino acid synthesis, inflammatory response, and apoptosis. The ceRNA network construction found that XIST-hsa-miR-15a-5p/hsa-miR-15b-5p/hsa-miR-497-5p and hsa-miR-195-5p-WWP1/ACACB may be RNA regulatory pathways regulating PMOP disease progression. ACACB and WWP1 were identified as diagnostic genes for PMOP, and validated in datasets and clinical sample experiments. In addition, these two genes were also significantly associated with immune cells, such as T, B, and NK cells. Conclusion: Overall, we identified two vital diagnostic genes responsible for PMOP. The results may help provide potential immunotherapeutic targets for PMOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhou Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, 3201 Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, China
| | - Jinliang Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jingzhou (First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University), Jingzhou, China
| | - Yongkun Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, 3201 Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Hanzhong, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Jingzhou (First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University), Jingzhou, China
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First People’s Hospital of Jingzhou (First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University), Jingzhou, China
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3
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Michaelides IN, Collie GW. E3 Ligases Meet Their Match: Fragment-Based Approaches to Discover New E3 Ligands and to Unravel E3 Biology. J Med Chem 2023; 66:3173-3194. [PMID: 36821822 PMCID: PMC10009759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a key post-translational modification of proteins, affecting the regulation of multiple cellular processes. Cells are equipped with over 600 ubiquitin orchestrators, called E3 ubiquitin ligases, responsible for directing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to substrate proteins. Due to their regulatory role in cells, significant efforts have been made to discover ligands for E3 ligases. The recent emergence of the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) and molecular glue degrader (MGD) modalities has further increased interest in E3 ligases as drug targets. This perspective focuses on how fragment based lead discovery (FBLD) methods have been used to discover new ligands for this important target class. In some cases these efforts have led to clinical candidates; in others, they have provided tools for deepening our understanding of E3 ligase biology. Recently, FBLD-derived ligands have inspired the design of PROTACs that are able to artificially modulate protein levels in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iacovos N. Michaelides
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals
R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, United
Kingdom
| | - Gavin W. Collie
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals
R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, United
Kingdom
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4
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Li Z, Su P, Ding Y, Gao H, Yang H, Li X, Yang X, Xia Y, Zhang C, Fu M, Wang D, Zhang Y, Zhuo S, Zhu J, Zhuang T. RBCK1 is an endogenous inhibitor for triple negative breast cancer via hippo/YAP axis. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:164. [PMID: 36280829 PMCID: PMC9590148 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00963-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most lethal breast cancer subtypes. Due to a lack of effective therapeutic targets, chemotherapy is still the main medical treatment for TNBC patients. Thus, it is important and necessary to find new therapeutic targets for TNBC. Recent genomic studies implicated the Hippo / Yap signal is over activated in TNBC, manifesting it plays a key role in TNBC carcinogenesis and cancer progression. RBCK1 was firstly identified as an important component for linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) and facilitates NFKB signaling in immune response. Further studies showed RBCK1 also facilitated luminal type breast cancer growth and endocrine resistance via trans-activation estrogen receptor alpha. METHODS RBCK1 and YAP protein expression levels were measured by western blotting, while the mRNA levels of YAP target genes were measured by RT-PCR. RNA sequencing data were analyzed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Identification of Hippo signaling activity was accomplished with luciferase assays, RT-PCR and western blotting. Protein stability assays and ubiquitin assays were used to detect YAP protein degradation. Ubiquitin-based immunoprecipitation assays were used to detect the specific ubiquitination modification on the YAP protein. RESULTS In our current study, our data revealed an opposite function for RBCK1 in TNBC progression. RBCK1 over-expression inhibited TNBC cell progression in vitro and in vivo, while RBCK1 depletion promoted TNBC cell invasion. The whole genomic expression profiling showed that RBCK1 depletion activated Hippo/YAP axis. RBCK1 depletion increased YAP protein level and Hippo target gene expression in TNBC. The molecular biology studies confirmed that RBCK1 could bind to YAP protein and enhance the stability of YAP protein by promoting YAP K48-linked poly-ubiquitination at several YAP lysine sites (K76, K204 and K321). CONCLUSION Our study revealed the multi-faced RBCK1 function in different subtypes of breast cancer patients and a promising therapeutic target for TNBC treatment. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbo Li
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Su
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Pathology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinlu Ding
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Honglei Gao
- grid.416966.a0000 0004 1758 1470Department of General Surgery, Weifang People’s Hospital, Shandong, Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Huijie Yang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Xia
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenmiao Zhang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingxi Fu
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Dehai Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Zhuo
- Signet Therapeutics Inc., Shenzhen, 518017 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhu
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, Shandong Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhuang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XXinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Migration and Invasion Precision Medicine, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan Province People’s Republic of China
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5
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Chen L, Zhang X, Ou Y, Liu M, Yu D, Song Z, Niu L, Zhang L, Shi J. Advances in RIPK1 kinase inhibitors. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976435. [PMID: 36249746 PMCID: PMC9554302 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed necrosis is a new modulated cell death mode with necrotizing morphological characteristics. Receptor interacting protein 1 (RIPK1) is a critical mediator of the programmed necrosis pathway that is involved in stroke, myocardial infarction, fatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, and malignancy. At present, the reported inhibitors are divided into four categories. The first category is the type I ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors that targets the area occupied by the ATP adenylate ring; The second category is type Ⅱ ATP competitive kinase inhibitors targeting the DLG-out conformation of RIPK1; The third category is type Ⅲ kinase inhibitors that compete for binding to allosteric sites near ATP pockets; The last category is others. This paper reviews the structure, biological function, and recent research progress of receptor interaction protein-1 kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaqing Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Chengdu 363 Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Maoyu Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongke Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiheng Song
- Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lihong Niu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,*Correspondence: Lihong Niu, ; Lijuan Zhang, ; Jianyou Shi,
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Lihong Niu, ; Lijuan Zhang, ; Jianyou Shi,
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Lihong Niu, ; Lijuan Zhang, ; Jianyou Shi,
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6
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Wu G, Li D, Liang W, Sun W, Xie X, Tong Y, Shan B, Zhang M, Lu X, Yuan J, Li Y. PP6 negatively modulates LUBAC-mediated M1-ubiquitination of RIPK1 and c-FLIP L to promote TNFα-mediated cell death. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:773. [PMID: 36071040 PMCID: PMC9452587 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Activation of TNFR1 by TNFα induces the formation of a membrane-associated, intracellular complex termed complex I. Complex I orchestrates a complex pattern of modifications on key regulators of TNF signaling that collectively determines the cell fate by activating pro-survival or executing cell death programs. However, the regulatory mechanism of complex I in cell-fate decision is not fully understood. Here we identify protein phosphatase-6 (PP6) as a previously unidentified component of complex I. Loss of PP6 protects cells from TNFα-mediated cell death. The role of PP6 in regulating cell death requires its phosphatase activity and regulatory subunits. Further mechanistic studies show that PP6 modulates LUBAC-mediated M1-ubiquitination of RIPK1 and c-FLIPL to promote RIPK1 activation and c-FLIPL degradation. We also show that melanoma-associated PP6 inactivating mutants offer resistance to cell death due to the loss of sensitivity to TNFα. Thus, our study provides a potential mechanism by which melanoma-related PP6 inactivating mutations promote cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Wu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Dekang Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Sun
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Xingxing Xie
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Yilun Tong
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China
| | - Bing Shan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Junying Yuan
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, PuDong District, 201210 Shanghai, China
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7
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Yin X, Liu Q, Liu F, Tian X, Yan T, Han J, Jiang S. Emerging Roles of Non-proteolytic Ubiquitination in Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:944460. [PMID: 35874839 PMCID: PMC9298949 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.944460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a critical type of protein post-translational modification playing an essential role in many cellular processes. To date, more than eight types of ubiquitination exist, all of which are involved in distinct cellular processes based on their structural differences. Studies have indicated that activation of the ubiquitination pathway is tightly connected with inflammation-related diseases as well as cancer, especially in the non-proteolytic canonical pathway, highlighting the vital roles of ubiquitination in metabolic programming. Studies relating degradable ubiquitination through lys48 or lys11-linked pathways to cellular signaling have been well-characterized. However, emerging evidence shows that non-degradable ubiquitination (linked to lys6, lys27, lys29, lys33, lys63, and Met1) remains to be defined. In this review, we summarize the non-proteolytic ubiquitination involved in tumorigenesis and related signaling pathways, with the aim of providing a reference for future exploration of ubiquitination and the potential targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Yin
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Qingbin Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Xinchen Tian
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tinghao Yan
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Han
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Shulong Jiang
- Clinical Medical Laboratory Center, Jining First People's Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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8
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Yu B, Wang F, Wang Y. Advances in the Structural and Physiological Functions of SHARPIN. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858505. [PMID: 35547743 PMCID: PMC9084887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SHARPIN was initially found as a SHANK-associated protein. SHARPIN can be used as an important component to form the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) with HOIL-1L, HOIP to produce a linear ubiquitin chain connected N-terminal Met1, playing a critical role in various cellular processes including NF-κB signaling, inflammation, embryogenesis and apoptosis. SHARPIN alone can also participate in many critical physiological activities and cause various disorders such as chronic dermatitis, tumor, and Alzheimer’s disease. Mice with spontaneous autosomal recessive mutations in the SHARPIN protein mainly exhibit chronic dermatitis and immunodeficiency with elevated IgM. Additionally, SHARPIN alone also plays a key role in various cellular events, such as B cells activation and platelet aggregation. Structural studies of the SHARPIN or LUBAC have been reported continuously, advancing our understanding of it at the molecular level. However, the full-length structure of the SHARPIN or LUBAC was lagging, and the molecular mechanism underlying these physiological processes is also unclear. Herein, we summarized the currently resolved structure of SHARPIN as well as the emerging physiological role of SHARPIN alone or in LUBAC. Further structural and functional study of SHARPIN will provide insight into the role and underlying mechanism of SHARPIN in disease, as well as its potential application in therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiming Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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9
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LUBAC: a new player in polyglucosan body disease. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2443-2454. [PMID: 34709403 PMCID: PMC8589444 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Altered protein ubiquitination is associated with the pathobiology of numerous diseases; however, its involvement in glycogen metabolism and associated polyglucosan body (PB) disease has not been investigated in depth. In PB disease, excessively long and less branched glycogen chains (polyglucosan bodies, PBs) are formed, which precipitate in different tissues causing myopathy, cardiomyopathy and/or neurodegeneration. Linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is a multi-protein complex composed of two E3 ubiquitin ligases HOIL-1L and HOIP and an adaptor protein SHARPIN. Together they are responsible for M1-linked ubiquitination of substrates primarily related to immune signaling and cell death pathways. Consequently, severe immunodeficiency is a hallmark of many LUBAC deficient patients. Remarkably, all HOIL-1L deficient patients exhibit accumulation of PBs in different organs especially skeletal and cardiac muscle resulting in myopathy and cardiomyopathy with heart failure. This emphasizes LUBAC's important role in glycogen metabolism. To date, neither a glycogen metabolism-related LUBAC substrate nor the molecular mechanism are known. Hence, current reviews on LUBAC's involvement in glycogen metabolism are lacking. Here, we aim to fill this gap by describing LUBAC's involvement in PB disease. We present a comprehensive review of LUBAC structure, its role in M1-linked and other types of atypical ubiquitination, PB pathology in human patients and findings in new mouse models to study the disease. We conclude the review with recent drug developments and near-future gene-based therapeutic approaches to treat LUBAC related PB disease.
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New Look of EBV LMP1 Signaling Landscape. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215451. [PMID: 34771613 PMCID: PMC8582580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection is associated with various lymphomas and carcinomas as well as other diseases in humans. The transmembrane protein LMP1 plays versatile roles in EBV life cycle and pathogenesis, by perturbing, reprograming, and regulating a large range of host cellular mechanisms and functions, which have been increasingly disclosed but not fully understood so far. We summarize recent research progress on LMP1 signaling, including the novel components LIMD1, p62, and LUBAC in LMP1 signalosome and LMP1 novel functions, such as its induction of p62-mediated selective autophagy, regulation of metabolism, induction of extracellular vehicles, and activation of NRF2-mediated antioxidative defense. A comprehensive understanding of LMP1 signal transduction and functions may allow us to leverage these LMP1-regulated cellular mechanisms for clinical purposes. Abstract The Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) principal oncoprotein Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1) is a member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) superfamily with constitutive activity. LMP1 shares many features with Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including the use of TRAFs, adaptors, and kinase cascades, for signal transduction leading to the activation of NFκB, AP1, and Akt, as well as a subset of IRFs and likely the master antioxidative transcription factor NRF2, which we have gradually added to the list. In recent years, we have discovered the Linear UBiquitin Assembly Complex (LUBAC), the adaptor protein LIMD1, and the ubiquitin sensor and signaling hub p62, as novel components of LMP1 signalosome. Functionally, LMP1 is a pleiotropic factor that reprograms, balances, and perturbs a large spectrum of cellular mechanisms, including the ubiquitin machinery, metabolism, epigenetics, DNA damage response, extracellular vehicles, immune defenses, and telomere elongation, to promote oncogenic transformation, cell proliferation and survival, anchorage-independent cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis and invasion, as well as the development of the tumor microenvironment. We have recently shown that LMP1 induces p62-mediated selective autophagy in EBV latency, at least by contributing to the induction of p62 expression, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production. We have also been collecting evidence supporting the hypothesis that LMP1 activates the Keap1-NRF2 pathway, which serves as the key antioxidative defense mechanism. Last but not least, our preliminary data shows that LMP1 is associated with the deregulation of cGAS-STING DNA sensing pathway in EBV latency. A comprehensive understanding of the LMP1 signaling landscape is essential for identifying potential targets for the development of novel strategies towards targeted therapeutic applications.
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11
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Mudde ACA, Booth C, Marsh RA. Evolution of Our Understanding of XIAP Deficiency. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:660520. [PMID: 34222142 PMCID: PMC8247594 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.660520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) deficiency is a rare inborn error of immunity first described in 2006. XIAP deficiency is characterised by immune dysregulation and a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, including haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), hypogammaglobulinemia, susceptibility to infections, splenomegaly, cytopaenias, and other less common autoinflammatory phenomena. Since the first description of the disease, many XIAP deficient patients have been identified and our understanding of the disease has grown. Over 90 disease causing mutations have been described and more inflammatory disease manifestations, such as hepatitis, arthritis, and uveitis, are now well-recognised. Recently, following the introduction of reduced intensity conditioning (RIC), outcomes of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the only curative treatment option for XIAP deficiency, have improved. The pathophysiology of XIAP deficiency is not fully understood, however it is known that XIAP plays a role in both the innate and adaptive immune response and in immune regulation, most notably through modulation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor signalling and regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activity. In this review we will provide an up to date overview of both the clinical aspects and pathophysiology of XIAP deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C A Mudde
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology and Gene Therapy, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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12
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Kaur G, Burroughs AM, Iyer LM, Aravind L. Highly regulated, diversifying NTP-dependent biological conflict systems with implications for the emergence of multicellularity. eLife 2020; 9:e52696. [PMID: 32101166 PMCID: PMC7159879 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social cellular aggregation or multicellular organization pose increased risk of transmission of infections through the system upon infection of a single cell. The generality of the evolutionary responses to this outside of Metazoa remains unclear. We report the discovery of several thematically unified, remarkable biological conflict systems preponderantly present in multicellular prokaryotes. These combine thresholding mechanisms utilizing NTPase chaperones (the MoxR-vWA couple), GTPases and proteolytic cascades with hypervariable effectors, which vary either by using a reverse transcriptase-dependent diversity-generating system or through a system of acquisition of diverse protein modules, typically in inactive form, from various cellular subsystems. Conciliant lines of evidence indicate their deployment against invasive entities, like viruses, to limit their spread in multicellular/social contexts via physical containment, dominant-negative interactions or apoptosis. These findings argue for both a similar operational 'grammar' and shared protein domains in the sensing and limiting of infections during the multiple emergences of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurmeet Kaur
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - A Maxwell Burroughs
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Lakshminarayan M Iyer
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - L Aravind
- Computational Biology Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaUnited States
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13
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Imai J, Koganezawa Y, Tuzuki H, Ishikawa I, Sakai T. An optical and non-invasive method to detect the accumulation of ubiquitin chains. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:1393-1406. [PMID: 31136031 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The accumulations of excess amounts of polyubiquitinated proteins are cytotoxic and frequently observed in pathologic tissue from patients of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, optical and non-invasive methods to detect the increase of the amounts of polyubiquitinated proteins in living cells is a promising strategy to find out symptoms and environmental cause of neurodegenerative diseases, also for identifying compounds that could inhibit gathering of polyubiquitinated proteins. Therefore, we generated a pair of fluorescent protein [Azamigreen (Azg) and Kusabiraorange (Kuo)] tagged ubiquitin on its N-terminus (Azg-Ub and Kuo-Ub) and developed an Azg/Kuo-based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) assay to estimate the amount of polyubiquitin chains in vitro and in vivo. The FRET intensity was attenuated in the presence of ubiquitin-activating enzyme inhibitor, PYR-41, indicating that both fluorescent ubiquitin is incorporated into ubiquitin chains likewise normal ubiquitin. The FRET intensity was enhanced by the addition of the proteasome inhibitor, MG-132, and was reduced in the presence of the autophagy activator Rapamycin, designating that ubiquitin chains with fluorescent ubiquitin act as the degradation signal equally with normal ubiquitin chains. In summary, the above optical methods provide powerful research tools to estimate the amounts of polyubiquitin chains in vitro and in vivo, especially non-invasively in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Yuuta Koganezawa
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Haruka Tuzuki
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Ikumi Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakai
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Takasaki University of Health and Welfare, 60 Nakaorui-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma, 370-0033, Japan
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Lee IY, Lim JM, Cho H, Kim E, Kim Y, Oh HK, Yang WS, Roh KH, Park HW, Mo JS, Yoon JH, Song HK, Choi EJ. MST1 Negatively Regulates TNFα-Induced NF-κB Signaling through Modulating LUBAC Activity. Mol Cell 2019; 73:1138-1149.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang Z, Guo LM, Wang SC, Chen D, Yan J, Liu FX, Huang JF, Xiong K. Progress in studies of necroptosis and its relationship to disease processes. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1749-1757. [PMID: 30244947 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review briefly introduces the mechanism and detection methods of necroptosis in recent years. The most significant points of this review focus on the involvement of necroptotic proteins in disease progression. The following aspects are summarized: 1) RIPs, MLKL, and the upstream and downstream molecules that mediate necroptosis; 2) The development of detection methods for necroptosis; 3) The involvement of related necroptotic proteins in diverse diseases etiology; and 4) The application of necroptotic proteins in disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China
| | - Li-Min Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Shu-Chao Wang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Forensic Science, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Feng-Xia Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830011, China
| | - Ju-Fang Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Neurobiology and Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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Steiner A, Harapas CR, Masters SL, Davidson S. An Update on Autoinflammatory Diseases: Relopathies. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2018; 20:39. [PMID: 29846841 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-018-0749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway is tightly regulated through multiple posttranslational mechanisms including ubiquitination. Mutations in these regulatory pathways can cause disease and are the focus of this review. RECENT FINDINGS The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is a trimer made up of HOIL-1L, SHARPIN, and the catalytic subunit HOIP. Loss of function mutations in HOIL-1L and HOIP result in largely overlapping phenotypes, characterized by multi-organ autoinflammation, immunodeficiency, and amylopectinosis. Interestingly, patient fibroblasts exhibited diminished IL-1β- and TNF-induced NF-κB activation, yet monocytes were hyper-responsive to IL-1β, hinting at cell type or target specific roles of LUBAC-mediated ubiquitination. Ubiquitin-driven signaling is counterbalanced by deubiquitinase enzymes (DUBs), such as OTULIN and A20. Hypomorphic mutations in OTULIN result in elevated NF-κB signaling causing an autoinflammatory syndrome. Similarly, patients with high-penetrance heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding A20 (haploinsufficiency of A20 (HA20)) display excessive ubiquitination and increased activity of NF-κB and of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. HA20 patients present with Behçet-like characteristics or an autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)-like phenotype, indicating diverse protein functions. This review summarizes recent discoveries in the field of NF-kB-related autoinflammatory diseases (relopathies) within the past 3 years and points to several questions that still remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Steiner
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Cassandra R Harapas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Sophia Davidson
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, 3052, Australia
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Dorn S, Schoergenhofer C, Krainer M, Müller M, Jilma B. LUBAC and ABIN-1 Modulate TRAIL-Based NF-κB Induction in Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Cells. Biores Open Access 2018; 7:81-89. [PMID: 29862142 PMCID: PMC5982153 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2018.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to activate the canonical NF-κB pathway similar to TNF. The exact mechanism of the entire signaling cascade is still under investigation. The involvement of linear ubiquitylation as upregulating component has already been shown recently in some cell lines, but not in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. The downregulating function of the ABIN-1 (A20 binding and inhibitor of NF-κB) as linear ubiquitylation antagonist has been shown in combination with some NF-κB-inducing pathways, but not with TRAIL. We performed luciferase and western blot assays using HEK293 cells stimulated with either TRAIL (or TNF as a control) to analyze the involvement of linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) components and the impact of ABIN-1 and ABIN-1-MAD (truncated form without A20 binding site) on NF-κB signaling. For overexpression experiments, we added plasmids of ABIN-1 and ABIN-1-MAD or LUBAC components HOIP, HOIL-1, or SHARPIN (single and combinations). For downregulation experiments five pairs of either SHARPIN, HOIL-1, or HOIP targeting miRNAs or one miRNA for ABIN-1 were designed and added. ABIN-1 and its truncated form ABIN-1-MAD reduced the NF-κB induction significantly indicating its involvement as antagonist (independent of deubiquitinase A20) of linear ubiquitylation in TRAIL-induced NF-κB signaling. In opposition, knockdown of ABIN-1 using a specific ABIN-1 miRNA led a clear increase of NF-κB signaling. Addition of single LUBAC components or combinations (except for SHARPIN with HOIL-1) resulted in clearly stronger NF-κB inductions. MiRNAs targeting LUBAC components significantly reduced NF-κB activation. Thus, in HEK293 cells linear ubiquitylation by LUBAC critically upregulates and ABIN-1 downregulates TRAIL-induced NF-κB signaling and may be interesting targets for future pathological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dorn
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Krainer
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are recognized by different cellular pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are expressed on cell membrane or in the cytoplasm of cells of the innate immune system. Nucleic acids derived from pathogens or from certain cellular conditions represent a large category of PAMPs/DAMPs that trigger production of type I interferons (IFN-I) in addition to pro-inflammatory cytokines, by specifically binding to intracellular Toll-like receptors or cytosolic receptors. These cytosolic receptors, which are not related to TLRs and we call them “Toll-free” receptors, include the RNA-sensing RIG-I like receptors (RLRs), the DNA-sensing HIN200 family, and cGAS, amongst others. Viruses have evolved myriad strategies to evoke both host cellular and viral factors to evade IFN-I-mediated innate immune responses, to facilitate their infection, replication, and establishment of latency. This review outlines these “Toll-free” innate immune pathways and recent updates on their regulation, with focus on cellular and viral factors with enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA.,Center of Excellence for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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19
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Bal E, Laplantine E, Hamel Y, Dubosclard V, Boisson B, Pescatore A, Picard C, Hadj-Rabia S, Royer G, Steffann J, Bonnefont JP, Ursini VM, Vabres P, Munnich A, Casanova JL, Bodemer C, Weil R, Agou F, Smahi A. Lack of interaction between NEMO and SHARPIN impairs linear ubiquitination and NF-κB activation and leads to incontinentia pigmenti. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1671-1682.e2. [PMID: 28249776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incontinentia pigmenti (IP; MIM308300) is a severe, male-lethal, X-linked, dominant genodermatosis resulting from loss-of-function mutations in the IKBKG gene encoding nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO; the regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase [IKK] complex). In 80% of cases of IP, the deletion of exons 4 to 10 leads to the absence of NEMO and total inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Here we describe a new IKBKG mutation responsible for IP resulting in an inactive truncated form of NEMO. OBJECTIVES We sought to identify the mechanism or mechanisms by which the truncated NEMO protein inhibits the NF-κB signaling pathway. METHODS We sequenced the IKBKG gene in patients with IP and performed complementation and transactivation assays in NEMO-deficient cells. We also used immunoprecipitation assays, immunoblotting, and an in situ proximity ligation assay to characterize the truncated NEMO protein interactions with IKK-α, IKK-β, TNF receptor-associated factor 6, TNF receptor-associated factor 2, receptor-interacting protein 1, Hemo-oxidized iron regulatory protein 2 ligase 1 (HOIL-1), HOIL-1-interacting protein, and SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein. Lastly, we assessed NEMO linear ubiquitination using immunoblotting and investigated the formation of NEMO-containing structures (using immunostaining and confocal microscopy) after cell stimulation with IL-1β. RESULTS We identified a novel splice mutation in IKBKG (c.518+2T>G, resulting in an in-frame deletion: p.DelQ134_R256). The mutant NEMO lacked part of the CC1 coiled-coil and HLX2 helical domain. The p.DelQ134_R256 mutation caused inhibition of NF-κB signaling, although the truncated NEMO protein interacted with proteins involved in activation of NF-κB signaling. The IL-1β-induced formation of NEMO-containing structures was impaired in fibroblasts from patients with IP carrying the truncated NEMO form (as also observed in HOIL-1-/- cells). The truncated NEMO interaction with SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein was impaired in a male fetus with IP, leading to defective linear ubiquitination. CONCLUSION We identified a hitherto unreported disease mechanism (defective linear ubiquitination) in patients with IP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Bal
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, CNRS UMR 3691, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Yamina Hamel
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Dubosclard
- Departments of Cell Biology and Infection and of Structural Biology and Chemistry, URA 2185, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- Rockefeller Branch, St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Necker Branch, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Alessandra Pescatore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso" (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Capucine Picard
- Rockefeller Branch, St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Necker Branch, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Immunodeficiency Study Center, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Smaïl Hadj-Rabia
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Department of Dermatology, Referral Center for Genodermatoses (MAGEC), Imagine Institute, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Ghislaine Royer
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Julie Steffann
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Paul Bonnefont
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Valeria M Ursini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso" (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Pierre Vabres
- Department of Dermatology, Dijon CHU, Medicine Faculty and Bourgogne University, EA427 Genetic of Development Abonomalies, Bocage Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Rockefeller Branch, St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Necker Branch, Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, UMR 1163, Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology, Immunology & Rheumatology Unit, Necker Children's Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bodemer
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Department of Dermatology, Referral Center for Genodermatoses (MAGEC), Imagine Institute, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Robert Weil
- Laboratory of Signaling and Pathogenesis, CNRS UMR 3691, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Departments of Cell Biology and Infection and of Structural Biology and Chemistry, URA 2185, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Asma Smahi
- INSERM U1163 Paris-Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, IMAGINE Institute, Necker Hospital Enfants-Malades, Paris, France.
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The Linear Ubiquitin Assembly Complex Modulates Latent Membrane Protein 1 Activation of NF-κB and Interferon Regulatory Factor 7. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01138-16. [PMID: 27903798 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01138-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC)-mediated linear ubiquitination has come into focus due to its emerging role in activation of NF-κB in different biological contexts. However, the role of LUBAC in LMP1 signaling leading to NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) activation has not been investigated. We show here that RNF31, the key component of LUBAC, interacts with LMP1 and IRF7 in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed cells and that LUBAC stimulates linear ubiquitination of NEMO and IRF7. Consequently, LUBAC is required for LMP1 signaling to full activation of NF-κB but inhibits LMP1-stimulated IRF7 transcriptional activity. The protein levels of RNF31 and LMP1 are correlated in EBV-transformed cells. Knockdown of RNF31 in EBV-transformed IB4 cells by RNA interference negatively regulates the expression of the genes downstream of LMP1 signaling and results in a decrease of cell proliferation. These lines of evidence indicate that LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination plays crucial roles in regulating LMP1 signaling and functions. IMPORTANCE We show here that LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination is required for LMP1 activation of NF-κB but inhibits LMP1-mediated IRF7 activation. Our findings provide novel mechanisms underlying EBV-mediated oncogenesis and may have a broad impact on IRF7-mediated immune responses.
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Okamura K, Kitamura A, Sasaki Y, Chung DH, Kagami S, Iwai K, Yasutomo K. Survival of mature T cells depends on signaling through HOIP. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36135. [PMID: 27786304 PMCID: PMC5081559 DOI: 10.1038/srep36135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell development in the thymus is controlled by a multistep process. The NF-κB pathway regulates T cell development as well as T cell activation at multiple differentiation stages. The linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is composed of Sharpin, HOIL-1L and HOIP, and it is crucial for regulating the NF-κB and cell death pathways. However, little is known about the roles of LUBAC in T-cell development and activation. Here, we show that in T-HOIPΔlinear mice lacking the ubiquitin ligase activity of LUBAC, thymic CD4+ or CD8+ T cell numbers were markedly reduced with severe defects in NKT cell development. HOIPΔlinear CD4+ T cells failed to phosphorylate IκBα and JNK through T cell receptor-mediated stimulation. Mature CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in T-HOIPΔlinear mice underwent apoptosis more rapidly than control T cells, and it was accompanied by lower CD127 expression on CD4+CD24low and CD8+CD24low T cells in the thymus. The enforced expression of CD127 in T-HOIPΔlinear thymocytes rescued the development of mature CD8+ T cells. Collectively, our results showed that LUBAC ligase activity is key for the survival of mature T cells, and suggest multiple roles of the NF-κB and cell death pathways in activating or maintaining T cell-mediated adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Okamura
- Department of Immunology &Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Kitamura
- Department of Immunology &Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Sasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Shoji Kagami
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Iwai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Yasutomo
- Department of Immunology &Parasitology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Qin Z, Bai Z, Sun Y, Niu X, Xiao W. PCNA-Ub polyubiquitination inhibits cell proliferation and induces cell-cycle checkpoints. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3390-3401. [PMID: 27753536 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1245247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to replication-blocking lesions, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) can be sequentially ubiquitinated at the K164 residue leading to 2 modes of DNA-damage tolerance, namely translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) and error-free lesion bypass. Ectopic expression of PCNA fused with ubiquitin (Ub) lacking the 2 C-terminal Gly residues resembles PCNA monoubiquitination-mediated TLS. However, if the fused Ub contains C-terminal Gly residues, it is further polyubiquitinated and inhibits cell proliferation. Unexpectedly, the polyubiquitination chain does not require any surface Lys residues and is likely to be head-to-tail linked. Such PCNA polyubiquitination interferes with replication, arrests cells at the S-phase and activates the p53 checkpoint pathway. The above cell-cycle arrest is reversible in an ATR-dependent manner, as simultaneous inhibition of ATR, but not ATM, induces apoptosis. Since ectopic expression of PCNA-Ub also induces double-strand breaks that colocalize with single-stranded DNA, we infer that this non-canonical PCNA poly-Ub chain serves as a signal to activate ATR checkpoint and recruit double-strand-break repair apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhoushuai Qin
- a College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing China.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , SK , Canada
| | - Zhiqiang Bai
- a College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing China
| | - Ying Sun
- a College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing China
| | - Xiaohong Niu
- a College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing China
| | - Wei Xiao
- a College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University , Beijing China.,b Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , SK , Canada
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Thach TT, Shin D, Han S, Lee S. New conformations of linear polyubiquitin chains from crystallographic and solution-scattering studies expand the conformational space of polyubiquitin. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 72:524-35. [PMID: 27050132 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798316001510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The conformational flexibility of linkage-specific polyubiquitin chains enables ubiquitylated proteins and their receptors to be involved in a variety of cellular processes. Linear or Met1-linked polyubiquitin chains, associated with nondegradational cellular signalling pathways, have been known to adopt multiple conformations from compact to extended conformations. However, the extent of such conformational flexibility remains open. Here, the crystal structure of linear Ub2 was determined in a more compact conformation than that of the previously known structure (PDB entry 3axc). The two structures differ significantly from each other, as shown by an r.m.s.d. between C(α) atoms of 3.1 Å. The compactness of the linear Ub2 structure in comparison with PDB entry 3axc is supported by smaller values of the radius of gyration (Rg; 18 versus 18.9 Å) and the maximum interatomic distance (Dmax; 55.5 versus 57.8 Å). Extra intramolecular hydrogen bonds formed among polar residues between the distal and proximal ubiquitin moieties seem to contribute to stabilization of the compact conformation of linear Ub2. An ensemble of three semi-extended and extended conformations of linear Ub2 was also observed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis in solution. In addition, the conformational heterogeneity in linear polyubiquitin chains is clearly manifested by SAXS analyses of linear Ub3 and Ub4: at least three distinct solution conformations are observed in each chain, with the linear Ub3 conformations being compact. The results expand the extent of conformational space of linear polyubiquitin chains and suggest that changes in the conformational ensemble may be pivotal in mediating multiple signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Thanh Thach
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungsu Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16419, Republic of Korea
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Sueoka S, Kanda M, Sugimoto H, Shimizu D, Nomoto S, Oya H, Takami H, Ezaka K, Hashimoto R, Tanaka Y, Okamura Y, Yamada S, Fujii T, Nakayama G, Koike M, Fujiwara M, Kodera Y. Suppression of SAMSN1 Expression is Associated with the Malignant Phenotype of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22:1453-1460. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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LUBAC Formation Is Impaired in the Livers of Mice with MCD-Dependent Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:125380. [PMID: 26170532 PMCID: PMC4478366 DOI: 10.1155/2015/125380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a disorder characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation followed by the inflammation-induced death of hepatocytes and fibrosis. In this process, oxidative stress contributes to the induction of several inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α andIL-1β in macrophages, while, in hepatocytes, NF-κB reportedly induces the expressions of cell survival genes for protection from apoptosis. Recently, it was reported that the new ubiquitin ligase complex termed linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), composed of SHARPIN (SHANK-associated RH domain-interacting protein), HOIL-1L (longer isoform of heme-oxidized iron-regulatory protein 2 ubiquitin ligase-1), and HOIP (HOIL-1L interacting protein), forms linear ubiquitin on NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) and thereby induces NF-κB pathway activation. In this study, we demonstrated the formation of LUBAC to be impaired in the livers of NASH rodent models produced by methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet feeding, first by either gel filtration or Blue Native-PAGE, with subsequent confirmation by western blotting. The reduction of LUBAC is likely to be attributable to markedly reduced expression of SHARPIN, one of its components. Thus, impaired LUBAC formation, which would result in insufficient NF-κB activation, may be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying the enhanced apoptotic response of hepatocytes in MCD diet-induced NASH livers.
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Moghaddas F, Masters SL. Monogenic autoinflammatory diseases: Cytokinopathies. Cytokine 2015; 74:237-46. [PMID: 25814341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in genetics are providing unprecedented insight into functions of the innate immune system with identification of the mutations that cause monogenic autoinflammatory disease. Cytokine antagonism is profoundly effective in a subset of these conditions, particularly those associated with increased interleukin-1 (IL-1) activity, the inflammasomopathies. These include syndromes where the production of IL-1 is increased by mutation of innate immune sensors such as NLRP3, upstream signalling molecules such as PSTPIP1 and receptors or downstream signalling molecules, such as IL-1Ra. Another example of this is interferon (IFN) and the interferonopathies, with mutations in the sensors STING and MDA5, the upstream signalling regulator AP1S3, and a downstream inhibitor of IFN signalling, ISG15. We propose that this can be extended to cytokines such as IL-36, with mutations in IL-36Ra, and IL-10, with mutations in IL-10RA and IL-10RB, however mutations in sensors or upstream signalling molecules are yet to be described in these instances. Additionally, autoinflammatory diseases can be caused by multiple cytokines, for example with the activation of NF-κB/Rel, for which we propose the term Relopathies. This nosology is limited in that some cytokine pathways may be degenerate in their generation or execution, however provides insight into likely autoinflammatory disease candidates and the cytokines with which newly identified mutations may be associated, and therefore targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Moghaddas
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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Tomar D, Singh R. TRIM family proteins: emerging class of RING E3 ligases as regulator of NF-κB pathway. Biol Cell 2014; 107:22-40. [DOI: 10.1111/boc.201400046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanendra Tomar
- Department of Cell Biology; School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Advanced Research; Gandhinagar India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; The M.S. University of Baroda; Vadodara 390 002 Gujarat India
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Callis J. The ubiquitination machinery of the ubiquitin system. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2014; 12:e0174. [PMID: 25320573 PMCID: PMC4196676 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The protein ubiquitin is a covalent modifier of proteins, including itself. The ubiquitin system encompasses the enzymes required for catalysing attachment of ubiquitin to substrates as well as proteins that bind to ubiquitinated proteins leading them to their final fate. Also included are activities that remove ubiquitin independent of, or in concert with, proteolysis of the substrate, either by the proteasome or proteases in the vacuole. In addition to ubiquitin encoded by a family of fusion proteins, there are proteins with ubiquitin-like domains, likely forming ubiquitin's β-grasp fold, but incapable of covalent modification. However, they serve as protein-protein interaction platforms within the ubiquitin system. Multi-gene families encode all of these types of activities. Within the ubiquitination machinery "half" of the ubiquitin system are redundant, partially redundant, and unique components affecting diverse developmental and environmental responses in plants. Notably, multiple aspects of biotic and abiotic stress responses require, or are modulated by, ubiquitination. Finally, aspects of the ubiquitin system have broad utility: as components to enhance gene expression or to regulate protein abundance. This review focuses on the ubiquitination machinery: ubiquitin, unique aspects about the synthesis of ubiquitin and organization of its gene family, ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin ligases, or E3s. Given the large number of E3s in Arabidopsis this review covers the U box, HECT and RING type E3s, with the exception of the cullin-based E3s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Callis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis CA 95616
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Saxena M, Yeretssian G. NOD-Like Receptors: Master Regulators of Inflammation and Cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:327. [PMID: 25071785 PMCID: PMC4095565 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic NOD-like receptors (NLRs) have been associated with human diseases including infections, cancer, and autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. These innate immune pattern recognition molecules are essential for controlling inflammatory mechanisms through induction of cytokines, chemokines, and anti-microbial genes. Upon activation, some NLRs form multi-protein complexes called inflammasomes, while others orchestrate caspase-independent nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Moreover, NLRs and their downstream signaling components engage in an intricate crosstalk with cell death and autophagy pathways, both critical processes for cancer development. Recently, increasing evidence has extended the concept that chronic inflammation caused by abberant NLR signaling is a powerful driver of carcinogenesis, where it abets genetic mutations, tumor growth, and progression. In this review, we explore the rapidly expanding area of research regarding the expression and functions of NLRs in different types of cancers. Furthermore, we particularly focus on how maintaining tissue homeostasis and regulating tissue repair may provide a logical platform for understanding the liaisons between the NLR-driven inflammatory responses and cancer. Finally, we outline novel therapeutic approaches that target NLR signaling and speculate how these could be developed as potential pharmaceutical alternatives for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Saxena
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Garabet Yeretssian
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA ; Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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30
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Novel roles of cytoplasmic ICP0: proteasome-independent functions of the RING finger are required to block interferon-stimulated gene production but not to promote viral replication. J Virol 2014; 88:8091-101. [PMID: 24807717 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00944-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate-early protein ICP0 from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) plays pleiotropic roles in promoting viral lytic replication and reactivation from latency. Most of the known actions of ICP0 occur in the nucleus and are thought to involve the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of its RING finger domain, which targets proteins for degradation via the proteasome. Although ICP0 translocates to the cytoplasm as the infection progresses, little is known about its activities in this location. Here, we show that cytoplasmic ICP0 has two distinct functions. In primary cell cultures and in an intravaginal mouse model, cytoplasmic ICP0 promotes viral replication in the absence of an intact RING finger domain. Additionally, ICP0 blocks the activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), a key transcription factor of the innate antiviral response, in a mechanism that requires the RING finger domain but not the proteasome. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of a proteasome-independent function of the RING finger domain of ICP0. Collectively, these results underscore the importance of cytoplasm-localized ICP0 and the diverse nature of its activities. Importance: Despite ICP0 being a well-studied viral protein, the significance of its cytoplasmic localization has been largely overlooked. This is, in part, because common experimental manipulations result in the restriction of ICP0 to the nucleus. By overcoming this constraint, we both further characterize the ability of cytoplasmic ICP0 to inhibit antiviral signaling and show that ICP0 at this site has unexpected activities in promoting viral replication. This demonstrates the importance of considering location when analyzing protein function and adds a new perspective to our understanding of this multifaceted protein.
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Matsunami N, Hensel CH, Baird L, Stevens J, Otterud B, Leppert T, Varvil T, Hadley D, Glessner JT, Pellegrino R, Kim C, Thomas K, Wang F, Otieno FG, Ho K, Christensen GB, Li D, Prekeris R, Lambert CG, Hakonarson H, Leppert MF. Identification of rare DNA sequence variants in high-risk autism families and their prevalence in a large case/control population. Mol Autism 2014; 5:5. [PMID: 24467814 PMCID: PMC4098669 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetics clearly plays a major role in the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but studies to date are only beginning to characterize the causal genetic variants responsible. Until recently, studies using multiple extended multi-generation families to identify ASD risk genes had not been undertaken. METHODS We identified haplotypes shared among individuals with ASDs in large multiplex families, followed by targeted DNA capture and sequencing to identify potential causal variants. We also assayed the prevalence of the identified variants in a large ASD case/control population. RESULTS We identified 584 non-conservative missense, nonsense, frameshift and splice site variants that might predispose to autism in our high-risk families. Eleven of these variants were observed to have odds ratios greater than 1.5 in a set of 1,541 unrelated children with autism and 5,785 controls. Three variants, in the RAB11FIP5, ABP1, and JMJD7-PLA2G4B genes, each were observed in a single case and not in any controls. These variants also were not seen in public sequence databases, suggesting that they may be rare causal ASD variants. Twenty-eight additional rare variants were observed only in high-risk ASD families. Collectively, these 39 variants identify 36 genes as ASD risk genes. Segregation of sequence variants and of copy number variants previously detected in these families reveals a complex pattern, with only a RAB11FIP5 variant segregating to all affected individuals in one two-generation pedigree. Some affected individuals were found to have multiple potential risk alleles, including sequence variants and copy number variants (CNVs), suggesting that the high incidence of autism in these families could be best explained by variants at multiple loci. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to use haplotype sharing to identify familial ASD risk loci. In total, we identified 39 variants in 36 genes that may confer a genetic risk of developing autism. The observation of 11 of these variants in unrelated ASD cases further supports their role as ASD risk variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Matsunami
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeff Stevens
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Brith Otterud
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tami Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tena Varvil
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dexter Hadley
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph T Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renata Pellegrino
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cecilia Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kelly Thomas
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fengxiang Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Frederick G Otieno
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karen Ho
- Lineagen, Inc, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Dongying Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark F Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Vucic D. The Role of Ubiquitination in TWEAK-Stimulated Signaling. Front Immunol 2013; 4:472. [PMID: 24391645 PMCID: PMC3867686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor superfamily ligands and receptors are responsible for development, immunity, and homeostasis of metazoan organisms. Thus, it is not surprising that signals emanating from these receptors are tightly regulated. Binding of TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) to its cognate receptor, FN14, triggers the assembly of receptor-associated signaling complex, which allows the activation of canonical and non-canonical nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) as well as mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Ubiquitin ligases cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 and 2 (c-IAP1 and 2) and adaptor proteins TNFR-associated factors 2 and 3 (TRAF2 and TRAF3) are crucial for the regulation of TWEAK signaling as they facilitate the recruitment of distal signaling components including IKK and linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex complexes. At the same time c-IAP1/2, together with TRAF2 and TRAF3, promote constitutive ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) – a kinase with critical role in the activation of non-canonical NF-κB signaling. While c-IAP1/2 mediated ubiquitination allows the activation of TWEAK-stimulated canonical NF-κB signaling, these E3 ligases are negative regulators of non-canonical signaling. TWEAK stimulation prompts the recruitment of c-IAP1/2 as well as TRAF2 and TRAF3 to the FN14 signaling complex leading to c-IAP1/2 autoubiquitination and degradation, which stabilizes NIK and allows subsequent phosphorylation of IKKα and partial proteasomal processing of p100 to activate gene expression. Recent studies have revealed that the spatio-temporal pattern of TWEAK-stimulated ubiquitination is a carefully orchestrated process involving several substrates that are modified by different ubiquitin linkages. Understanding the significance of ubiquitination for TWEAK signaling is important for the overall understanding of TWEAK biology and for the design of therapeutics that can be used in the treatment of human pathologies that are driven by TWEAK/FN14 expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc. , South San Francisco, CA , USA
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Nakajima S, Kitamura M. Bidirectional regulation of NF-κB by reactive oxygen species: a role of unfolded protein response. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:162-174. [PMID: 23792277 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a crucial role in coordinating innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation, and apoptotic cell death. NF-κB is activated by various inflammatory stimuli including peptide factors and infectious microbes. It is also known as a redox-sensitive transcription factor activated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Over the past decades, various investigators focused on the role of ROS in the activation of NF-κB by cytokines and lipopolysaccharides. However, recent studies also suggested that ROS have the potential to repress NF-κB activity. Currently, it is not well addressed how ROS regulate activity of NF-κB in a bidirectional fashion. In this paper, we summarize evidence for positive and negative regulation of NF-κB by ROS, possible redox-sensitive targets for NF-κB signaling, and mechanisms underlying biphasic and bidirectional influences of ROS on NF-κB, especially focusing on a role of ROS-mediated induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Nakajima
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Masanori Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Signaling, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato 1110, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan.
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Role of WWOX and NF-κB in lung cancer progression. TRANSLATIONAL RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2013; 1:15. [PMID: 27234396 PMCID: PMC4715152 DOI: 10.1186/2213-0802-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is generally agreed that the pro-inflammatory, pro-survival transcription factor NF-κB is a tumor promoter. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α or TNF) mediates NF-κB activation. Tumor suppressor WWOX (FOR or WOX1) is a downstream effector of the TNF signaling. Thus, activation of both WWOX (FOR or WOX1) and NF-κB may occur during TNF signaling and/or under stress conditions. Indeed, the first WW domain of WWOX induces the activation of NF-κB-responsive promoter without TNF participation. It appears that WWOX counteracts with NF-κB in regulating cell survival and death. For example, WWOX becomes activated with Tyr33 phosphorylation and relocates together with NF-κB and many transcription factors to the nucleus to cause neuronal death in sciatic nerve-transected rats. While WWOX is frequently lost in lung cancer and many other cancers, NF-κB activation-induced cancer promotion probably requires WWOX-independent signaling networks to induce expression of pro-survival factors. The antagonistic role of WWOX and NF-κB in the regulation of lung cancer progression is discussed.
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Smit JJ, van Dijk WJ, El Atmioui D, Merkx R, Ovaa H, Sixma TK. Target specificity of the E3 ligase LUBAC for ubiquitin and NEMO relies on different minimal requirements. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31728-37. [PMID: 24030825 PMCID: PMC3814767 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.495846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitination of NEMO with linear ubiquitin chains by the E3-ligase LUBAC is important for the activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. NEMO ubiquitination requires a dual target specificity of LUBAC, priming on a lysine on NEMO and chain elongation on the N terminus of the priming ubiquitin. Here we explore the minimal requirements for these specificities. Effective linear chain formation requires a precise positioning of the ubiquitin N-terminal amine in a negatively charged environment on the top of ubiquitin. Whereas the RBR-LDD region on HOIP is sufficient for targeting the ubiquitin N terminus, the priming lysine modification on NEMO requires catalysis by the RBR domain of HOIL-1L as well as the catalytic machinery of the RBR-LDD domains of HOIP. Consequently, target specificity toward NEMO is determined by multiple LUBAC components, whereas linear ubiquitin chain elongation is realized by a specific interplay between HOIP and ubiquitin.
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Tokunaga F. Linear ubiquitination-mediated NF-κB regulation and its related disorders. J Biochem 2013; 154:313-23. [PMID: 23969028 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification involved in the regulation of a broad variety of cellular functions, such as protein degradation and signal transduction, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling. NF-κB is crucial for inflammatory and immune responses, and aberrant NF-κB signalling is implicated in multiple disorders. We found that linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), composed of HOIL-1L, HOIP and SHARPIN, generates a novel type of Met1 (M1)-linked linear polyubiquitin chain and specifically regulates the canonical NF-κB pathway. Moreover, specific deubiquitinases, such as CYLD, A20 (TNFAIP3) and OTULIN/gumby, inhibit LUBAC-induced NF-κB activation by different molecular mechanisms, and several M1-linked ubiquitin-specific binding domains have been structurally defined. LUBAC and these linear ubiquitination-regulating factors contribute to immune and inflammatory processes and apoptosis. Functional impairments of these factors are correlated with multiple disorders, including autoinflammation, immunodeficiencies, dermatitis, B-cell lymphomas and Parkinson's disease. This review summarizes the molecular basis and the pathophysiological implications of the linear ubiquitination-mediated NF-κB activation pathway regulation by LUBAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Tokunaga
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8912, Japan
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Ersing I, Bernhardt K, Gewurz BE. NF-κB and IRF7 pathway activation by Epstein-Barr virus Latent Membrane Protein 1. Viruses 2013; 5:1587-606. [PMID: 23793113 PMCID: PMC3717723 DOI: 10.3390/v5061587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The principal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) oncoprotein, Latent Membrane Protein 1 (LMP1), is expressed in most EBV-associated human malignancies. LMP1 mimics CD40 receptor signaling to provide infected cells with constitutive NF-κB, MAP kinase, IRF7, and PI3 kinase pathway stimulation. EBV-transformed B-cells are particularly dependent on constitutive NF-κB activity, and rapidly undergo apoptosis upon NF-κB blockade. Here, we review LMP1 function, with special attention to current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of LMP1-mediated NF-κB and IRF7 pathway activation. Recent advances include the elucidation of transmembrane motifs important for LMP1 trafficking and ligand-independent signaling, analysis of genome-wide LMP1 gene targets, and the identification of novel cell proteins that mediate LMP1 NF-κB and IRF7 pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Benjamin E. Gewurz
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-011-617-525-4263; Fax: +1-011-615-525-4251
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Scaglione KM, Basrur V, Ashraf NS, Konen JR, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Todi SV, Paulson HL. The ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) Ube2w ubiquitinates the N terminus of substrates. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:18784-8. [PMID: 23696636 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c113.477596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Attachment of ubiquitin to substrate is typically thought to occur via formation of an isopeptide bond between the C-terminal glycine residue of ubiquitin and a lysine residue in the substrate. In vitro, Ube2w is nonreactive with free lysine yet readily ubiquitinates substrate. Ube2w also contains novel residues within its active site that are important for its ability to ubiquitinate substrate. To identify the site of modification, we analyzed ubiquitinated substrates by mass spectrometry and found the N-terminal -NH2 group as the site of conjugation. To confirm N-terminal ubiquitination, we generated lysine-less and N-terminally blocked versions of one substrate, the polyglutamine disease protein ataxin-3, and showed that Ube2w can ubiquitinate a lysine-less, but not N-terminally blocked, ataxin-3. This was confirmed with a second substrate, the neurodegenerative disease protein Tau. Finally, we directly sequenced the N terminus of unmodified and ubiquitinated ataxin-3, demonstrating that Ube2w attaches ubiquitin to the N terminus of its substrates. Together these data demonstrate that Ube2w has novel enzymatic properties that direct ubiquitination of the N terminus of substrates.
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Severo MS, Sakhon OS, Choy A, Stephens KD, Pedra JHF. The 'ubiquitous' reality of vector immunology. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1070-8. [PMID: 23433059 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination (ubiquitylation) is a common protein modification that regulates a multitude of processes within the cell. This modification is typically accomplished through the covalent binding of ubiquitin to a lysine residue onto a target protein and is catalysed by the presence of three enzymes: an activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and ubiquitin-protein ligase (E3). In recent years, ubiquitination has risen as a major signalling regulator of immunity and microbial pathogenesis in the mammalian system. Still, little is known about how ubiquitin relates specifically to vector immunology. Here, we provide a brief overview of ubiquitin biochemistry and describe how ubiquitination regulates immune responses in arthropods of medical relevance. We also discuss scientific gaps in the literature and suggest that, similar to mammals, ubiquitin is a major regulator of immunity in medically important arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara S Severo
- Center for Disease Vector Research and Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Senba M, Mori N. Mechanisms of virus immune evasion lead to development from chronic inflammation to cancer formation associated with human papillomavirus infection. Oncol Rev 2012; 6:e17. [PMID: 25992215 PMCID: PMC4419623 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2012.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has developed strategies to escape eradication by innate and adaptive immunity. Immune response evasion has been considered an important aspect of HPV persistence, which is the main contributing factor leading to HPV-related cancers. HPV-induced cancers expressing viral oncogenes E6 and E7 are potentially recognized by the immune system. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules are patrolled by natural killer cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, respectively. This system of recognition is a main target for the strategies of immune evasion deployed by viruses. The viral immune evasion proteins constitute useful tools to block defined stages of the MHC class I presentation pathway, and in this way HPV avoids the host immune response. The long latency period from initial infection to persistence signifies that HPV evolves mechanisms to escape the immune response. It has now been established that there are oncogenic mechanisms by which E7 binds to and degrades tumor suppressor Rb, while E6 binds to and inactivates tumor suppressor p53. Therefore, interaction of p53 and pRb proteins can give rise to an increased immortalization and genomic instability. Overexpression of NF-κB in cervical and penile cancers suggests that NF-κB activation is a key modulator in driving chronic inflammation to cancer. HPV oncogene-mediated suppression of NF-κB activity contributes to HPV escape from the immune system. This review focuses on the diverse mechanisms of the virus immune evasion with HPV that leads to chronic inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masachika Senba
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University
| | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Japan
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