1
|
Olivry T, Mas-Fontao A, Jacquenet S, Aumayr M, Tsukui T, Gomord V, Faye L, Favrot C. Identification of cross-reactive allergens between the Dermatophagoides farinae house dust mite and the Toxocara canis nematode in dogs with suspected allergies. Vet Dermatol 2024; 35:662-671. [PMID: 39210736 DOI: 10.1111/vde.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin (Ig)E cross-reactivity has been shown between Dermatophagoides farinae (Df; house dust mite) and the nematode Toxocara canis (Tc), yet its allergen basis is unknown. OBJECTIVES To identify the Df allergens IgE-cross-reactive with those of Tc. ANIMALS Archived sera from 73 dogs with suspected allergy sensitised to Df. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a combination of Pet Allergy Xplorer (PAX) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) inhibitions with excretory-secretory and somatic (i.e. nematode body) extracts of Tc or recombinant Tc tropomyosin on coats of Df, Der f 15 and Zen-1 (ELISA) or PAX allergens. RESULTS The ELISA and PAX inhibitions established that there is mutual yet variable cross-reactivity between the Tc excretory-secretory extract, purified Der f 15 and purified Zen-1. This cross-reactivity is likely to involve cross-reactive glycans, as there is no inhibition between the Tc excretory-secretory extract and recombinant Der f 15 without its predicted natural O-glycans. We also confirmed a heterogeneous cross-reactivity between the somatic Tc extract and Der p 11 (paramyosin), as well as between the recombinant Toxo c 3 and Der p 10 tropomyosins. The cross-reactivity among tropomyosins and paramyosins is likely to involve peptidic epitopes, as these recombinant allergens are not glycosylated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In dogs with suspected allergies, the cross-reactivity between Tc and Df for dogs is complex and heterogeneous. Some of the cross-reactive IgE recognises shared glycans on Der f 15 and Zen-1, while some targets peptidic epitopes on shared paramyosins and tropomyosins. We do not exclude that additional cross-reactive allergens between Df and Tc also might exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Loïc Faye
- Angany Innovation and Angany Genetics, Val-de-Reuil, France
| | - Claude Favrot
- Dermatology Unit, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abou-El-Naga IF, Mogahed NMFH. Potential roles of Toxocara canis larval excretory secretory molecules in immunomodulation and immune evasion. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106784. [PMID: 36502886 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara canis larvae invade various tissues of different vertebrate species without developing into adults in paratenic host. The long-term survival of the larvae despite exposure to the well-armed immune response is a notable achievement. The larvae modulate the immune response to help the survival of both the host and the larvae. They skew the immune response to type 2/regulatory phenotype. The outstanding ability of the larvae to modulate the host immune response and to evade the immune arms is attributed to the secretion of Toxocara excretory-secretory products (TESPs). TESPs are complex mixture of differing molecules. The present review deals with the molecular composition of the TESPs, their interaction with the host molecules, their effect on the innate immune response, the receptor recognition, the downstream signals the adaptive immunity and the repair of tissues. This review also addresses the role of TESPs molecules in the immune evasion strategy and the potential effect of the induced immunomodulation in some diseases. Identification of parasite components that influence the nematode-host interactions could enhance understanding the molecular basis of nematode pathogenicity. Furthermore, the identification of helminths molecules with immunomodulatory potential could be used in immunotherapies for some diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman F Abou-El-Naga
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 12 Abdel Hamid El Deeb Street, Tharwat, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Nermine M F H Mogahed
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, 12 Abdel Hamid El Deeb Street, Tharwat, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou R, Jia H, Du Z, Jiang A, Song Z, Wang T, Du A, Gasser RB, Ma G. The non-glycosylated protein of Toxocara canis MUC-1 interacts with proteins of murine macrophages. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010734. [PMID: 36054186 PMCID: PMC9477421 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic disease caused predominantly by larvae of Toxocara canis. While this zoonotic disease is of major importance in humans and canids, it can also affect a range of other mammalian hosts. It is known that mucins secreted by larvae play key roles in immune recognition and evasion, but very little is understood about the molecular interactions between host cells and T. canis. Here, using an integrative approach (affinity pull-down, mass spectrometry, co-immunoprecipitation and bioinformatics), we identified 219 proteins expressed by a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) that interact with prokaryotically-expressed recombinant protein (rTc-MUC-1) representing the mucin Tc-MUC-1 present in the surface coat of infective larvae of T. canis. Protein-protein interactions between rTc-MUC-1 and an actin binding protein CFL1 as well as the fatty acid binding protein FABP5 of RAW264.7 macrophages were also demonstrated in a human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK 293T). By combing predicted structural information on the protein-protein interaction and functional knowledge of the related protein association networks, we inferred roles for Tc-MUC-1 protein in the regulation of actin cytoskeletal remodelling, and the migration and phagosome formation of macrophage cells. These molecular interactions now require verification in vivo. The experimental approach taken here should be readily applicable to comparative studies of other ascaridoid nematodes (e.g. T. cati, Anisakis simplex, Ascaris suum and Baylisascaris procyonis) whose larvae undergo tissue migration in accidental hosts, including humans. Toxocariasis is a neglected parasitic disease of humans caused mainly by larvae of Toxocara canis. Given that T. canis is zoonotic and can infect a range of mammals, there has been substantial interest in host-parasite relationships, with studies showing that T. canis larvae secrete abundant mucins that effect/modulate immune responses and disease pathogenesis. To improve the understanding of immunomolecular interactions, we investigated the role(s) of the protein component of a mucin (Tc-MUC-1) secreted by infective larvae using a well-defined murine macrophage line (RAW264.7). The non-glycosylated recombinant protein of Tc-MUC-1 (designated rTc-MUC-1) was shown to interact with at least 219 proteins of RAW264.7 cells, particularly with the actin binding protein (CFL1) and a fatty acid binding protein (FABP5), which are involved in cell migration and phagocytosis, respectively. Based on these findings, we propose that Tc-MUC-1 regulates cytoskeletal organisation and signal transduction in host macrophages. It would be interesting to establish, using the integrative experimental approach employed here, whether the role(s) of Tc-MUC-1 protein homologues of related ascaridoids are conserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongqiong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Immunology Research Center, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongguo Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhendong Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aiyun Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenhui Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (RBG); (GM)
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (RBG); (GM)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pękacz M, Basałaj K, Kalinowska A, Klockiewicz M, Stopka D, Bąska P, Długosz E, Karabowicz J, Młocicki D, Wiśniewski M, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. Selection of new diagnostic markers for Dirofilaria repens infections with the use of phage display technology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2288. [PMID: 35145147 PMCID: PMC8831495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens is a parasitic nematode causing vector-borne disease (dirofilariasis), considered an emerging problem in veterinary and human medicine. Although main hosts are carnivores, particularly dogs, D. repens shows high zoonotic potential. The disease spreads uncontrollably, affecting new areas. Since there is no vaccine against dirofilariasis, the only way to limit disease transmission is an early diagnosis. Currently, diagnosis depends on the detection of microfilariae in the host bloodstream using modified Knott's test or multiplex PCR. However, the efficacy of tests relying on microfilariae detection is limited by microfilariae periodic occurrence. Therefore, a new reliable diagnostic test is required. Our study aimed to select new diagnostic markers for dirofilariasis with potential application in diagnostics. We focused on single epitopes to ensure high specificity of diagnosis and avoid cross-reactivity with the other parasite infections common in dogs. Using phage display technology and 12-mer peptides library, we selected epitopes highly reactive with IgG from sera of infected dogs. Additionally, our study presents the possibility of detecting D. repens specific cell-free DNA in dogs with no microfilaria but high IgG and IgM antibody levels against parasite somatic antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Pękacz
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Kalinowska
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Klockiewicz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Stopka
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Długosz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Karabowicz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Wiśniewski
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Identification of Toxocara canis Antigen-Interacting Partners by Yeast Two-Hybrid Assay and a Putative Mechanism of These Host-Parasite Interactions. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080949. [PMID: 34451413 PMCID: PMC8398310 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxocara canis is a zoonotic roundworm that infects humans and dogs all over the world. Upon infection, larvae migrate to various tissues leading to different clinical syndromes. The host–parasite interactions underlying the process of infection remain poorly understood. Here, we describe the application of a yeast two-hybrid assay to screen a human cDNA library and analyse the interactome of T. canis larval molecules. Our data identifies 16 human proteins that putatively interact with the parasite. These molecules were associated with major biological processes, such as protein processing, transport, cellular component organisation, immune response and cell signalling. Some of these identified interactions are associated with the development of a Th2 response, neutrophil activity and signalling in immune cells. Other interactions may be linked to neurodegenerative processes observed during neurotoxocariasis, and some are associated with lung pathology found in infected hosts. Our results should open new areas of research and provide further data to enable a better understanding of this complex and underestimated disease.
Collapse
|
6
|
Długosz E, Basałaj K, Zawistowska-Deniziak A. Cytokine production and signalling in human THP-1 macrophages is dependent on Toxocara canis glycans. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2925-2933. [PMID: 31396715 PMCID: PMC6754358 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06405-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Toxocara canis antigens on cytokine production by human THP-1 macrophages was studied in vitro. Toxocara Excretory–Secretory products (TES) and recombinant mucins (Tc-MUC-2, Tc-MUC-3, Tc-MUC-4, and Tc-MUC-5) as well as deglycosylated forms of these antigens were used in the study. TES products stimulated macrophages to produce the innate proinflammatory IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α cytokines regardless of the presence of glycans. Recombinant mucins induced glycan-dependent cytokine production. Sugar moieties led to at least 3-fold higher production of regulatory IL-10 as well as proinflammatory cytokines. The presence of glycans on mucins also affected the downstream signalling pathways in stimulated cells. The most prominent difference was noted in AKT and AMPK kinase activation. AKT phosphorylation was observed in cells stimulated with glycosylated mucins, whereas treatment with deglycosylated antigens led to AMPK phosphorylation. MAP kinase family members such as JNK and p38 and c-Jun transcription factor were phosphorylated in both cases what suggests that toll-like receptor signalling may be involved in mucin-treated macrophages. This pathway is however modified by other signalling molecules as only mucins containing intact sugars significantly induced the production of cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Długosz
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Basałaj
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Santos LMD, de Moura MQ, Azevedo ML, Marques GA, Avila LFDC, Scaini CJ, Berne ME, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Reactivity of recombinant Toxocara canis TES-30/120 in experimentally infected mice. Parasite Immunol 2019; 40:e12568. [PMID: 29938803 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM While the use of recombinant antigens is being widely investigated in the diagnosis of human toxocariasis, relatively little attention has been given to animal diagnostic models. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the diagnosis potential of Toxocara canis TES-30 and TES-120 recombinant antigens in mice, the animal model for toxocariasis studies. METHODS AND RESULTS Serum samples obtained from mice infected with T. canis or Toxocara cati were tested by indirect ELISA using T. canis TES-30 and TES-120 recombinant antigens produced in Escherichia coli. 90% of the samples reacted with rTES-30, whereas there was almost no reactivity with rTES-120. CONCLUSION Despite rTES-120 being a good antigen for diagnosis in humans, it could not reproduce its reactivity in this animal model. As rTES-30 has good reactivity in mice, it is a valuable tool for diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Moreira Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Micaele Quintana de Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Morgana Lüdtke Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Giuli Argou Marques
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Luciana Farias da Costa Avila
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Carlos James Scaini
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Maria Elisabeth Berne
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Ângela Nunes Moreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shanawany EEE, Hassan SE, Abdel-Rahman AAH, Abdel-Rahman EH. Toxocara vitulorum cuticle glycoproteins in the diagnosis of calves' toxocariasis. Vet World 2019; 12:288-294. [PMID: 31040572 PMCID: PMC6460866 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.288-294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The current study was designed to isolate and characterize Toxocara vitulorum glycoprotein antigens and then to evaluate its potency in accurate diagnosis of toxocariasis. Materials and Methods: T. vitulorum glycoprotein fractions were isolated using Con-A affinity chromatography. The fractions characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and immunoblot assay. Mass spectrometric analysis was used for identification of proposed structure of the N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) fraction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to assess the diagnostic potential of the isolated fractions. Results: Surface of T. vitulorum adult worm revealed two glycoprotein fractions rich in glucose (Glc) and GlcNAc. Three bands of molecular weight 212kDa, 107 kDa, and 93 kDa were detected in Glc fraction by SDS-PAGE. These bands were also detected in GlcNAc fraction with an additional band of 49 kDa. GlcNAc fraction showed more diagnostic potency of calves’ toxocariasis; 79% than Glc fraction; 46.9% by indirect ELISA. The additional band of 49 kDa in GlcNAc fraction is probably responsible for its higher diagnostic potentials. Western blotting verified the immunoreactivity of the Glc and GlcNAc isolated fraction as they reacted with calves sera infected with toxocariasis. The proposed structure of GlcNAc fraction was Ser-Meth-Arg-O-methylated GlcNAc. Conclusion: GlcNAc-rich fraction of T. vitulorum can be successfully utilized in the diagnosis of calves’ toxocariasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman E El Shanawany
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Soad E Hassan
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Adel A-H Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin-El Kom, Egypt
| | - Eman H Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roldán WH, Elefant GR, Ferreira AW. Immunoglobulin M antibodies are not specific for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28543101 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis is established by detecting serum anti-Toxocara IgG antibodies, but there is little knowledge regarding the reactivity of human IgM antibodies against the Toxocara antigens. In this study, we have evaluated the reactivity of IgM antibodies in sera from patients with toxocariasis, patients with other helminth infections, and healthy individuals, against Toxocara larval excretory-secretory (TES) antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB). Anti-Toxocara IgM were detected in 91.4% of sera from patients with toxocariasis, 76% of sera from patients with other helminth infections, and 45.3% of sera from healthy individuals when ELISA was used. Likewise, IgM antibodies were detected in 94.8% of sera from patients with toxocariasis, 65.3% of sera from patients with other helminth infections, and 41% of sera from healthy individuals when WB was used. This reactivity exhibited only a slight decrease when the TES antigens were deglycosylated, showing that not only glycosidic epitopes, but also peptide epitopes are involved in the recognition and binding of IgM antibodies during the immune response against the parasite. The results shown that IgM antibodies are not specific for serodiagnosis of human toxocariasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W H Roldán
- Departamento de Microbiología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru.,Escuela Profesional de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Privada San Juan Bautista, Lima, Peru
| | - G R Elefant
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - A W Ferreira
- Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|