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Boon L, Ugarte-Berzal E, Vandooren J, Opdenakker G. Protease propeptide structures, mechanisms of activation, and functions. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:111-165. [PMID: 32290726 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1742090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are a diverse group of hydrolytic enzymes, ranging from single-domain catalytic molecules to sophisticated multi-functional macromolecules. Human proteases are divided into five mechanistic classes: aspartate, cysteine, metallo, serine and threonine proteases, based on the catalytic mechanism of hydrolysis. As a protective mechanism against uncontrolled proteolysis, proteases are often produced and secreted as inactive precursors, called zymogens, containing inhibitory N-terminal propeptides. Protease propeptide structures vary considerably in length, ranging from dipeptides and propeptides of about 10 amino acids to complex multifunctional prodomains with hundreds of residues. Interestingly, sequence analysis of the different protease domains has demonstrated that propeptide sequences present higher heterogeneity compared with their catalytic domains. Therefore, we suggest that protease inhibition targeting propeptides might be more specific and have less off-target effects than classical inhibitors. The roles of propeptides, besides keeping protease latency, include correct folding of proteases, compartmentalization, liganding, and functional modulation. Changes in the propeptide sequence, thus, have a tremendous impact on the cognate enzymes. Small modifications of the propeptide sequences modulate the activity of the enzymes, which may be useful as a therapeutic strategy. This review provides an overview of known human proteases, with a focus on the role of their propeptides. We review propeptide functions, activation mechanisms, and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Boon
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Estefania Ugarte-Berzal
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Vandooren
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Opdenakker
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Immunobiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Qu ZG, Ma XT, Li WH, Zhang NZ, Yue L, Cui JM, Cai JP, Jia WZ, Fu BQ. Molecular characterization of a cathepsin F-like protease in Trichinella spiralis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:652. [PMID: 26692208 PMCID: PMC4687129 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1270-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Trichinellosis is a re-emerging infectious disease, caused by Trichinella spp. Cathepsin F belongs to cysteine protease that is a major virulence factor for parasitic helminths, and it may be a potential anti-helminth drug target and vaccine candidate. The aim of this study was to clone, express and identify a cathepsin F-like protease in Trichinella spiralis and to investigate its biochemical characteristics. Methods The full-length cDNA encoding a putative cathepsin F-like protease in T. spiralis, TsCF1, was cloned and its biochemical characterization and expression profile were analyzed. Transcription of TsCF1 at different developmental stages of T. spiralis was observed by RT-PCR. The recombinant TsCF1 protein was expressed by prokaryotic expression system and recombinant TsCF1 (rTsCF1) was analyzed by western blotting. And expression of TsCF1 at muscle larvae stage was performed by immunofluorescent technique. Molecular modeling of TsCF1 and its binding mode with E-64 and K11777 were analyzed. Enzyme activity and inhibitory test with E-64 as inhibitor were investigated by using Z-Phe-Arg-AMC as specific substrate. Results Sequence analysis revealed that TsCF1 ORF encodes a protein of 366 aa with a theoretical molecular weight of 41.9 kDa and an isoelectric point of 7.46. The cysteine protease conserved active site of Cys173, His309 and Asn333 were identified and cathepsin F specific motif ERFNAQ like KLFNAQ sequence was revealed in the propeptide of TsCF1. Sequence alignment analysis revealed a higher than 40 % identity with other cathepsin F from parasitic helminth and phylogenetic analysis indicated TsCF1 located at the junction of nematode and trematode. RT-PCR revealed the gene was expressed in muscle larvae, newborn larvae and adult stages. SDS-PAGE revealed the recombinant protein was expressed with the molecular weight of 45 kDa. The purified rTsCF1 was used to immunize rabbit and the immune serum could recognize a band of about 46 kDa in soluble protein of adult, muscle larvae and ES product of muscle larvae. Immunolocalization analysis showed that TsCF1 located on the cuticle and stichosome of the muscle larvae. After renaturation rTsCF1 demonstrated substantial enzyme activity to Z-Phe-Arg-AMC substrate with the optimal pH 5.5 and this activity could be inhibited by cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. Further analysis showed the kinetic parameters of rTsCF1 to be Km = 0.5091 μM and Vmax = 6.12 RFU/s μM at pH 5.5, and the IC50 value of E64 was 135.50 ± 16.90 nM. Conclusion TsCF1 was expressed in all stages of T. spiralis and localized in the cuticle and stichosome. TsCF1 might play a role in the life cycle of T. spiralis and could be used as a potential vaccine candidate and drug target against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-gang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Xue-ting Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Wen-hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Nian-zhang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Long Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-ping Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
| | - Wan-zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
| | - Bao-quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, P. R. China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, P. R. China.
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Cell biology of the NCL proteins: What they do and don't do. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2242-55. [PMID: 25962910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The fatal, primarily childhood neurodegenerative disorders, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), are currently associated with mutations in 13 genes. The protein products of these genes (CLN1 to CLN14) differ in their function and their intracellular localization. NCL-associated proteins have been localized mostly in lysosomes (CLN1, CLN2, CLN3, CLN5, CLN7, CLN10, CLN12 and CLN13) but also in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (CLN6 and CLN8), or in the cytosol associated to vesicular membranes (CLN4 and CLN14). Some of them such as CLN1 (palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1), CLN2 (tripeptidyl-peptidase 1), CLN5, CLN10 (cathepsin D), and CLN13 (cathepsin F), are lysosomal soluble proteins; others like CLN3, CLN7, and CLN12, have been proposed to be lysosomal transmembrane proteins. In this review, we give our views and attempt to summarize the proposed and confirmed functions of each NCL protein and describe and discuss research results published since the last review on NCL proteins. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: "Current Research on the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)".
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Ribeiro JMC, Genta FA, Sorgine MHF, Logullo R, Mesquita RD, Paiva-Silva GO, Majerowicz D, Medeiros M, Koerich L, Terra WR, Ferreira C, Pimentel AC, Bisch PM, Leite DC, Diniz MMP, Junior JLDSGV, Da Silva ML, Araujo RN, Gandara ACP, Brosson S, Salmon D, Bousbata S, González-Caballero N, Silber AM, Alves-Bezerra M, Gondim KC, Silva-Neto MAC, Atella GC, Araujo H, Dias FA, Polycarpo C, Vionette-Amaral RJ, Fampa P, Melo ACA, Tanaka AS, Balczun C, Oliveira JHM, Gonçalves RLS, Lazoski C, Rivera-Pomar R, Diambra L, Schaub GA, Garcia ES, Azambuja P, Braz GRC, Oliveira PL. An insight into the transcriptome of the digestive tract of the bloodsucking bug, Rhodnius prolixus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2594. [PMID: 24416461 PMCID: PMC3886914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bloodsucking hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus is a vector of Chagas' disease, which affects 7-8 million people today in Latin America. In contrast to other hematophagous insects, the triatomine gut is compartmentalized into three segments that perform different functions during blood digestion. Here we report analysis of transcriptomes for each of the segments using pyrosequencing technology. Comparison of transcript frequency in digestive libraries with a whole-body library was used to evaluate expression levels. All classes of digestive enzymes were highly expressed, with a predominance of cysteine and aspartic proteinases, the latter showing a significant expansion through gene duplication. Although no protein digestion is known to occur in the anterior midgut (AM), protease transcripts were found, suggesting secretion as pro-enzymes, being possibly activated in the posterior midgut (PM). As expected, genes related to cytoskeleton, protein synthesis apparatus, protein traffic, and secretion were abundantly transcribed. Despite the absence of a chitinous peritrophic membrane in hemipterans - which have instead a lipidic perimicrovillar membrane lining over midgut epithelia - several gut-specific peritrophin transcripts were found, suggesting that these proteins perform functions other than being a structural component of the peritrophic membrane. Among immunity-related transcripts, while lysozymes and lectins were the most highly expressed, several genes belonging to the Toll pathway - found at low levels in the gut of most insects - were identified, contrasting with a low abundance of transcripts from IMD and STAT pathways. Analysis of transcripts related to lipid metabolism indicates that lipids play multiple roles, being a major energy source, a substrate for perimicrovillar membrane formation, and a source for hydrocarbons possibly to produce the wax layer of the hindgut. Transcripts related to amino acid metabolism showed an unanticipated priority for degradation of tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan. Analysis of transcripts related to signaling pathways suggested a role for MAP kinases, GTPases, and LKBP1/AMP kinases related to control of cell shape and polarity, possibly in connection with regulation of cell survival, response of pathogens and nutrients. Together, our findings present a new view of the triatomine digestive apparatus and will help us understand trypanosome interaction and allow insights into hemipteran metabolic adaptations to a blood-based diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. C. Ribeiro
- Section of Vector Biology, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fernando A. Genta
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos H. F. Sorgine
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Logullo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael D. Mesquita
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriela O. Paiva-Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Medeiros
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Qualidade e Tecnologia, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Programa de Biotecnologia, Prédio 27, CEP 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Koerich
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter R. Terra
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Ferreira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André C. Pimentel
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo M. Bisch
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel C. Leite
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Michelle M. P. Diniz
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Lídio da S. G. V. Junior
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Center for Technological Innovation, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Manuela L. Da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia Qualidade e Tecnologia, Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida, Programa de Biotecnologia, Prédio 27, CEP 25250-020, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo N. Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Parasitologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline P. Gandara
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sébastien Brosson
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Didier Salmon
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Ariel Mariano Silber
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia C. Gondim
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mário Alberto C. Silva-Neto
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia C. Atella
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helena Araujo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe A. Dias
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Polycarpo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel J. Vionette-Amaral
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Fampa
- Instituto de Biologia, DBA, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia A. Melo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aparecida S. Tanaka
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Balczun
- Zoology/Parasitology Group, Ruhr-Universität, Bochum, Germany
| | - José Henrique M. Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata L. S. Gonçalves
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Lazoski
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21944-970, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rolando Rivera-Pomar
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genomicos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Florencio Varela, Argentina
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones, Universidad Nacional del Noroeste de Buenos Aires, Pergamino, Argentina
| | - Luis Diambra
- Centro Regional de Estudios Genomicos, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Florencio Varela, Argentina
| | | | - Elói S. Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Azambuja
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Glória R. C. Braz
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro L. Oliveira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Programa de Biotecnologia e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Kollmann K, Uusi-Rauva K, Scifo E, Tyynelä J, Jalanko A, Braulke T. Cell biology and function of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis-related proteins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1866-81. [PMID: 23402926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) comprise a group of inherited lysosomal disorders with variable age of onset, characterized by lysosomal accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments, neuroinflammation, photoreceptor- and neurodegeneration. Most of the NCL-related genes encode soluble and transmembrane proteins which localize to the endoplasmic reticulum or to the endosomal/lysosomal compartment and directly or indirectly regulate lysosomal function. Recently, exome sequencing led to the identification of four novel gene defects in NCL patients and a new NCL nomenclature currently comprising CLN1 through CLN14. Although the precise function of most of the NCL proteins remains elusive, comprehensive analyses of model organisms, particularly mouse models, provided new insight into pathogenic mechanisms of NCL diseases and roles of mutant NCL proteins in cellular/subcellular protein and lipid homeostasis, as well as their adaptive/compensatorial regulation at the transcriptional level. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the expression, function and regulation of NCL proteins and their impact on lysosomal integrity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses or Batten Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kollmann
- Department of Biochemistry, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Kang JM, Bahk YY, Cho PY, Hong SJ, Kim TS, Sohn WM, Na BK. A family of cathepsin F cysteine proteases of Clonorchis sinensis is the major secreted proteins that are expressed in the intestine of the parasite. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2010; 170:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Dvorák J, Mashiyama ST, Sajid M, Braschi S, Delcroix M, Schneider EL, McKerrow WH, Bahgat M, Hansell E, Babbitt PC, Craik CS, McKerrow JH, Caffrey CR. SmCL3, a gastrodermal cysteine protease of the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e449. [PMID: 19488406 PMCID: PMC2685030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma are platyhelminth parasites that infect 200 million people worldwide. Digestion of nutrients from the host bloodstream is essential for parasite development and reproduction. A network of proteolytic enzymes (proteases) facilitates hydrolysis of host hemoglobin and serum proteins. Methodology/Principal Findings We identified a new cathepsin L termed SmCL3 using PCR strategies based on S. mansoni EST sequence data. An ortholog is present in Schistosoma japonicum. SmCL3 was heterologously expressed as an active enzyme in the yeast, Pichia pastoris. Recombinant SmCL3 has a broad pH activity range against peptidyl substrates and is inhibited by Clan CA protease inhibitors. Consistent with a function in degrading host proteins, SmCL3 hydrolyzes serum albumin and hemoglobin, is localized to the adult gastrodermis, and is expressed mainly in those life stages infecting the mammalian host. The predominant form of SmCL3 in the parasite exists as a zymogen, which is unusual for proteases. This zymogen includes an unusually long prodomain with alpha helical secondary structure motifs. The striking specificity of SmCL3 for amino acids with large aromatic side chains (Trp and Tyr) at the P2 substrate position, as determined with positional scanning-synthetic combinatorial library, is consistent with a molecular model that shows a large and deep S2 pocket. A sequence similarity network (SSN) view clusters SmCL3 and other cathepsins L in accordance with previous large-scale phylogenetic analyses that identify six super kingdoms. Conclusions/Significance SmCL3 is a gut-associated cathepsin L that may contribute to the network of proteases involved in degrading host blood proteins as nutrients. Furthermore, this enzyme exhibits some unusual sequence and biophysical features that may result in additional functions. The visualization of network inter-relationships among cathepsins L suggests that these enzymes are suitable ‘marker sequences’ for inclusion in future phylogenetic analyses. Parasitic infection caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma is a major global health problem. More than 200 million people are infected. Identifying and characterizing the constituent enzymes of the parasite's biochemical pathways should reveal opportunities for developing new therapies (i.e., vaccines, drugs). Schistosomes feed on host blood, and a number of proteolytic enzymes (proteases) contribute to this process. We have identified and characterized a new protease, SmCL3 (for Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin L3), that is found within the gut tissue of the parasite. We have employed various biochemical and molecular biological methods and sequence similarity analyses to characterize SmCL3 and obtain insights into its possible functions in the parasite, as well as its evolutionary position among cathepsin L proteases in general. SmCL3 hydrolyzes major host blood proteins (serum albumin and hemoglobin) and is expressed in parasite life stages infecting the mammalian host. Enzyme substrate specificity detected by positional scanning-synthetic combinatorial library was confirmed by molecular modeling. A sequence analysis placed SmCL3 to the cluster of other cathepsins L in accordance with previous phylogenetic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dvorák
- Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
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Pinlaor P, Kaewpitoon N, Laha T, Sripa B, Kaewkes S, Morales ME, Mann VH, Parriott SK, Suttiprapa S, Robinson MW, To J, Dalton JP, Loukas A, Brindley PJ. Cathepsin F cysteine protease of the human liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e398. [PMID: 19308250 PMCID: PMC2654340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini is classified as a class I carcinogen due to the association between cholangiocarcinoma and chronic O. viverrini infection. During its feeding activity within the bile duct, the parasite secretes several cathepsin F cysteine proteases that may induce or contribute to the pathologies associated with hepatobiliary abnormalities. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we describe the cDNA, gene organization, phylogenetic relationships, immunolocalization, and functional characterization of the cathepsin F cysteine protease gene, here termed Ov-cf-1, from O. viverrini. The full length mRNA of 1020 nucleotides (nt) encoded a 326 amino acid zymogen consisting of a predicted signal peptide (18 amino acids, aa), prosegment (95 aa), and mature protease (213 aa). BLAST analysis using the Ov-CF-1 protein as the query revealed that the protease shared identity with cathepsin F-like cysteine proteases of other trematodes, including Clonorchis sinensis (81%), Paragonimus westermani (58%), Schistosoma mansoni and S. japonicum (52%), and with vertebrate cathepsin F (51%). Transcripts encoding the protease were detected in all developmental stages that parasitize the mammalian host. The Ov-cf-1 gene, of ∼3 kb in length, included seven exons interrupted by six introns; the exons ranged from 69 to 267 bp in length, the introns from 43 to 1,060 bp. The six intron/exon boundaries of Ov-cf-1 were conserved with intron/exon boundaries in the human cathepsin F gene, although the gene structure of human cathepsin F is more complex. Unlike Ov-CF-1, human cathepsin F zymogen includes a cystatin domain in the prosegment region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the fluke, human, and other cathepsin Fs branched together in a clade discrete from the cathepsin L cysteine proteases. A recombinant Ov-CF-1 zymogen that displayed low-level activity was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Although the recombinant protease did not autocatalytically process and activate to a mature enzyme, trans-processing by Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L cleaved the prosegment of Ov-CF-1, releasing a mature cathepsin F with activity against the peptide Z-Phe-Arg-NHMec >50 times that of the zymogen. Immunocytochemistry using antibodies raised against the recombinant enzyme showed that Ov-CF-1 is expressed in the gut of the mature hermaphroditic fluke and also in the reproductive structures, including vitelline glands, egg, and testis. Ov-CF-1 was detected in bile duct epithelial cells surrounding the flukes several weeks after infection of hamsters with O. viverrini and, in addition, had accumulated in the secondary (small) bile ducts where flukes cannot reach due to their large size. Conclusions/Significance A cathepsin F cysteine protease of the human liver fluke O. viverrini has been characterized at the gene and protein level. Secretion of this protease may contribute to the hepatobiliary abnormalities, including cholangiocarcinogenesis, observed in individuals infected with this parasite. Opisthorchiasis, oriental liver fluke infection, is a food-borne parasitic disease that afflicts millions of residents in northern Thailand and Laos. Related infections occur in North Asia, including China and Korea. This kind of liver fluke infection is the consequence of eating certain uncooked or undercooked freshwater fish contaminated with the larvae of the parasite Opisthorchis viverrini. Whereas the infection can cause disease in the bile ducts and liver, infection with the oriental fluke can lead to the development of a liver cancer, cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer). Our recent studies have begun to focus on products and metabolites from the parasite that are carcinogenic. Many proteolytic enzymes are known to be secreted by parasites. This report centers on a specific category of protease, termed cathepsin F. We determined here that O. viverrini expresses a cathepsin F in its gut and in other organs. In the liver fluke, cathepsin F likely plays a role in digesting ingested human cells. The gene encoding the parasite enzyme shows evolutionary relatedness to a similar gene in humans. The fluke cathepsin F also is released from the parasite into livers of infected mammals, where it appears to contribute to inflammation surrounding the parasite. In this regard, it may be involved in early events that lead to bile duct cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Porntip Pinlaor
- Department of Pathology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Thewarach Laha
- Department of Parasitology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- * E-mail: (BS); (PJR)
| | - Sasithorn Kaewkes
- Department of Parasitology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Maria E. Morales
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Victoria H. Mann
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Sandi K. Parriott
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Sutas Suttiprapa
- Department of Pathology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Mark W. Robinson
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joyce To
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John P. Dalton
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: (BS); (PJR)
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Kašný M, Mikeš L, Hampl V, Dvořák J, Caffrey CR, Dalton JP, Horák P. Chapter 4 Peptidases of Trematodes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 69:205-97. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(09)69004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Brix K, Dunkhorst A, Mayer K, Jordans S. Cysteine cathepsins: cellular roadmap to different functions. Biochimie 2007; 90:194-207. [PMID: 17825974 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins belong to the papain-like family C1 of clan CA cysteine peptidases. These enzymes are ubiquitously expressed and exert their proteolytic activity mainly, but not exclusively within the compartments along the endocytic pathway. Moreover, cysteine cathepsins are active in pericellular environments as soluble enzymes or bound to cell surface receptors at the plasma membrane, and possibly even within secretory vesicles, the cytosol, mitochondria, and within the nuclei of eukaryotic cells. Proteolytic actions performed by cysteine cathepsins are essential in the maintenance of homeostasis and depend heavily upon their correct sorting and trafficking within cells. As a consequence, the numerous and diverse approaches to identification, qualitative and quantitative determination, and visualization of cysteine cathepsin functions in vitro, in situ, and in vivo cover the entire spectrum of biochemistry, molecular and cell biology. This review focuses upon the transport pathways directing cysteine cathepsins to their points of action and thus emphasizes the broader role and functionality of cysteine cathepsins in a number of specific cellular locales. Such understanding will provide a foundation for future research investigating the involvement of these peptidases with their substrates, inhibitors, and the intertwined proteolytic networks at the hubs of complex biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Brix
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 6, D-28759 Bremen, Germany.
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Hu KJ, Leung PC. Complete, precise, and innocuous loss of multiple introns in the currently intronless, active cathepsin L-like genes, and inference from this event. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2006; 38:685-96. [PMID: 16290010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2005] [Revised: 09/03/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Retrotransposition typically generates pseudogenes. Here we demonstrate a different fate of the retro-processed genes through a novel mechanism in which the retro-processed genes still maintain their sequence intactness and the original functions. We show that the shrimp cathepsin L (CatL) gene MeCatL has lost all of its five introns. Also, ProEPB, the ancestor of the CatL-like barley EPBs and rice REP1, has lost all of its three introns. The multiple introns in a gene might have been eliminated simultaneously and precisely at the original locus for the CatL-like genes of shrimp, barley, rice, Drosophila, and Theileria. We reason that retrotransposition is not responsible for the generation of a processed active intronless (PAI) gene when the gene product retains its sequence intactness and its original function. We propose that double-strand-break repair (DSBR) machinery might play a role in cDNA-mediated homologous recombination (cDMHR) that causes the loss of introns. The cDMHR/DSBR pathway is probably a fundamental mechanism for intron loss in PAI genes and in some asymmetric-intron genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jin Hu
- Department of Zoology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
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Guiliano DB, Hong X, McKerrow JH, Blaxter ML, Oksov Y, Liu J, Ghedin E, Lustigman S. A gene family of cathepsin L-like proteases of filarial nematodes are associated with larval molting and cuticle and eggshell remodeling. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2004; 136:227-42. [PMID: 15478801 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine proteinases are involved in a variety of important biological processes and have been implicated in molting and tissue remodeling in free living and parasitic nematodes. We show that in the lymphatic filarial nematode Brugia pahangi molting of third-stage larvae (L3) to fourth-stage larvae is dependent on the activity of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease (CPL), which can be detected in the excretory/secretory (ES) products of molting L3. Directed cloning of a cysteine protease gene in B. pahangi and analysis of the expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic sequences of the closely related human lymphatic filarial nematode Brugia malayi have identified a family of CPLs. One group of these enzymes, Bm-cpl-1, -4, -5 and Bp-cpl-4, is highly expressed in the B. malayi and B. pahangi infective L3 larvae. Immunolocalization indicates that the corresponding enzymes are synthesized and stored in granules of the glandular esophagus of L3 and released during the molting process. Functional analysis of these genes in Brugia and closely related CPL genes identified in the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus and the free living model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans indicate that these genes are also involved in cuticle and eggshell remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Guiliano
- Department of Biological Sciences, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London SW7 2AY, UK
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Majerle A, Jerala R. Protein inhibitors form complexes with procathepsin L and augment cleavage of the propeptide. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 417:53-8. [PMID: 12921779 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The proregion fits tightly into the active site in the tertiary structure of procathepsin L and prevents its activity. We show that complexes between enzyme precursor and its endogenous protein inhibitors-the cystatins-can be formed without prior proteolytic removal of the propeptide. Complexes between cystatins and procathepsin L are formed at acidic pH and their formation is facilitated by acidic oligosaccharides. Binding of the inhibitor to the proenzyme is reversible and the slow dissociation of complex around neutral pH may serve as a pool for the sustained release of the enzyme. Formation of the complex between cystatin and procathepsin L increases the susceptibility of the proregion to proteolytic cleavage. This process may constitute an alternative mechanism of formation of the complex between enzyme and inhibitor without prior activation of the proenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Majerle
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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Wex T, Levy B, Wex H, Brömme D. Human cathepsins W and F form a new subgroup of cathepsins that is evolutionary separated from the cathepsin B- and L-like cysteine proteases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2001; 477:271-80. [PMID: 10849754 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46826-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Wex
- Department of Human Genetics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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