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Huang D, Sun L, Huang L, Chen Y. Nanodrug Delivery Systems Modulate Tumor Vessels to Increase the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect. J Pers Med 2021; 11:124. [PMID: 33672813 PMCID: PMC7917988 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of nanomedicine for antitumor therapy has been extensively investigated for a long time. Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect-mediated drug delivery is currently regarded as an effective way to bring drugs to tumors, especially macromolecular drugs and drug-loaded pharmaceutical nanocarriers. However, a disordered vessel network, and occluded or embolized tumor blood vessels seriously limit the EPR effect. To augment the EPR effect and improve curative effects, in this review, we focused on the perspective of tumor blood vessels, and analyzed the relationship among abnormal angiogenesis, abnormal vascular structure, irregular blood flow, extensive permeability of tumor vessels, and the EPR effect. In this commentary, nanoparticles including liposomes, micelles, and polymers extravasate through the tumor vasculature, which are based on modulating tumor vessels, to increase the EPR effect, thereby increasing their therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (D.H.); (L.S.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lingna Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (D.H.); (L.S.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Yanzuo Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (D.H.); (L.S.)
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Kränkel N, Madeddu P. Helping the circulatory system heal itself: manipulating kinin signaling to promote neovascularization. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2014; 7:215-9. [DOI: 10.1586/14779072.7.3.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Godfraind C, Calicchio ML, Kozakewich H. Pyogenic granuloma, an impaired wound healing process, linked to vascular growth driven by FLT4 and the nitric oxide pathway. Mod Pathol 2013; 26:247-55. [PMID: 22955520 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2012.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pyogenic granuloma, also called lobular capillary hemangioma, is a condition usually occurring in skin or mucosa and often related to prior local trauma or pregnancy. However, the etiopathogenesis of pyogenic granuloma is poorly understood and whether pyogenic granuloma being a reactive process or a tumor is unknown. In an attempt to clarify this issue, we performed genome-wide transcriptional profiling of laser-captured vessels from pyogenic granuloma and from a richly vascularized tissue, placenta, as well as, from proliferative and involutive hemangiomas. Our study identified a gene signature specific to pyogenic granuloma. In the serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) database, this signature was linked to 'white blood cells monocytes'. It also demonstrated high enrichment for gene ontology terms corresponding to 'vasculature development' and 'regulation of blood pressure'. This signature included genes of the nitric oxide pathway alongside genes related to hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and vascular injury, three conditions biologically interconnected. Finally, one of the genes specifically associated with pyogenic granuloma was FLT4, a tyrosine-kinase receptor related to pathological angiogenesis. All together, these data advocate for pyogenic granuloma to be a reactive lesion resulting from tissue injury, followed by an impaired wound healing response, during which vascular growth is driven by FLT4 and the nitric oxide pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Godfraind
- Laboratory of Pathology, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Catholic university of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Moodley K, Botha J, Raidoo DM, Naidoo S. Immuno-localisation of anti-thyroid antibodies in adult human cerebral cortex. J Neurol Sci 2011; 302:114-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yousef GM, Diamandis EP. The human kallikrein gene family: new biomarkers for ovarian cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2010; 149:165-87. [PMID: 19763436 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-98094-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George M Yousef
- Mount Sinai Hospital, University Health Network and Toronto Medical Laboratories, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Bilgin M, Neuhof C, Doerr O, Benscheid U, Andrade SS, Most A, Abdallah Y, Parahuleva M, Guenduez D, Oliva ML, Erdogan A. Bauhinia bauhinioides cruzipain inhibitor reduces endothelial proliferation and induces an increase of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. J Physiol Biochem 2010; 66:283-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-010-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Chao J, Shen B, Gao L, Xia CF, Bledsoe G, Chao L. Tissue kallikrein in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and renal diseases and skin wound healing. Biol Chem 2010; 391:345-55. [PMID: 20180644 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (KLK1) processes low-molecular weight kininogen to produce vasoactive kinins, which exert biological functions via kinin receptor signaling. Using various delivery approaches, we have demonstrated that tissue kallikrein through kinin B2 receptor signaling exhibits a wide spectrum of beneficial effects by reducing cardiac and renal injuries, restenosis and ischemic stroke, and by promoting angiogenesis and skin wound healing, independent of blood pressure reduction. Protection by tissue kallikrein in oxidative organ damage is attributed to the inhibition of apoptosis, inflammation, hypertrophy and fibrosis. Tissue kallikrein also enhances neovascularization in ischemic heart and limb. Moreover, tissue kallikrein/kinin infusion not only prevents but also reverses kidney injury, inflammation and fibrosis in salt-induced hypertensive rats. Furthermore, there is a wide time window for kallikrein administration in protection against ischemic brain infarction, as delayed kallikrein infusion for 24 h after cerebral ischemia in rats is effective in reducing neurological deficits, infarct size, apoptosis and inflammation. Importantly, in the clinical setting, human tissue kallikrein has been proven to be effective in the treatment of patients with acute brain infarction when injected within 48 h after stroke onset. Finally, kallikrein promotes skin wound healing and keratinocyte migration by direct activation of protease-activated receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Chao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, USA.
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Guo X, Liu W, Pan Y, Ni P, Ji J, Guo L, Zhang J, Wu J, Jiang J, Chen X, Cai Q, Li J, Zhang J, Gu Q, Liu B, Zhu Z, Yu Y. Homeobox gene IRX1 is a tumor suppressor gene in gastric carcinoma. Oncogene 2010; 29:3908-20. [PMID: 20440264 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The IRX1 tumor suppressor gene is located on 5p15.33, a cancer susceptibility locus. Loss of heterozygosity of 5p15.33 in gastric cancer was identified in our previous work. In this study, we analyzed the molecular features and function of IRX1. We found that IRX1 expression was lost or reduced in gastric cancer. However, no mutations were identified in IRX1-encoding regions. IRX1 transcription was suppressed by hypermethylation, and the expression of IRX1 mRNA was partially restored in gastric cancer cells after 5-Aza-dC treatment. Restoring IRX1 expression in SGC-7901 and NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells inhibited growth, invasion and tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. We identified a number of target genes by global microarray analysis after IRX1 transfection combined with real-time PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. BDKRB2, an angiogenesis-related gene, HIST2H2BE and FGF7, cell proliferation and invasion-related genes, were identified as direct IRX1 target genes. The hypermethylation of IRX1 was not only detected in primary gastric cancer tissues but also in the peripheral blood of gastric cancer patients, suggesting IRX1 could potentially serve as a biomarker for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Department of Surgery of Shanghai Ruijin Hospital and Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai, PR China
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Cassim B, Shaw OM, Mazur M, Misso NL, Naran A, Langlands DR, Thompson PJ, Bhoola KD. Kallikreins, kininogens and kinin receptors on circulating and synovial fluid neutrophils: role in kinin generation in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:490-6. [PMID: 19254919 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neutrophils traffic into and have the capacity to generate kinins in SF of RA patients. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of kallikreins, kininogens and kinin receptors in circulating and SF neutrophils, as well as synovial tissue of RA patients, and to assess kinin generation in SF. METHODS Neutrophils were isolated from blood and SF of RA patients and blood of healthy volunteers. Expression of kallikreins, kininogens and kinin receptors in neutrophils and synovial tissue was assessed by immunocytochemistry using specific antibodies, with visualization by brightfield and confocal microscopy. Levels of basal and generated kinins in SF of RA patients were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Kinin labelling was significantly reduced, indicating the loss of the kinin moiety from kininogen on circulating (P < 0.001) and SF neutrophils (P < 0.05) of RA patients. Immunolabelling of tissue kallikrein was also decreased, whereas kinin B(1) and B(2) receptor expression was increased in circulating and SF neutrophils of RA patients. Immunolabelling of kallikreins and kinin receptor proteins was similar in RA and normal synovial tissues. The basal kinin level in SF of RA patients was 5.7 +/- 6.1 ng/ml and the mean concentration of kinins generated in vitro was 80.6 +/- 56.3 ng/ml. The capacity for kinin generation was positively correlated with measures of disease activity. CONCLUSIONS Kallikrein-kinin proteins on neutrophils play an important role in kinin generation and the pathophysiology of RA. Specific kallikrein and kinin receptor antagonists may be useful as IA therapies for inflamed joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilkish Cassim
- Department of Geriatrics, Nelson Mandela School of Medicine, University of Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Chee J, Naran A, Misso NL, Thompson PJ, Bhoola KD. Expression of tissue and plasma kallikreins and kinin B1 and B2 receptors in lung cancer. Biol Chem 2008; 389:1225-33. [PMID: 18713009 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2008.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue kallikrein (hK1) and plasma kallikrein (PK, hKB1) are serine proteases that produce biologically active kinin peptides from endogenous kininogen substrates. There is evidence linking the kallikreins and the mitogenic kinin peptides to carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of tissue prokallikrein (pro-hK1), plasma prekallikrein (PPK, pre-hKB1) and kinin B1 and B2 receptor proteins in different subtypes of lung cancer. Immunohistochemistry, using specific antibodies, was performed on archived normal lung sections and sections from adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, large cell carcinomas, small cell carcinomas and carcinoid tumours of the lung. Immunoperoxidase labelling was visualised by brightfield microscopy and immunofluorescence labelling by confocal microscopy. Extensive cytoplasmic expression of pro-hK1 and PPK was observed, which was similar in small cell and non-small cell tumours. However, nuclear labelling for the kallikreins was absent or limited. The kinin B1 and B2 receptors were highly expressed in the cytoplasm of all tumour types and in the nuclei of non-small cell tumours. Further studies are required to assess the functional significance of the expression of hK1, PK and kinin receptors in lung tumours, and whether any of these proteins may be potential biomarkers for specific subtypes of lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chee
- Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Sanchez de Miguel L, Neysari S, Jakob S, Petrimpol M, Butz N, Banfi A, Zaugg CE, Humar R, Battegay EJ. B2-kinin receptor plays a key role in B1-, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-, and vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated in vitro angiogenesis in the hypoxic mouse heart. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 80:106-13. [PMID: 18566101 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition reduces heart disease and vascular stiffness in hypertension and leads to kinin accumulation. In this study, we analysed the role and importance of two kinin receptor subtypes in angiogenesis during ACE inhibition in an in vitro model of angiogenesis of the mouse heart. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we analysed the angiogenic properties of bradykinin and enalapril on wild-type C57Bl/6 and B2 receptor(-/-) mouse heart under normoxia (21% O(2)) and hypoxia (1% O(2)) in vitro and the contribution of B1 and B2 kinin receptors to this effect. Bradykinin induced dose-dependent endothelial sprout formation in vitro in adult mouse heart only under hypoxia (1.7 fold, n = 6, P < 0.05). The B2 receptor mediated sprouting that was induced by bradykinin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF(164); n = 6, P < 0.05), but did not mediate sprouting that was induced by growth factors bFGF or PDGF-BB. Enalapril induced sprouting through both the B1 and B2 kinin receptors, but it required the presence of the B2 receptor in both scenarios and was dependent on BK synthesis. B1-receptor agonists induced sprout formation via the B1 receptor (2.5 fold, n = 6, P < 0.05), but it required the presence of the B2 receptor for them to do so. Both B2-receptor and B1-receptor agonist-induced angiogenesis required nitric oxide biosynthesis. CONCLUSION The kinin B2 receptor plays a crucial role in angiogenesis that is induced by different vasoactive molecules, namely bradykinin, ACE inhibitors, B1-stimulating kinin metabolites, and VEGF164 in an in vitro model of angiogenesis of mouse heart under hypoxia. Therapeutic treatment of hypertensive patients by using ACE inhibitors may potentially benefit the ischaemic heart through inducing B2-dependent heart neovascularization.
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Mulligan-Kehoe MJ, Simons M. Vascular disease in scleroderma: angiogenesis and vascular repair. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2008; 34:73-9; vi. [PMID: 18329533 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular abnormalities are one of the primary pathologic components of scleroderma. An early vascular indicator is aberrant nail fold capillaries that appear to undergo a switch from a pro- to anti-angiogenic process. Later in the disease process, ineffective and aberrant wound healing becomes apparent with frequent and widespread fibrosis. Pulmonary hypertension, largely due to the loss of pulmonary arterial vasculature, is frequently observed in late stages of the disease. The common theme of all these processes is abnormal regeneration of the vasculature and ongoing vascular losses due to defective maintenance of the vasculature. Although most aspects of vascular injury in scleroderma are poorly understood, certain biologic themes are beginning to emerge that are important in understanding scleroderma-related vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Mulligan-Kehoe
- Angiogenesis Research Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Borwell 530 E, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Chee J, Singh J, Naran A, Misso NL, Thompson PJ, Bhoola KD. Novel expression of kallikreins, kallikrein-related peptidases and kinin receptors in human pleural mesothelioma. Biol Chem 2008; 388:1235-42. [PMID: 17976017 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer of the pleura that is causally related to exposure to asbestos fibres. The kallikrein serine proteases [tissue (hK1) and plasma (hKB1) kallikreins, and kallikrein-related peptidases (KRP/hK2-15)] and the mitogenic kinin peptides may have a role in tumourigenesis. However, it is not known whether hK1, hKB1, KRP/hK proteins or kinin receptors are expressed in pleural mesotheliomas. The expression of hK1, hKB1, KRP/hK2, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, and kinin B(1) and B(2) receptors was assessed in archived selected normal tissue and mesothelioma tumour sections by immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescence labelling. hK1, hKB1 and kinin B(1) and B(2) receptors were expressed in malignant cells of the epithelioid and sarcomatoid components of biphasic mesothelioma tumour cells. The percentage of cells with cytoplasmic and nuclear labelling and the intensity of labelling were similar for hK1, hKB1 and the kinin receptors. KRP/hK2, 6, 8 and 9 were also expressed in the cytoplasm and nuclei of mesothelioma cells, whereas KRP/hK5 and hK7 showed predominantly cytoplasmic localisation. This is a first report, but further studies are required to determine whether these proteins have a functional role in the pathogenesis of mesothelioma and/or may be potential biomarkers for pleural mesothelioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Chee
- Lung Institute of Western Australia, Centre for Asthma, Allergy and Respiratory Research, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands WA, Australia
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Fernández IS, Ständker L, Forssmann WG, Giménez-Gallego G, Romero A. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic studies of human kallikrein 7, a serine protease of the multigene kallikrein family. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:669-72. [PMID: 17671364 PMCID: PMC2335154 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107031764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human kallikreins are a group of serine proteases of high sequence homology whose genes are grouped as a single cluster at chromosome 19. Although the physiological roles of kallikreins are generally still unknown, members of the kallikrein family have been clearly implicated in pathological situations such as cancer and psoriasis. Human kallikrein 7 (hK7) has been shown to be involved in pathological keratinization, psoriasis and ovarian cancer. In order to gain insight into the molecular structure of this protein, hK7 was crystallized after recombinant production in its folded and active form using a periplasmic secretion vector in Escherichia coli. The crystals belonged to the rhombohedral space group H32 and diffracted to 2.8 A. The phase problem was solved by molecular replacement using the mouse kallikrein-related protein neuropsin. Completion of the model and structure refinement are under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel S. Fernández
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas–CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ludger Ständker
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas–CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Hannover Medical School, Center of Pharmacology, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Guillermo Giménez-Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas–CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Romero
- Departamento de Ciencia de Proteínas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas–CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Mulligan-Kehoe MJ, Simons M. Current concepts in normal and defective angiogenesis: implications for systemic sclerosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007; 9:173-9. [PMID: 17502049 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-007-0013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular abnormalities are a major component of systemic sclerosis, but little is known about the events or mechanisms that initiate vascular injury and prevent its repair. Early stages of systemic sclerosis are characterized by an exaggerated angiogenic response later replaced by defective wound healing and fibrosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the angiogenic imbalance in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Mulligan-Kehoe
- Section of Cardiology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
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Madeddu P, Emanueli C, El-Dahr S. Mechanisms of Disease: the tissue kallikrein–kinin system in hypertension and vascular remodeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:208-21. [PMID: 17389890 DOI: 10.1038/ncpneph0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension often involves a rise in systemic vascular resistance (vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling) and impairment of salt excretion in the kidney (inappropriate salt retention despite elevated blood pressure). Experimental and clinical evidence implicate an imbalance between endogenous vasoconstrictor and vasodilator systems in the development and maintenance of hypertension. Kinins (bradykinin and lys-bradykinin) are endogenous vasodilators and natriuretic peptides known best for their ability to antagonize angiotensin-induced vasoconstriction and sodium retention. In humans, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, a potent class of antihypertensive agents, lower blood pressure at least partially by favoring enhanced kinin accumulation in plasma and target tissues. The beneficial actions of kinins in renal and cardiovascular disease are largely mediated by nitric oxide and prostaglandins, and extend beyond their recognized role in lowering blood pressure to include cardioprotection and nephroprotection. This article is a review of exciting, recently generated genetic, biochemical and clinical data from studies that have examined the importance of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system in protection from hypertension, vascular remodeling and renal fibrosis. Development of novel therapeutic approaches to bolster kinin activity in the vascular wall and in specific compartments in the kidney might be a highly effective strategy for the treatment of hypertension and its complications, including cardiac hypertrophy and renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Madeddu
- Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol University, Bristol, UK.
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Iyer AK, Khaled G, Fang J, Maeda H. Exploiting the enhanced permeability and retention effect for tumor targeting. Drug Discov Today 2007; 11:812-8. [PMID: 16935749 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1252] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Of the tumor targeting strategies, the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of macromolecules is a key mechanism for solid tumor targeting, and considered a gold standard for novel drug design. In this review, we discuss various endogenous factors that can positively impact the EPR effect in tumor tissues. Further, we discuss ways to augment the EPR effect by use of exogenous agents, as well as practical methods available in the clinical setting. Some innovative examples developed by researchers to combat cancer by the EPR mechanism are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Iyer
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Oncology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Ikeda 862-0082, Japan
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Xia CF, Yin H, Yao YY, Borlongan CV, Chao L, Chao J. Kallikrein protects against ischemic stroke by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation and promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:206-19. [PMID: 16454654 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke-induced neurological deficits and mortality are often associated with timing of treatment after the onset of stroke. We showed that local delivery of the human tissue kallikrein gene into rat brain immediately after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) exerts neuroprotection. In this study, we investigated the effect of systemic delivery of the kallikrein gene 8 hr after MCAO. Expression of recombinant human tissue kallikrein after gene transfer was identified in the ischemic brain region and blood vessels. Intravenous injection of adenovirus encoding the kallikrein gene significantly reduced neurological deficit scores 2 and 7 days after gene transfer. Kallikrein gene transfer also reduced ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced cerebral infarction and promoted the survival and migration of glial cells from penumbra to the ischemic core from 3 to 14 days after gene delivery. Kallikrein reduced I/R-induced apoptosis of neuronal cells and inhibited inflammatory cell accumulation in the ischemic brain. These effects were blocked by the kinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant. In addition, kallikrein enhanced angiogenesis and promoted neurogenesis after I/R and the stimulatory effect of kinin on neuronal cell proliferation was confirmed in primary cultured neuronal cells. The protective effects of kallikrein, through the kinin B2 receptor, were accompanied by increased cerebral nitric oxide and Bcl-2 levels, Akt phosphorylation, and reduced NAD(P)H oxidase activity, superoxide production, Bax levels, and caspase-3 activity. These results indicate that delayed systemic administration of the kallikrein gene after onset of stroke protects against ischemic brain injury by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation and by promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Fang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Xia CF, Yin H, Yao YY, Borlongan CV, Chao L, Chao J. Kallikrein Protects Against Ischemic Stroke by Inhibiting Apoptosis and Inflammation and Promoting Angiogenesis and Neurogenesis. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Hirschberg RM, Sachtleben M, Plendl J. Electron microscopy of cultured angiogenic endothelial cells. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 67:248-59. [PMID: 16170819 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a multi-step process involving migration, proliferation, and a specific spatial arrangement of endothelial cells. On the basis of a model of cultured microvascular endothelial cells derived from the bovine corpus luteum, all stages of in vitro angiogenesis as well as intussusceptive remodeling were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. To preserve the delicate three-dimensional cellular structures for electron microscopy, modified processing techniques for both transmission and scanning electron microscopy including micro-corrosion casting of cultured cells were established. The detailed results on morphological alterations and cellular interactions confirmed and complemented earlier studies of in vitro angiogenesis. Electron microscopy proved to be an efficient tool for detection and supervision of all major endothelial differentiation processes resembling in vivo conditions that are generally considered important in a realistic in vitro model of angiogenesis: occurrence of function-related cellular junctions; development of specific surface features indicating cellular polarity; production of extracellular matrix material; mechanisms leading to the formation of an internal lumen; specific spatial arrangement of endothelial cells within capillary-like networks; detachment of apoptotic cells as well as intussusception of specific cells within the course of vascular remodeling. The abundance of quickly available information provided by electron microscopic approaches may be useful for subsequent, e.g., biochemical or molecular, studies and thus delivers important controls for further experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Hirschberg
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Giusti B, Serratì S, Margheri F, Papucci L, Rossi L, Poggi F, Magi A, Del Rosso A, Cinelli M, Guiducci S, Kahaleh B, Matucci-Cerinic M, Abbate R, Fibbi G, Del Rosso M. The antiangiogenic tissue kallikrein pattern of endothelial cells in systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:3618-28. [PMID: 16255054 DOI: 10.1002/art.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Postnatal angiogenesis relies on a proper response of endothelial cells to angiogenic stimuli. In systemic sclerosis (SSc), endothelial cells are unresponsive to angiogenic factors. Since circumstantial and experimental evidence points to tissue kallikreins as powerful effectors of the angiogenic response, we undertook this study to investigate the kallikrein pattern of normal and SSc endothelial cells in order to identify differences that can account for defective angiogenesis. METHODS Expression of 14 tissue kallikreins was studied by a microarray approach, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and by Western blotting in endothelial cells isolated from the skin of clinically healthy subjects and SSc patients. Cell proliferation was quantified by direct cell counting. Invasion and capillary morphogenesis were evaluated in a Boyden chamber and in culture flasks layered with Matrigel. Cyclic nucleotide production was measured by enzyme immunoassay. MAP kinase and ERK activation were measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Endothelial cells from SSc patients showed poor expression of kallikreins 9, 11, and 12 compared with endothelial cells from normal subjects. Antibodies against the relevant kallikreins on normal endothelial cells revealed that while kallikreins 9, 11, and 12 induced cell growth, only kallikrein 12 regulated invasion and capillary morphogenesis. Buffering of kallikrein 12 with antibodies resulted in the acquisition of an SSc-like pattern by normal cells in in vitro angiogenesis. Reduction of cAMP and cGMP production and of ERK phosphorylation upon administration of antikallikrein antibodies revealed that the activity of kallikreins 9, 11, and 12 was mediated by kinins. CONCLUSION Reduction of tissue kallikreins 9, 11, and 12 may be relevant to reduced angiogenesis in SSc patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Blocking/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Count
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelial Cells/cytology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Male
- Microcirculation/cytology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Phosphorylation
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Scleroderma, Systemic/metabolism
- Scleroderma, Systemic/pathology
- Scleroderma, Systemic/physiopathology
- Skin/blood supply
- Tissue Kallikreins/genetics
- Tissue Kallikreins/immunology
- Tissue Kallikreins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Betti Giusti
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Viale G M Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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24
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The EPR Effect and Polymeric Drugs: A Paradigm Shift for Cancer Chemotherapy in the 21st Century. POLYMER THERAPEUTICS II 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/12_026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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25
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Del Rosso A, Distler O, Milia AF, Emanueli C, Ibba-Manneschi L, Guiducci S, Conforti ML, Generini S, Pignone A, Gay S, Madeddu P, Matucci-Cerinic M. Increased circulating levels of tissue kallikrein in systemic sclerosis correlate with microvascular involvement. Ann Rheum Dis 2005; 64:382-7. [PMID: 15708892 PMCID: PMC1755411 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.023382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In systemic sclerosis (SSc) the lack of an angiogenic response to hypoxia may be due to inappropriate synthesis of angiogenic and angiostatic factors. Tissue kallikrein (t-kallikrein), regulating the kallikrein-kinin system and acting on the microcirculation, is a potent angiogenic agent, and kallistatin is its natural inhibitor. OBJECTIVE To evaluate, in patients with SSc, t-kallikrein and kallistatin levels and their correlation with clinical features and measures of microvascular involvement. PATIENTS AND METHODS Serum levels of t-kallikrein and kallistatin (ELISA) and t-kallikrein skin expression (immunohistochemistry) were studied in patients with SSc, and evaluated for subset (dSSc or lSSc), clinical and immunological features, and microvascular involvement (ulcers, telangiectasias, nailfold videocapillaroscopy). RESULTS Circulating levels of t-kallikrein were higher in SSc than in controls (p<0.001). T-kallikrein did not differ between lSSc and dSSc, although it was higher in lSSc than in controls (p<0.001).T-kallikrein levels were higher in patients with early and active capillaroscopic pattern than in those with late pattern (p = 0.019 and 0.023). Patients with giant capillaries and capillary microhaemorrhages had higher t-kallikrein concentrations than patients with architectural derangement (p = 0.04). No differences in kallistatin levels were detected between patients with SSc and controls, or between lSSc and dSSc. In early SSc skin, the presence of t-kallikrein was found in endothelial and in perivascular inflammatory cells, while no staining in skin of advanced SSc was detected. CONCLUSION T-kallikrein levels are increased in patients with SSc, particularly in lSSc, and are associated with early and active capillaroscopic patterns. T-kallikrein may play a part in SSc microvascular changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Rosso
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Viale G Pieraccini, 18-50139 Florence, Italy
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26
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Hirschberg RM, Plendl J. Pododermal angiogenesis and angioadaptation in the bovine claw. Microsc Res Tech 2005; 66:145-55. [PMID: 15880503 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pododermal microvascularization has been suggested to play a key role in the physiological function of the bovine claw and in the pathogenesis of claw diseases. According to our working hypothesis, angiogenesis plays a central role in the physiological and pathological function of the claw and is induced by the pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As a basis for further research, the aim of the present study was to examine the mechanisms of pododermal angiogenesis in the functional adaptation of the microvasculature of the claw in histological serial sections and microcorrosion casts of healthy juvenile and adult claws as well as pathologically altered claws. Scanning electron microscopy of microcorrosion casts allowed assessment of the 3D aspect of pododermal angiogenesis and angioadaptation, and was substantiated by a concomitant examination of a 3D in vitro model of angiogenesis based on cultured bovine microvascular endothelial cells. Particularly in the juvenile, but also in the adult claw, sprouting and intussusceptive angioadaptation was demonstrated and resembled the respective stages of in vitro angiogenesis. Evidence of angiogenic processes was also detected in the pathologically altered claws displaying symptoms of subclinical laminitis and/or the digital dermatitis complex. The detected angioadaptation was visible expression of the increased metabolic demands of the claw caused by the growing body weight load. Angiogenic remodeling of the pododermal angioarchitecture was also the connectional reparative principle in pathologically altered claws. Related research perspectives for prophylaxis and therapy of claw diseases are discussed.
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27
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Yousef GM, Obiezu CV, Luo LY, Magklara A, Borgoño CA, Kishi T, Memari N, Michael LP, Sidiropoulos M, Kurlender L, Economopolou K, Kapadia C, Komatsu N, Petraki C, Elliott M, Scorilas A, Katsaros D, Levesque MA, Diamandis EP. Human Tissue Kallikreins: From Gene Structure to Function and Clinical Applications. Adv Clin Chem 2005; 39:11-79. [PMID: 16013667 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2423(04)39002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George M Yousef
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
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28
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Lienau J, Kaletta C, Teifel M, Naujoks K, Bhoola K, Plendl J. Morphology and transfection study of human microvascular endothelial cell angiogenesis: an in vitro three-dimensional model. Biol Chem 2005; 386:167-75. [PMID: 15843161 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2005.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular endothelial cells from human neonatal foreskin were grown in vitro until a three-dimensional network of capillary-like structures was formed. All stages of the angiogenic cascade could be observed in this in vitro model, including the formation of an internal lumen. The microscopy focused on morphology, formation of an internal lumen, role of the extracellular matrix, polarity of the cells, and the time-course of the angiogenic cascade. Bright-field microscopy revealed cells arranged circularly side by side and the internal lumen of capillary-like structures was verified by electron microscopy. Immunolabeling revealed a peritubular localization of collagen IV. Reporter gene expression after the formation of capillary-like structures was marginally higher than control expression, but clearly lower than the expression of cells at the stage of proliferation. Highest transfection efficiencies were obtained using vectors with the CMV promoter and the long fragment of the Ets-1 promoter. This is a first study of transfection efficiencies mapped for stages of in vitro angiogenesis. We describe here the morphological features of a long-term in vitro model of angiogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells that could be used for transfection studies, without the provision of an extracellular matrix substrate. The cells self-create their own extracellular matrix to proliferate and form a three-dimensional network of capillary-like structures with an internal lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Lienau
- Free University of Berlin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Koserstrasse 20, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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29
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Abstract
Human tissue kallikreins (hKs), which are encoded by the largest contiguous cluster of protease genes in the human genome, are secreted serine proteases with diverse expression patterns and physiological roles. Although primarily known for their clinical applicability as cancer biomarkers, recent evidence implicates hKs in many cancer-related processes, including cell-growth regulation, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. They have been shown to promote or inhibit neoplastic progression, acting individually and/or in cascades with other hKs and proteases, and might represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Borgoño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G1X5, Canada
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30
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Borgoño CA, Michael IP, Diamandis EP. Human Tissue Kallikreins: Physiologic Roles and Applications in Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.257.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Tissue kallikreins are members of the S1 family (clan SA) of trypsin-like serine proteases and are present in at least six mammalian orders. In humans, tissue kallikreins (hK) are encoded by 15 structurally similar, steroid hormone–regulated genes (KLK) that colocalize to chromosome 19q13.4, representing the largest cluster of contiguous protease genes in the entire genome. hKs are widely expressed in diverse tissues and implicated in a range of normal physiologic functions from the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance to tissue remodeling, prohormone processing, neural plasticity, and skin desquamation. Several lines of evidence suggest that hKs may be involved in cascade reactions and that cross-talk may exist with proteases of other catalytic classes. The proteolytic activity of hKs is regulated in several ways including zymogen activation, endogenous inhibitors, such as serpins, and via internal (auto)cleavage leading to inactivation. Dysregulated hK expression is associated with multiple diseases, primarily cancer. As a consequence, many kallikreins, in addition to hK3/PSA, have been identified as promising diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarkers for several cancer types, including ovarian, breast, and prostate. Recent data also suggest that hKs may be causally involved in carcinogenesis, particularly in tumor metastasis and invasion, and, thus, may represent attractive drug targets to consider for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A. Borgoño
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iacovos P. Michael
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P. Diamandis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Yu J, Liu B, Eramian D, Mierke D, Taylor L, Polgar P. K317, R319, and E320 within the proximal C-terminus of the bradykinin B2 receptor form a motif important for phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 but not connective tissue growth factor related signaling. J Cell Biochem 2004; 92:547-59. [PMID: 15156566 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that large domain exchanges between the bradykinin B2 (BKB2) and angiotensin II type 1a (AT1a) receptors can result in functional hybrids. However, when we proceeded to exchange the entire bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R) C-terminal tail with the AT1aR C-terminus, the hybrid, while continuing to bind BK and be endocytosed as wild type (WT) BKB2R, lost much of its ability to activate phosphatidylinositol (PI) turnover or the release of arachidonic acid (ARA). In this study, we constructed chimeric receptors within the proximal C-terminus between the BKB2R and AT1aR or bradykinin B1 receptor (BKB1R). The mutant and WT receptor cDNAs were stably transfected into Rat-1 cells. Also, point mutations were generated to evaluate the role of the individual residues within this region. These chimeric studies revealed that the proximal portion of the BKB2R C-tail is crucial for G protein-linked BKB2R functions. This region could not be swapped with the AT1aR to obtain a BK activated PI turnover or ARA release. Further studies demonstrated that the distal portion (325-330) of this region is exchangeable; however, the middle portion (317-324) is not. Small motif exchanges within this section identified the KSR and EVY motifs as crucial for G(alphaq), G(alphai) related signaling of the BKB2R. Point mutations then showed that the charged amino acids K317, R319, and E320 are the residues critical for linking to PI turnover and ARA release. However, these proximal chimeras showed normal receptor uptake. Interestingly, while apparently not activating G protein-linked signaling, the proximal tail AT1aR exchange mutant and the entire C-terminus exchange hybrid continued to cause a substantial bradykinin effected increase in connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA level, as WT BKB2R.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acid/metabolism
- Arginine/genetics
- Arginine/metabolism
- Connective Tissue Growth Factor
- Endocytosis
- Glutamic Acid/genetics
- Glutamic Acid/metabolism
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Immediate-Early Proteins/metabolism
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lysine/genetics
- Lysine/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis
- Phosphatidylinositols/metabolism
- Phospholipases A/metabolism
- Phospholipases A2
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Bradykinin B1/chemistry
- Receptor, Bradykinin B1/genetics
- Receptor, Bradykinin B1/metabolism
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2/chemistry
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2/genetics
- Receptor, Bradykinin B2/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Plendl J, Snyman C, Bhoola KD. Visualization of the sequential changes in immunolabelled tissue kininogenase which accompany follicular development and luteinization of angiogenic granulosa cells of the ovary. Int Immunopharmacol 2002; 2:1981-94. [PMID: 12489812 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5769(02)00165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The serine protease, tissue kininogenase (kallikrein), belongs to a unique family of enzymes that cleaves the decapeptide, kallidin, from the endogenous substrate kininogen. By analysis of genealogy patterns, rat KLK gene family members have been detected in ovarian luteinizing granulosa cells of both gonadotrophin-treated and nontreated control rats. Preliminary experiments suggest that when granulosa and endothelial cells are co-cultured, granulosa cells participate in the formation of vascular capillary tubes. This inherent capacity of granulosa cells to behave and respond like endothelial cells may be of importance in the aetiology of ovarian angiogenesis, which drives new blood vessel formation in the ovary. Recently, we demonstrated that tissue kininogenase showed intense immunolabelling in angiogenic endothelial cells isolated from bovine mature and regressing corpora lutea. Therefore, the question to answer was whether granulosa cells possess the same capacity to express the kallikrein-kinin cascade as do microvascular endothelial cells. As a first step, experiments were designed to determine the expression and visualization of tissue kininogenase (both active and pro-forms) as well as kininogen and kinin receptors in granulosa cells of different developmental stage and segments of the ovarian follicle by immunoperoxidase, fluorescent microscopy (confocal) and in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Plendl
- Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Institut für Veterinär-Anatomie, Freie Universität Berlin, Koserstr 20, D14195, Berlin, Germany
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Wolf WC, Evans DM, Chao L, Chao J. A synthetic tissue kallikrein inhibitor suppresses cancer cell invasiveness. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:1797-805. [PMID: 11696440 PMCID: PMC1867063 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteinases modulate the interaction of tumor cells with extracellular matrix components during extravasation and metastasis. The serine proteinase tissue kallikrein has been previously demonstrated in several human adenocarcinomas, and we presently report the localization of immunoreactive kallikrein and its mRNA in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In addition, a synthetic peptide-based inhibitor specific for tissue kallikrein (FE999024) was used in our studies to explore a possible role for kallikrein in cancer cell invasiveness. Matrigel invasion assays were performed with a human breast-cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, which expresses tissue kallikrein in culture. In the presence of FE999024 invasion through Matrigel was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner to a maximum of 39%. We also developed a novel ex vivo assay in which breast cancer cells are infused into the pulmonary circulation of artificially ventilated explanted rat lungs. At intervals up to 6 hours after infusion pulmonary invasion was quantified by bronchial alveolar lavage to recover human cancer cells from the airspace. Invading cells in the lung interstitium were also quantified after immunohistochemistry with a monoclonal antibody specific for human cytokeratin 18. The synthetic kallikrein inhibitor attenuates breast cancer cell invasion into the airspace by 33% when quantified by lavage recovery and up to 34% as quantified in the lung interstitium by cytokeratin 18 immunostaining. Our results indicate tissue kallikrein may participate in the invasion and metastasis of human adenocarcinomas. The newly developed explanted rodent lung assay should be useful for the study of cancer cells, neutrophils, or other extravasating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Wolf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Dedio J, Wiemer G, Rütten H, Dendorfer A, Schölkens BA, Müller-Esterl W, Wohlfart P. Tissue kallikrein KLK1 is expressed de novo in endothelial cells and mediates relaxation of human umbilical veins. Biol Chem 2001; 382:1483-90. [PMID: 11727832 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bradykinin released by the endothelium is thought to play an important local role in cardiovascular regulation. However, the molecular identity of endothelial proteases liberating bradykinin from its precursors remained unclear. Using RT-PCR and Southern blotting techniques we detected mRNA for tissue kallikrein (KLK1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and in bovine aortic endothelial cells. Protein expression was confirmed by precipitation of KLK1 from lysates of endothelial cells pre-labeled with [35S]-cysteine/methionine. Partial purification of tissue kallikrein from total endothelial cell extracts resulted in a protein triplet of about 50 kDa in Western blots using specific anti-KLK1 antibodies. The immunodetection of tissue kallikrein antigen in the fractions from ion exchange chromatography correlated with the presence of amidolytic tissue kallikrein activity. Stimulation of endothelial cells with angiotensin II (ANG-II), which recently has been shown to activate the vascular kinin system and to cause vasodilation, resulted in the release of bradykinin and kallidin. ANG-II-dependent relaxation of pre-constricted rings from human umbilical veins was abolished in the presence of a specific tissue kallikrein inhibitor. We conclude that endothelial cells de novo express significant amounts of tissue kallikrein, which likely serves in the local generation of vasoactive kinins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dedio
- Aventis Pharma Deutschland GmbH, Cardiovascular Disease Group, Frankfurt, Germany
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35
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Abstract
Kinins, the biological end-products of the kallikrein-kininogen system, influence many aspects of the cellular function. Interest in this peptidergic system has been renewed recently by the discovery that kinins exert cardiovascular protective effects and promote post-ischaemic recovery by stimulating vascular growth. Pharmacological and genetic studies indicate that induction of kallikrein and kinin receptors by ischaemia is functionally relevant in the natural host response that permits perfusion recovery and tissue healing. Furthermore, potentiation of the generation of kinins by continuous supply of tissue kallikrein promotes reparative angiogenesis through stimulation of the release of nitric oxide and prostaglandins. Strategies that activate kinin receptors might be applicable to the treatment of occlusive vascular disease, whereas kinin receptor antagonists could represent therapeutic reagents against pathological angiogenesis in cancer and chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Emanueli
- Cardiovascular Medicine and Gene Therapy Section, National Laboratory of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Osilo, Italy
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Bhoola K, Ramsaroop R, Plendl J, Cassim B, Dlamini Z, Naicker S. Kallikrein and kinin receptor expression in inflammation and cancer. Biol Chem 2001; 382:77-89. [PMID: 11258677 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The kallikrein family of serine proteases has been investigated in many inflammatory disorders as molecular mapping, gene characterisation and cloning of kinin receptor genes have unfolded experimentally. In the molecular events of the inflammatory response the kallikrein cascade plays a significant role, since it is considered to initiate and maintain systemic inflammatory responses and immune-modulated disorders. A primary event is the chemotactic attraction of neutrophils which deliver the kallikrein-kinin cascade to sites of cellular injury and carcinogenic transformation of cells. The present study establishes the casual involvement of the kallikrein cascade in infection, inflammatory joint disease, acute transplant rejection, renal glomerular diseases, angiogenesis and carcinoma. We provide strong evidence for new or enhanced expression of kinin B1 receptors in inflammation, and additionally the induction of kallikrein genes in angiogenesis and carcinoma. The results provide insights into possible roles of kallikrein inhibitors and kinin receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bhoola
- Faculty of Health, Technikon Natal, Durban, South Africa
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