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Rhodaneses Enzyme Addition Could Reduce Cyanide Concentration and Enhance Fiber Digestibility via In Vitro Fermentation Study. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of cyanide-containing feed (HCN) is restricted because it causes prussic acid poisoning in animals. The objective of this study was to see how adding rhodanese enzyme to an HCN-containing diet affected gas dynamics, in vitro ruminal fermentation, HCN concentration reduction, and nutrient digestibility. A 3 × 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design was used for the experiment. Factor A was the three levels of potassium cyanide (KCN) at 300, 450, and 600 ppm. Factor B was the four doses of rhodanese enzyme at 0, 0.65, 1, and 1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN, respectively. At 96 h of incubation, gas production from an insoluble fraction (b), potential extent (omit gas) (a + b), and cumulative gas were similar between KCN additions of 300 to 450 ppm (p > 0.05), whereas increasing KCN to 600 ppm significantly decreased those kinetics of gas (p < 0.05). Supplementation of rhodanese enzymes at 1.0 to 1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN enhanced cumulative gas when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Increasing the dose of rhodanese up to 1.0 mg/104 ppm KCN significantly increased the rate of ruminal HCN degradation efficiency (DE) by 70% (p < 0.05). However, no further between the two factors was detected on ruminal fermentation and in vitro digestibility (p > 0.05). The concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) increased with increasing doses of KCN (p < 0.05), but remained unchanged with varying levels of rhodanese enzymes (p > 0.05). The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was suppressed when increasing doses of KCH were administered at 600 ppm, whereas supplementation of rhodanese enzymes at 1.0–1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN enhanced IVDMD (p < 0.05). Increasing doses of KCN affected reduced total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration, which was lowest when 600 ppm was added (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, the concentration of TVFAs increased when rhodanese enzymes were included by 1.0–1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN (p < 0.05). Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of rhodaneses enzyme at 1.0–1.35 mg/104 ppm KCN could enhance cumulative gas, digestibility, and TVAF, as well as lowering ruminal HCN concentration.
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Meza AN, Cambui CCN, Moreno ACR, Fessel MR, Balan A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis CysA2 is a dual sulfurtransferase with activity against thiosulfate and 3-mercaptopyruvate and interacts with mammalian cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16791. [PMID: 31727914 PMCID: PMC6856128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53069-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide is a toxic compound that is converted to the non-toxic thiocyanate by a rhodanese enzyme. Rhodaneses belong to the family of transferases (sulfurtransferases), which are largely studied. The sulfur donor defines the subfamily of these enzymes as thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferases or rhodaneses (TSTs) or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransfeases (MSTs). In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, the gene Rv0815c encodes the protein CysA2, a putative uncharacterized thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase that belongs to the essential sulfur assimilation pathway in the bacillus and is secreted during infection. In this work, we characterized the functional and structural properties of CysA2 and its kinetic parameters. The recombinant CysA2 is a α/β protein with two rhodanese-like domains that maintains the functional motifs and a catalytic cysteine. Sulfurtransferase activity was determined using thiosulfate and 3-mercaptopyruvate as sulfur donors. The assays showed Km values of 2.89 mM and 7.02 mM for thiosulfate and 3-mercaptopyruvate, respectively, indicating the protein has dual activity as TST and MST. Immunological assays revealed that CysA2 interacted with pulmonary cells, and it was capable to activate macrophages and dendritic cells, indicating the stimulation of the immune response, which is important for its use as an antigen for vaccine development and immunodiagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Meza
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Applied Structural Biology Laboratory, LBEA, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Institute of Biology, Post-graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - C C N Cambui
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Applied Structural Biology Laboratory, LBEA, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A C R Moreno
- Department of Microbiology, Vaccine Development Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M R Fessel
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Applied Structural Biology Laboratory, LBEA, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A Balan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Applied Structural Biology Laboratory, LBEA, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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3
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Bradley JM, Marritt SJ, Kihlken MA, Haynes K, Hemmings AM, Berks BC, Cheesman MR, Butt JN. Redox and chemical activities of the hemes in the sulfur oxidation pathway enzyme SoxAX. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:40350-9. [PMID: 23060437 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.396192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SoxAX enzymes initiate microbial oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. Their catalytic mechanism is unknown. RESULTS Cyanide displaces the CysS(-) ligand to the active site heme following reduction by S(2)O(4)(2-) but not Eu(II). CONCLUSION An active site heme ligand becomes labile on exposure to substrate analogs. SIGNIFICANCE Elucidation of SoxAX mechanism is necessary to understand a widespread pathway for sulfur compound oxidation. SoxAX enzymes couple disulfide bond formation to the reduction of cytochrome c in the first step of the phylogenetically widespread Sox microbial sulfur oxidation pathway. Rhodovulum sulfidophilum SoxAX contains three hemes. An electrochemical cell compatible with magnetic circular dichroism at near infrared wavelengths has been developed to resolve redox and chemical properties of the SoxAX hemes. In combination with potentiometric titrations monitored by electronic absorbance and EPR, this method defines midpoint potentials (E(m)) at pH 7.0 of approximately +210, -340, and -400 mV for the His/Met, His/Cys(-), and active site His/CysS(-)-ligated heme, respectively. Exposing SoxAX to S(2)O(4)(2-), a substrate analog with E(m) ~-450 mV, but not Eu(II) complexed with diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (E(m) ~-1140 mV), allows cyanide to displace the cysteine persulfide (CysS(-)) ligand to the active site heme. This provides the first evidence for the dissociation of CysS(-) that has been proposed as a key event in SoxAX catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Bradley
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, School of Chemistry and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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4
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Remelli W, Guerrieri N, Klodmann J, Papenbrock J, Pagani S, Forlani F. Involvement of the Azotobacter vinelandii rhodanese-like protein RhdA in the glutathione regeneration pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45193. [PMID: 23049775 PMCID: PMC3458005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic features of the Azotobacter vinelandii RhdA mutant MV474 (in which the rhdA gene was deleted) indicated that defects in antioxidant systems in this organism were related to the expression of the tandem-domain rhodanese RhdA. In this work, further insights on the effects of the oxidative imbalance generated by the absence of RhdA (e.g. increased levels of lipid hydroperoxides) are provided. Starting from the evidence that glutathione was depleted in MV474, and using both in silico and in vitro approaches, here we studied the interaction of wild-type RhdA and Cys230Ala site-directed RhdA mutant with glutathione species. We found that RhdA was able to bind in vitro reduced glutathione (GSH) and that RhdA-Cys230 residue was mandatory for the complex formation. RhdA catalyzed glutathione-disulfide formation in the presence of a system generating the glutathione thiyl radical (GS•, an oxidized form of GSH), thereby facilitating GSH regeneration. This reaction was negligible when the Cys230Ala RhdA mutant was used. The efficiency of RhdA as catalyst in GS•-scavenging activity is discussed on the basis of the measured parameters of both interaction with glutathione species and kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Remelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guerrieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Jennifer Klodmann
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Papenbrock
- Institut für Botanik, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silvia Pagani
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Forlani
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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5
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Hänzelmann P, Dahl JU, Kuper J, Urban A, Müller-Theissen U, Leimkühler S, Schindelin H. Crystal structure of YnjE from Escherichia coli, a sulfurtransferase with three rhodanese domains. Protein Sci 2010; 18:2480-91. [PMID: 19798741 DOI: 10.1002/pro.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rhodaneses/sulfurtransferases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfane sulfur from a donor molecule to a thiophilic acceptor via an active site cysteine that is modified to a persulfide during the reaction. Here, we present the first crystal structure of a triple-domain rhodanese-like protein, namely YnjE from Escherichia coli, in two states where its active site cysteine is either unmodified or present as a persulfide. Compared to well-characterized tandem domain rhodaneses, which are composed of one inactive and one active domain, YnjE contains an extra N-terminal inactive rhodanese-like domain. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that YnjE triple-domain homologs can be found in a variety of other gamma-proteobacteria, in addition, some single-, tandem-, four and even six-domain variants exist. All YnjE rhodaneses are characterized by a highly conserved active site loop (CGTGWR) and evolved independently from other rhodaneses, thus forming their own subfamily. On the basis of structural comparisons with other rhodaneses and kinetic studies, YnjE, which is more similar to thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferases than to 3-mercaptopyruvate:cyanide sulfurtransferases, has a different substrate specificity that depends not only on the composition of the active site loop with the catalytic cysteine at the first position but also on the surrounding residues. In vitro YnjE can be efficiently persulfurated by the cysteine desulfurase IscS. The catalytic site is located within an elongated cleft, formed by the central and C-terminal domain and is lined by bulky hydrophobic residues with the catalytic active cysteine largely shielded from the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Hänzelmann
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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6
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Mobilization of sulfane sulfur from cysteine desulfurases to the Azotobacter vinelandii sulfurtransferase RhdA. Amino Acids 2010; 41:141-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Shang SM, Ren CX, Wang X, Lu LD, Yang XJ. Bis[2,6-bis-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine]manganese(II) bis-(per-chlorate) acetonitrile solvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:m1023-4. [PMID: 21577391 PMCID: PMC2970088 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809029195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the cation of the title compound, [Mn(C11H13N5)2](ClO4)2·CH3CN, the metal atom is located on a twofold rotation axis and is six-coordinated by six N atoms from two different 2,6-bis(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine (bip) ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry. The O atoms of the perchlorate anions are disordered with occupancies in the ratio 0.593 (10):0.407 (10). In the crystal, molecules are stabilized by two N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains along the a axis, which are further interconnected by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 3.50 (1) Å] into a three-dimensional network.
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8
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Ren CX, Li SY, Yin ZZ, Lu X, Ding YQ. [2,6-Bis(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine]dichloridomanganese(II). Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:m572-3. [PMID: 21583801 PMCID: PMC2977615 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809014354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, [MnCl2(C11H13N5)], the MnII ion is five-coordinated in a distorted square-pyramidal geometry, with three N atoms from the neutral tridentate 2,6-bis(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine ligand and one chloride ion forming the basal plane and the other chloride ion in the apical position. Both dihydroimidazole rings adopt envelope conformations. In the crystal structure, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by N—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds.
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9
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The lack of rhodanese RhdA affects the sensitivity of Azotobacter vinelandii to oxidative events. Biochem J 2009; 418:135-43. [PMID: 18925874 DOI: 10.1042/bj20081218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rhdA gene of Azotobacter vinelandii codes for RhdA, a rhodanese-domain protein with an active-site loop structure which has not currently been found in proteins of the rhodanese-homology superfamily. Considering the lack of information on the functional role of the ubiquitous rhodaneses, in the present study we examined the in vivo functions of RhdA by using an A. vinelandii mutant strain (MV474), in which the rhdA gene was disrupted by deletion. Preliminary phenotypic characterization of the rhdA mutant suggested that RhdA could exert protection over Fe-S enzymes, which are easy targets for oxidative damage. To highlight the role of RhdA in preserving sensitive Fe-S clusters, in the present study we analysed the defects of the rhdA-null strain by exploiting growth conditions which resulted in enhancing the catalytic deficiency of enzymes with vulnerable Fe-S clusters. We found that a lack of RhdA impaired A. vinelandii growth in the presence of gluconate, a carbon source that activates the Entner-Doudoroff pathway in which the first enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase, employs a 4Fe-4S cluster as an active-site catalyst. By combining proteomics, enzymatic profiles and model systems to generate oxidative stress, evidence is provided that to rescue the effects of a lack of RhdA, A. vinelandii needed to activate defensive activities against oxidative damage. The possible functionality of RhdA as a redox switch which helps A. vinelandii in maintaining the cellular redox balance was investigated by using an in vitro model system that demonstrated reversible chemical modifications in the highly reactive RhdA Cys(230) thiol.
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10
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Giuliani MC, Tron P, Leroy G, Aubert C, Tauc P, Giudici-Orticoni MT. A new sulfurtransferase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus. FEBS J 2007; 274:4572-87. [PMID: 17697123 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur is a functionally important element of living matter. Rhodanese is involved in the enzymatic production of the sulfane sulfur which has been suggested as the biological relevant active sulfur species. Rhodanese domains are ubiquitous structural modules occurring in the three major evolutionary phyla. We characterized a new single-domain rhodanese with a thiosulfate : cyanide transferase activity, Aq-477. Aq-477 can also use tetrathionate and polysulfide. Thermoactivity and thermostability studies show that in solution Aquifex sulfurtranferase exists in equilibrium between monomers, dimers and tetramers, shifting to the tetrameric state in the presence of substrate. We show that oligomerization is important for thermostability and thermoactivity. This is the first characterization of a sulfurtransferase from a hyperthermophilic bacterium, which moreover presents a tetrameric organization. Oligomeric Aq-477 may have been selected in hyperthermophiles because subunit association provides extra stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Cécile Giuliani
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Ingénierie des Protéines (BIP), IBSM-CNRS, Marseille, France
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11
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Cereda A, Carpen A, Picariello G, Iriti M, Faoro F, Ferranti P, Pagani S. Effects of the deficiency of the rhodanese-like protein RhdA inAzotobacter vinelandii. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:1625-30. [PMID: 17383639 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In Azotobacter vinelandii the rhdA gene codes for a protein (RhdA) of the rhodanese-homology superfamily. By combining proteomics, enzymic profiles and ultrastructural observations, the phenotype of an A. vinelandii rhdA mutant was analyzed. We found that the A. vinelandii rhdA mutant, and not the wild-type strain, accumulated polyhydroxybutyrate. RhdA deficiency enhanced the expression of enzymes of the polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic operon, and affected the activity of specific tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. The effect was dramatic on aconitase, in spite of comparable expression of aconitase polypeptides in both strains. By using a model system, we found that RhdA triggered protection from oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cereda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, Milano, Italy
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12
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Cavalca L, Guerrieri N, Colombo M, Pagani S, Andreoni V. Enzymatic and genetic profiles in environmental strains grown on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2006; 91:315-25. [PMID: 17109059 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-006-9119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The possible generation of oxidative stress induced by aromatic hydrocarbon degradation suggests that ancillary enzyme activities could facilitate the utilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as sole carbon source. To investigate the metabolic profiles of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading strains of Sphingobium chlorophenolicum, Rhodococcus aetherovorans, Rhodococcus opacus and Mycobacterium smegmatis, the determination of the activity of putative detoxifying enzymes (rhodanese-like and glutathione S-transferase proteins) was combined with genetic analyses. All the studied strains were able to utilize phenanthrene or naphthalene. Glutathione S-transferase activity was found in S. chlorophenolicum strains grown on phenanthrene and it was related to the presence of the bphK gene, since modulation of glutathione S-transferase activity by phenanthrene paralleled the induction of glutathione S-transferase transcript in the S. chlorophenolicum strains. No glutathione S-transferase activity was detectable in R. aetherovorans, R. opacus and in M. smegmatis strains. All strains showed 3-mercaptopyruvate:cyanide sulfurtransferase activity. A rhodanese-like SseA protein was immunodetected in R. aetherovorans, R. opacus and in M. smegmatis strains, where increase of 3-mercaptopyruvate:cyanide sulfurtransferase activity was significantly induced by growth on phenanthrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Cavalca
- Dipartimento di Science e Tecnologie, Alimentari e Microbiologiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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13
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Bisacchi D, Zhou Y, Rosen BP, Mukhopadhyay R, Bordo D. Crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of LmACR2, an arsenate/antimonate reductase from Leishmania major. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:976-9. [PMID: 17012788 PMCID: PMC2225179 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106033537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is present in the biosphere owing either to the presence of pesticides and herbicides used in agricultural and industrial activities or to leaching from geological formations. The health effects of prolonged exposure to arsenic can be devastating and may lead to various forms of cancer. Antimony(V), which is chemically very similar to arsenic, is used instead in the treatment of leishmaniasis, an infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania sp.; the reduction of pentavalent antimony contained in the drug Pentostam to the active trivalent form arises from the presence in the Leishmania genome of a gene, LmACR2, coding for the protein LmACR2 (14.5 kDa, 127 amino acids) that displays weak but significant sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of Cdc25 phosphatase and to rhodanese enzymes. For structural characterization, LmACR2 was overexpressed, purified to homogeneity and crystallized in a trigonal space group (P321 or P3(1)21/P3(2)21). The protein crystallized in two distinct trigonal crystal forms, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 111.0, c = 86.1 A and a = b = 111.0, c = 175.6 A, respectively. At a synchrotron beamline, the diffraction pattern extended to a resolution limit of 1.99 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bisacchi
- Bioinformatics and Structural Proteomics, IST–National Cancer Research Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Yao Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Barry P. Rosen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Rita Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Domenico Bordo
- Bioinformatics and Structural Proteomics, IST–National Cancer Research Institute, Genova, Italy
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14
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Cipollone R, Ascenzi P, Frangipani E, Visca P. Cyanide detoxification by recombinant bacterial rhodanese. CHEMOSPHERE 2006; 63:942-9. [PMID: 16307778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 09/01/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide is a major environmental pollutant of the chemical and metallurgical industries. Although extremely toxic, cyanide can enzymatically be converted to the less toxic thiocyanate by rhodaneses (thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferases, EC 2.8.1.1). We engineered a genetic system to express high levels of recombinant Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhodanese (r-RhdA) in Escherichia coli, and used this organism to test the role of r-RhdA in cyanide detoxification. Inducible expression of the rhdA gene under the control of the hybrid T7-lacO promoter yielded active r-RhdA over a 4-h period, though r-RhdA-expressing E. coli showed decreased viability starting from 1 h post-induction. At this time, Western blot analysis and enzymatic assay showed r-RhdA partition between the cytoplasm (95%) and the periplasm (5%). The accessibility of thiosulfate to r-RhdA was a limiting step for the sulfur transfer reaction in the cellular system, but cyanide conversion to thiocyanate could be increased upon permeabilization of the bacterial membrane. Specific r-RhdA activity was higher in the whole-cell assay than in the in vitro assay with pure enzyme (2154 vs. 816 micromol min-1 mg-1 r-RhdA, respectively), likely reflecting enzyme stability. The r-RhdA-dependent cyanide detoxification resulted in increased resistance of r-RhdA overexpressing E. coli to 5 mM cyanide. Bacterial survival was paralleled by release of thiocyanate into the medium. Our results indicate that cyanide detoxification by engineered E. coli cells is feasible under laboratory conditions, and suggest that microbial rhodaneses may contribute to cyanide transformation in natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cipollone
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
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15
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Forlani F, Cereda A, Freuer A, Nimtz M, Leimkühler S, Pagani S. The cysteine-desulfurase IscS promotes the production of the rhodanese RhdA in the persulfurated form. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:6786-90. [PMID: 16310786 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
After heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, the Azotobacter vinelandii rhodanese RhdA is purified in a persulfurated form (RhdA-SSH). We identified l-cysteine as the most effective sulfur source in producing RhdA-SSH. An E. coli soluble extract was required for in vitro persulfuration of RhdA, and the addition of pyridoxal-5'-phosphate increased RhdA-SSH production, indicating a likely involvement of a cysteine desulfurase. We were able to show the formation of a covalent complex between IscS and RhdA. By combining a time-course fluorescence assay and mass spectrometry analysis, we demonstrated the transfer of sulfur from E. coli IscS to RhdA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Forlani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Facoltà di Agraria, Università di Milano, Via Celoria 2, Milano 20133, Italy
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16
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Cipollone R, Bigotti MG, Frangipani E, Ascenzi P, Visca P. Characterization of a rhodanese from the cyanogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:85-90. [PMID: 15522204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the rRNA group I type species of genus Pseudomonas, is a Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium responsible for serious infection in humans. P. aeruginosa pathogenicity has been associated with the production of several virulence factors, including cyanide. Here, the biochemical characterization of recombinant P. aeruginosa rhodanese (Pa RhdA), catalyzing the sulfur transfer from thiosulfate to a thiophilic acceptor, e.g., cyanide, is reported. Sequence homology analysis of Pa RhdA predicts the sulfur-transfer reaction to occur through persulfuration of the conserved catalytic Cys230 residue. Accordingly, the titration of active Pa RhdA with cyanide indicates the presence of one extra sulfur bound to the Cys230 Sgamma atom per active enzyme molecule. Values of K(m) for thiosulfate binding to Pa RhdA are 1.0 and 7.4mM at pH 7.3 and 8.6, respectively, and 25 degrees C. However, the value of K(m) for cyanide binding to Pa RhdA (=14 mM, at 25 degrees C) and the value of V(max) (=750 micromol min(-1)mg(-1), at 25 degrees C) for the Pa RhdA-catalyzed sulfur-transfer reaction are essentially pH- and substrate-independent. Therefore, the thiosulfate-dependent Pa RhdA persulfuration is favored at pH 7.3 (i.e., the cytosolic pH of the bacterial cell) rather than pH 8.6 (i.e., the standard pH for rhodanese activity assay). Within this pH range, conformational change(s) occur at the Pa RhdA active site during the catalytic cycle. As a whole, rhodanese may participate in multiple detoxification mechanisms protecting P. aeruginosa from endogenous and environmental cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cipollone
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
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Tamura T, Yamamoto S, Takahata M, Sakaguchi H, Tanaka H, Stadtman TC, Inagaki K. Selenophosphate synthetase genes from lung adenocarcinoma cells: Sps1 for recycling L-selenocysteine and Sps2 for selenite assimilation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:16162-7. [PMID: 15534230 PMCID: PMC528966 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0406313101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A labile selenium donor compound monoselenophosphate is synthesized from selenide and ATP by selenophosphate synthetase (SPS). In the present study, Sps1 and Sps2 were cloned from a cDNA library prepared from human lung adenocarcinoma cells (NCIH441). The human lung Sps1 has been cloned as an ORF of 1,179 bp, identical in sequence to that of the recently revised human liver Sps1. The in-frame TGA codon of the lung Sps2 was genetically altered to TGT (Cys) to obtain the Sps2Cys gene. Expression of the recombinant plasmids containing Sps1 or Sps2Cys was highly toxic to Escherichia coli host cells grown aerobically. Accordingly, the human lung Sps homologs were characterized by an in vivo complementation assay using a selD mutant strain. An added selenium source and a low salt concentration (0.1-0.25% NaCl) in the medium were required for reproducible and sensitive in vivo complementation. Sps2Cys effectively complemented the selD mutant, and the resulting formate dehydrogenase H activity was as high as that of WT E. coli MC4100. In contrast, only a weak complementation of the selD mutant by the Sps1 gene was observed when cells were grown in selenite media. Better complementation with added l-selenocysteine suggested involvement of a selenocysteine lyase for mobilization of selenium. Based on this apparent substrate specificity of the Sps1 and Sps2 gene products we suggest that the Sps1-encoded enzyme depends on a selenium salvage system that recycles l-selenocysteine, whereas the Sps2 enzyme can function with a selenite assimilation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tamura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Cereda A, Forlani F, Iametti S, Bernhardt R, Ferranti P, Picariello G, Pagani S, Bonomi F. Molecular Recognition between Azotobacter vinelandii Rhodanese and a Sulfur Acceptor Protein. Biol Chem 2003; 384:1473-81. [PMID: 14669990 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The occurrence of rhodanese-like proteins in the major
evolutionary phyla, together with the observed
abundance of these proteins also within the same
genome, suggests that their function cannot be limited
to cyanide scavenging. The aim of the present
study was to investigate whether Azotobacter vinelandii
RhdA, an enzyme possessing unique biochemical
and structural features with respect to other
members of rhodanese homology superfamily, could
recognize a suitable protein as a potential acceptor of
the sulfane sulfur held on its catalytic Cys residue.
Both the potential sulfur-delivery RhdA-S and the sulfur-
deprived RhdA were found to interact with either
holo- or apo-adrenodoxin, the 'substrate' protein
used in this work. Interaction of RhdA-S with apoadrenodoxin
led to mobilization of RhdA-S sulfane
sulfur. Under appropriate conditions, the sulfur released
from RhdA-S was productively used for 2Fe
2S cluster reconstitution to yield holo-adrenodoxin
from apo-adrenodoxin in the absence of any other
sulfur source. A comparison of the reactivity of RhdA-S
with protein and non-protein thiols allowed also
some insights into the accessibility of the sulfane sulfur
carried by RhdA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cereda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari Agroalimentari, Università di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Abstract
Rhodanese is a sulfurtransferase which in vitro catalyzes the transfer of a sulfane sulfur from thiosulfate to cyanide. Ionic interactions of the prokaryotic rhodanese-like protein from Azotobacter vinelandii were studied by fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. The catalytic Cys230 residue of the enzyme was selectively labelled using [15N]Cys, and changes in 1H and 15N NMR resonances on addition of different ions were monitored. The results clearly indicate that the sulfur transfer is due to a specific reaction of the persulfurated Cys residue with a sulfur acceptor such as cyanide and not to the presence of the anions. Moreover, the 1H-NMR spectrum of a defined spectral region is indicative of the status of the enzyme and can be used to directly monitor sulfur loading even at low concentrations. Selenium loading by the addition of selenodiglutathione was monitored by fluorescence and NMR spectroscopy. It was found to involve a specific interaction between the selenodiglutathione and the catalytic cysteine residue of the enzyme. These results indicate that rhodanese-like proteins may function in the delivery of reactive selenium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Melino
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy
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Spallarossa A, Forlani F, Pagani S, Salvati L, Visca P, Ascenzi P, Bolognesi M, Bordo D. Inhibition of Azotobacter vinelandii rhodanese by NO-donors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 306:1002-7. [PMID: 12821142 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a versatile regulatory molecule that affects enzymatic activity through chemical modification of reactive amino acid residues (e.g., Cys and Tyr) and by binding to metal centers. In the present study, the inhibitory effect of the NO-donors S-nitroso-glutathione (GSNO), (+/-)E-4-ethyl-2-[E-hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexenamide (NOR-3), and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) on the catalytic activity of Azotobacter vinelandii rhodanese (RhdA) has been investigated. GSNO, NOR-3, and SNAP inhibit RhdA sulfurtransferase activity in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. The absorption spectrum of the NOR-3-treated RhdA displays a maximum at 335 nm, indicating NO-mediated S-nitrosylation. RhdA inhibition by NO-donors correlates with S-nitrosothiol formation. The reducing agent dithiothreitol prevents RhdA inhibition by NO-donors, fully restores the catalytic activity, and reverts the NOR-3-induced RhdA absorption spectrum to that of the active enzyme. These results indicate that RhdA inhibition occurs via NO-mediated S-nitrosylation of the unique Cys230 catalytic residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spallarossa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Via Benedetto XV 3, I-16132 Genoa, Italy
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Spallarossa A, Donahue JL, Larson TJ, Bolognesi M, Bordo D. Escherichia coli GlpE is a prototype sulfurtransferase for the single-domain rhodanese homology superfamily. Structure 2001; 9:1117-25. [PMID: 11709175 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(01)00666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhodanese domains are structural modules occurring in the three major evolutionary phyla. They are found as single-domain proteins, as tandemly repeated modules in which the C-terminal domain only bears the properly structured active site, or as members of multidomain proteins. Although in vitro assays show sulfurtransferase or phosphatase activity associated with rhodanese or rhodanese-like domains, specific biological roles for most members of this homology superfamily have not been established. RESULTS Eight ORFs coding for proteins consisting of (or containing) a rhodanese domain bearing the potentially catalytic Cys have been identified in the Escherichia coli K-12 genome. One of these codes for the 12-kDa protein GlpE, a member of the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (glp) regulon. The crystal structure of GlpE, reported here at 1.06 A resolution, displays alpha/beta topology based on five beta strands and five alpha helices. The GlpE catalytic Cys residue is persulfurated and enclosed in a structurally conserved 5-residue loop in a region of positive electrostatic field. CONCLUSIONS Relative to the two-domain rhodanese enzymes of known three-dimensional structure, GlpE displays substantial shortening of loops connecting alpha helices and beta sheets, resulting in radical conformational changes surrounding the active site. As a consequence, GlpE is structurally more similar to Cdc25 phosphatases than to bovine or Azotobacter vinelandii rhodaneses. Sequence searches through completed genomes indicate that GlpE can be considered to be the prototype structure for the ubiquitous single-domain rhodanese module.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Spallarossa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genova, Italy
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