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Zheng X, Chen X, Hu X, Chen L, Mi N, Zhong Q, Wang L, Lin C, Chen Y, Lai F, Hu X, Zhang Y. Downregulated BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling causes emphysema via dysfunction of alveolar type II epithelial cells. J Pathol 2024; 262:320-333. [PMID: 38108121 DOI: 10.1002/path.6234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-Smad1/5/8 signaling plays a crucial regulatory role in lung development and adult lung homeostasis. However, it remains elusive whether BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of emphysema. In this study, we downregulated BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling by overexpressing its antagonist Noggin in adult mouse alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT2s), resulting in an emphysematous phenotype mimicking the typical pathological features of human emphysema, including distal airspace enlargement, pulmonary inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and impaired lung function. Dysregulation of BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling in AT2s leads to inflammatory destruction dominated by macrophage infiltration, associated with reduced secretion of surfactant proteins and inhibition of AT2 proliferation and differentiation. Reactivation of BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling by genetics or chemotherapy significantly attenuated the morphology and pathophysiology of emphysema and improved the lung function in Noggin-overexpressing lungs. We also found that BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling was downregulated in cigarette smoke-induced emphysema, and that enhancing its activity in AT2s prevented or even reversed emphysema in the mouse model. Our data suggest that BMP-Smad1/5/8 signaling, located at the top of the signaling cascade that regulates lung homeostasis, represents a key molecular regulator of alveolar stem cell secretory and regenerative function, and could serve as a potential target for future prevention and treatment of pulmonary emphysema. © 2023 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Lidan Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Nana Mi
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Linfang Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Chensheng Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Fancai Lai
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neural Biology & Southern Center for Biomedical Research, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
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Giriyappagoudar M, Vastrad B, Horakeri R, Vastrad C. Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3109. [PMID: 38137330 PMCID: PMC10740779 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this investigation, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of IPF and related key genes, so as to investigate the potential molecular pathogenesis of IPF and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Next-generation sequencing dataset GSE213001 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IPF and normal control group. The DEGs between IPF and normal control group were screened with the DESeq2 package of R language. The Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the g:Profiler, the function and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Integrated Interactions Database (IID) database. Cytoscape with Network Analyzer was used to identify the hub genes. miRNet and NetworkAnalyst databaseswereused to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and small drug molecules. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to validate the hub genes. A total of 958 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, GPCR ligand binding, microtubule-based process, and defective GALNT3 causes HFTC. In combination with the results of the PPI network, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, hub genes including LRRK2, BMI1, EBP, MNDA, KBTBD7, KRT15, OTX1, TEKT4, SPAG8, and EFHC2 were selected. Cyclothiazide and rotigotinethe are predicted small drug molecules for IPF treatment. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of IPF, and provide a novel strategy for clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muttanagouda Giriyappagoudar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Hubballi 580022, Karnataka, India;
| | - Basavaraj Vastrad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, K.L.E. Socitey’s College of Pharmacy, Gadag 582101, Karnataka, India;
| | - Rajeshwari Horakeri
- Department of Computer Science, Govt First Grade College, Hubballi 580032, Karnataka, India;
| | - Chanabasayya Vastrad
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Chanabasava Nilaya, Bharthinagar, Dharwad 580001, Karnataka, India
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3
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Kim CW, Yoon Y, Kim MY, Baik SK, Ryu H, Park IH, Eom YW. 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate Reduces Activation of Hepatic Stellate Cells by Inhibiting the Hippo Pathway Transcriptional Coactivator YAP. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010091. [PMID: 36611885 PMCID: PMC9818550 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protein kinase C (PKC) regulates various biological activities, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, tissue remodeling, gene expression, and cell death, the antifibrotic effect of PKC in myofibroblasts is not fully understood. We investigated whether 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), a PKC activator, reduced the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and explored the involvement of the Hippo pathway transcriptional coactivator YAP. We analyzed the effect of TPA on the proliferation and expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) in the LX-2 HSC line. We also analyzed the phosphorylation of the Hippo pathway molecules YAP and LATS1 and investigated YAP nuclear translocation. We examined whether Gö 6983, a pan-PKC inhibitor, restored the TPA-inhibited activities of HSCs. Administration of TPA decreased the growth rate of LX-2 cells and inhibited the expression of α-SMA and collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1). In addition, TPA induced phosphorylation of PKCδ, LATS1, and YAP and inhibited the nuclear translocation of YAP compared with the control. These TPA-induced phenomena were mostly ameliorated by Gö 6983. Our results indicate that PKCδ exerts an antifibrotic effect by inhibiting the Hippo pathway in HSCs. Therefore, PKCδ and YAP can be used as therapeutic targets for the treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wan Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongdae Yoon
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hwan Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (I.H.P.); (Y.W.E.); Tel.: +82-33-741-0260 (Y.W.E.)
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Regeneration Medicine Research Center, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (I.H.P.); (Y.W.E.); Tel.: +82-33-741-0260 (Y.W.E.)
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4
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Xia Y, Zha J, Curull V, Sánchez-Font A, Guitart M, Rodríguez-Fuster A, Aguiló R, Barreiro E. Gene expression profile of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumors of patients with nsclc: the influence of COPD. ERJ Open Res 2022; 8:00105-2022. [PMID: 35854873 PMCID: PMC9289374 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00105-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in the pathophysiology of lung cancer (LC) and COPD, and the latter is an important risk factor for LC. We hypothesised that the EMT gene expression profile and signalling cascade may differ in LC patients with COPD from those with no respiratory diseases. In lung tumour specimens obtained through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery from LC (n=20, control group) and LC-COPD patients (n=30), gene expression (quantitative real-time PCR amplification) of EMT markers SMAD3, SMAD4, ZEB2, TWIST1, SNAI1, ICAM1, VIM, CDH2, MMP1 and MMP9 was detected. In lung tumours of LC-COPD compared to LC patients, gene expression of SMAD3, SMAD4, ZEB2 and CDH2 significantly declined, while no significant differences were detected for the other analysed markers. A significant correlation was found between pack-years (smoking burden) and SMAD3 gene expression among LC-COPD patients. LC-COPD patients exhibited mild-to-moderate airway obstruction and a significant reduction in diffusion capacity compared to LC patients. In lung tumour samples of patients with COPD, several markers of EMT expression, namely SMAD3, SMAD4, ZEB2 and CDH2, were differentially expressed suggesting that these markers are likely to play a role in the regulation of EMT in patients with this respiratory disease. Cigarette smoke did not seem to influence the expression of EMT markers in this study. These results have potential clinical implications in the management of patients with LC, particularly in those with underlying respiratory diseases. The downregulation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition repressor SMAD pathway may favour a pro-tumoural micro-environment in patients with chronic airway diseases, namely COPD, which could be targeted therapeuticallyhttps://bit.ly/39oXnoG
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5
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Sisto M, Ribatti D, Lisi S. Organ Fibrosis and Autoimmunity: The Role of Inflammation in TGFβ-Dependent EMT. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020310. [PMID: 33670735 PMCID: PMC7922523 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathways that control the link of inflammation with organ fibrosis and autoimmune diseases point to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) as the common association in the progression of these diseases characterized by an intense inflammatory response. EMT, a process in which epithelial cells are gradually transformed to mesenchymal cells, is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Importantly, the chronic inflammatory microenvironment has emerged as a decisive factor in the induction of pathological EMT. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a crucial role in the induction of fibrosis, often associated with chronic phases of inflammatory diseases, contributing to marked fibrotic changes that severely impair normal tissue architecture and function. The understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying EMT-dependent fibrosis has both a basic and a translational relevance, since it may be useful to design therapies aimed at counteracting organ deterioration and failure. To this end, we reviewed the recent literature to better elucidate the molecular response to inflammatory/fibrogenic signals in autoimmune diseases in order to further the specific regulation of EMT-dependent fibrosis in more targeted therapies.
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Bracco Gartner TCL, Stein JM, Muylaert DEP, Bouten CVC, Doevendans PA, Khademhosseini A, Suyker WJL, Sluijter JPG, Hjortnaes J. Advanced In Vitro Modeling to Study the Paradox of Mechanically Induced Cardiac Fibrosis. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:100-114. [PMID: 33407000 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2020.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In heart failure, cardiac fibrosis is the result of an adverse remodeling process. Collagen is continuously synthesized in the myocardium in an ongoing attempt of the heart to repair itself. The resulting collagen depositions act counterproductively, causing diastolic dysfunction and disturbing electrical conduction. Efforts to treat cardiac fibrosis specifically have not been successful and the molecular etiology is only partially understood. The differentiation of quiescent cardiac fibroblasts to extracellular matrix-depositing myofibroblasts is a hallmark of cardiac fibrosis and a key aspect of the adverse remodeling process. This conversion is induced by a complex interplay of biochemical signals and mechanical stimuli. Tissue-engineered 3D models to study cardiac fibroblast behavior in vitro indicate that cyclic strain can activate a myofibroblast phenotype. This raises the question how fibroblast quiescence is maintained in the healthy myocardium, despite continuous stimulation of ultimately profibrotic mechanotransductive pathways. In this review, we will discuss the convergence of biochemical and mechanical differentiation signals of myofibroblasts, and hypothesize how these affect this paradoxical quiescence. Impact statement Mechanotransduction pathways of cardiac fibroblasts seem to ultimately be profibrotic in nature, but in healthy human myocardium, cardiac fibroblasts remain quiescent, despite continuous mechanical stimulation. We propose three hypotheses that could explain this paradoxical state of affairs. Furthermore, we provide suggestions for future research, which should lead to a better understanding of fibroblast quiescence and activation, and ultimately to new strategies for the prevention and treatment of cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C L Bracco Gartner
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen M Stein
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dimitri E P Muylaert
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Division of Soft Tissue Engineering and Mechanobiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, Radiology, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Willem J L Suyker
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper Hjortnaes
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,University Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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7
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Wang C, Zhou J, Wang J, Li S, Fukunaga A, Yodoi J, Tian H. Progress in the mechanism and targeted drug therapy for COPD. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33110061 PMCID: PMC7588592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is emphysema and/or chronic bronchitis characterised by long-term breathing problems and poor airflow. The prevalence of COPD has increased over the last decade and the drugs most commonly used to treat it, such as glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, have significant therapeutic effects; however, they also cause side effects, including infection and immunosuppression. Here we reviewed the pathogenesis and progression of COPD and elaborated on the effects and mechanisms of newly developed molecular targeted COPD therapeutic drugs. Among these new drugs, we focussed on thioredoxin (Trx). Trx effectively prevents the progression of COPD by regulating redox status and protease/anti-protease balance, blocking the NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways, suppressing the activation and migration of inflammatory cells and the production of cytokines, inhibiting the synthesis and the activation of adhesion factors and growth factors, and controlling the cAMP-PKA and PI3K/Akt signalling pathways. The mechanism by which Trx affects COPD is different from glucocorticoid-based mechanisms which regulate the inflammatory reaction in association with suppressing immune responses. In addition, Trx also improves the insensitivity of COPD to steroids by inhibiting the production and internalisation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Taken together, these findings suggest that Trx may be the ideal drug for treating COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuixue Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jiedong Zhou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Shujing Li
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Junji Yodoi
- Laboratory of Infection and Prevention, Department of Biological Response, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hai Tian
- Department of Basic Medicine, Medical College, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
- Jiaozhimei Biotechnology (Shaoxing) Co, Ltd, Shaoxing, 312000, China.
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8
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Chen Y, Zhang Q, Zhou Y, Yang Z, Tan M. Inhibition of miR-182-5p attenuates pulmonary fibrosis via TGF-β/Smad pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 39:683-695. [PMID: 31884830 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119895549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive lung disease with high morbidity and mortality. miR-182-5p is overexpressed in several fibrosis-related diseases but its effect in pulmonary fibrosis has not been reported yet. To investigate the function of miR-182-5p in pulmonary fibrosis, we established bleomycin (BLM)-induced fibrotic mice model and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-treated human embryonic lung fibroblasts model. In this study, miR-182-5p was highly expressed in pulmonary tissues of BLM-induced fibrotic mice. The content of hydroxyproline and TGF-β1 was decreased by downregulating the expression of miR-182-5p, indicating that fibrosis was alleviated in mice treated with Lentivirus-anti-miR-182-5p.Quantification of fibrosis-related proteins demonstrated that downregulation of miR-182-5p inhibited the expression of profibrotic proteins (fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin, p-Smad2/p-Smad3) as well as enhanced the level of Smad7. In vitro assays validated that miR-182-5p was induced by TGF-β1 with the function of promoting fibrosis. In dual-luciferase reporter assay, Smad7 was demonstrated to be negatively regulated by miR-182-5p. Moreover, the effect of knocking down miR-182-5p on inhibiting fibrosis was achieved by upregulating the expression of Smad7. Therefore, miR-182-5p can be regarded as a biomarker of IPF and its inhibition may be a promising therapeutic approach in treating IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - M Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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9
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Eapen MS, Sharma P, Gaikwad AV, Lu W, Myers S, Hansbro PM, Sohal SS. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition is driven by transcriptional and post transcriptional modulations in COPD: implications for disease progression and new therapeutics. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2019; 14:1603-1610. [PMID: 31409985 PMCID: PMC6645357 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s208428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is a common and highly destructive disease with huge impacts on people and health services throughout the world. It is mainly caused by cigarette smoking though environmental pollution is also significant. There are no current treatments that affect the overall course of COPD; current drugs focus on symptomatic relief and to some extent reducing exacerbation rates. There is an urgent need for in-depth studies of the fundamental pathogenic mechanisms that underpin COPD. This is vital, given the fact that nearly 40%-60% of the small airway and alveolar damage occurs in COPD well before the first measurable changes in lung function are detected. These individuals are also at a high risk of lung cancer. Current COPD research is mostly centered around late disease and/or innate immune activation within the airway lumen, but the actual damage to the airway wall has early onset. COPD is the end result of complex mechanisms, possibly triggered through initial epithelial activation. To change the disease trajectory, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms in the epithelium that are switched on early in smokers. One such mechanism we believe is the process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. This article highlights the importance of this profound epithelial cell plasticity in COPD and also its regulation. We consider that understanding early changes in COPD will open new windows for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Pawan Sharma
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia.,Medical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.,Woolcock Emphysema Centre, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2037, Australia
| | - Archana Vijay Gaikwad
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Stephen Myers
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute and the University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia.,Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS 7248, Australia
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10
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Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) drives EMT in patients with COPD: implications for disease pathogenesis and novel therapies. J Transl Med 2019; 99:150-157. [PMID: 30451982 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive and devastating chronic lung condition that has a significant global burden, both medically and financially. Currently there are no medications that can alter the course of disease. At best, the drugs in clinical practice provide symptomatic relief to suffering patients by alleviating acute exacerbations. Most of current clinical research activities are in late severe disease with lesser attention given to early disease manifestations. There is as yet, a lack of understanding of the underlying mechanisms of disease progression and the molecular switches that are involved in their manifestation. Small airway fibrosis and obliteration are known to cause fixed airflow obstruction in COPD, and the consequential damage to the lung has an early onset. So far, there is little evidence of the mechanisms that underlie this aspect of pathology. However, emerging research confirms that airway epithelial reprogramming or epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a key mechanism that drives fibrotic remodelling changes in smokers and patients with COPD. A recent study by Lai et al. further highlights the importance of EMT in smoking-related COPD pathology. The authors identify HB-EGF, an EGFR ligand, as a key driver of EMT and a potential new therapeutic target for the amelioration of EMT and airway remodelling. There are also wider implications in lung cancer prophylaxis, which is another major comorbidity associated with COPD. We consider that improved molecular understanding of the intricate pathways associated with epithelial cell plasticity in smokers and patients with COPD will have major therapeutic implications.
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11
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Talakatta G, Sarikhani M, Muhamed J, Dhanya K, Somashekar BS, Mahesh PA, Sundaresan N, Ravindra PV. Diabetes induces fibrotic changes in the lung through the activation of TGF-β signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11920. [PMID: 30093732 PMCID: PMC6085305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the long term, diabetes profoundly affects multiple organs, such as the kidney, heart, brain, liver, and eyes. The gradual loss of function in these vital organs contributes to mortality. Nonetheless, the effects of diabetes on the lung tissue are not well understood. Clinical and experimental data from our studies revealed that diabetes induces inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the lung. These changes were mediated by TGF-β-activated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathways. Our studies also found that glucose restriction promoted mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) and substantially reversed inflammatory and fibrotic changes, suggesting that diabetes-induced EMT was mediated in part by the effects of hyperglycemia. Additionally, the persistent exposure of diabetic cells to high glucose concentrations (25 mM) promoted the upregulation of caveolin-1, N-cadherin, SIRT3, SIRT7 and lactate levels, suggesting that long-term diabetes may promote cell proliferation. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that diabetes induces fibrotic changes in the lung via TGF-β1-activated EMT pathways and that elevated SMAD7 partially protects the lung during the initial stages of diabetes. These findings have implications for the management of patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Talakatta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Mohsen Sarikhani
- Cardiovascular and Muscle Research Lab, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangaluru, 560012, India
| | - Jaseer Muhamed
- Cardiovascular and Muscle Research Lab, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangaluru, 560012, India
| | - K Dhanya
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, KRS Road, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Bagganahalli S Somashekar
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, KRS Road, Mysuru, 570020, India
| | - Padukudru Anand Mahesh
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, JSS Medical College, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara University, Mysuru, 570015, India
| | - Nagalingam Sundaresan
- Cardiovascular and Muscle Research Lab, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangaluru, 560012, India
| | - P V Ravindra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, KRS Road, Mysuru, 570020, India.
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12
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Safer approaches to therapeutic modulation of TGF-β signaling for respiratory disease. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:98-113. [PMID: 29462659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β cytokines play a central role in development and progression of chronic respiratory diseases. TGF-β overexpression in chronic inflammation, remodeling, fibrotic process and susceptibility to viral infection is established in the most prevalent chronic respiratory diseases including asthma, COPD, lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Despite the overwhelming burden of respiratory diseases in the world, new pharmacological therapies have been limited in impact. Although TGF-β inhibition as a therapeutic strategy carries great expectations, the constraints in avoiding compromising the beneficial pleiotropic effects of TGF-β, including the anti-proliferative and immune suppressive effects, have limited the development of effective pharmacological modulators. In this review, we focus on the pathways subserving deleterious and beneficial TGF-β effects to identify strategies for selective modulation of more distal signaling pathways that may result in agents with improved safety/efficacy profiles. Adverse effects of TGF-β inhibitors in respiratory clinical trials are comprehensively reviewed, including those of the marketed TGF-β modulators, pirfenidone and nintedanib. Precise modulation of TGF-β signaling may result in new safer therapies for chronic respiratory diseases.
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13
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Di Stefano A, Sangiorgi C, Gnemmi I, Casolari P, Brun P, Ricciardolo FLM, Contoli M, Papi A, Maniscalco P, Ruggeri P, Girbino G, Cappello F, Pavlides S, Guo Y, Chung KF, Barnes PJ, Adcock IM, Balbi B, Caramori G. TGF-β Signaling Pathways in Different Compartments of the Lower Airways of Patients With Stable COPD. Chest 2017; 153:851-862. [PMID: 29289685 PMCID: PMC5883327 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression and localization of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathway proteins in different compartments of the lower airways of patients with stable COPD is unclear. We aimed to determine TGF-β pathway protein expression in patients with stable COPD. METHODS The expression and localization of TGF-β pathway components was measured in the bronchial mucosa and peripheral lungs of patients with stable COPD (n = 44), control smokers with normal lung function (n = 24), and control nonsmoking subjects (n = 11) using immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS TGF-β1, TGF-β3, and connective tissue growth factor expression were significantly decreased in the bronchiolar epithelium, with TGF-β1 also decreased in alveolar macrophages, in patients with stable COPD compared with control smokers with normal lung function. TGF-β3 expression was increased in the bronchial lamina propria of both control smokers with normal lung function and smokers with mild/moderate stable COPD compared with control nonsmokers and correlated significantly with pack-years of smoking. However, TGF-β3+ cells decreased in patients with severe/very severe COPD compared with control smokers. Latent TGF-β binding protein 1 expression was increased in the bronchial lamina propria in subjects with stable COPD of all severities compared with control smokers with normal lung function. Bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor expression (BAMBI) in the bronchial mucosa was significantly increased in patients with stable COPD of all severities compared with control subjects. No other significant differences were observed between groups for all the other molecules studied in the bronchial mucosa and peripheral lung. CONCLUSIONS Expression of TGF-βs and their regulatory proteins is distinct within different lower airway compartments in stable COPD. Selective reduction in TGF-β1 and enhanced BAMBI expression may be associated with the increase in autoimmunity in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Di Stefano
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno (NO), Italy.
| | - Claudia Sangiorgi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno (NO), Italy
| | - Isabella Gnemmi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno (NO), Italy
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-Correlate (CEMICEF), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Brun
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Biologiche, AOU, Ospedale San Luigi, Orbassano, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-Correlate (CEMICEF), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-Correlate (CEMICEF), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pio Maniscalco
- Modulo di Chirurgia Toracica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria S. Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruggeri
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Girbino
- Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche, Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Università di Palermo, and Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Stelios Pavlides
- Department of Computing and Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, England
| | - Yike Guo
- Department of Computing and Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, England
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, England
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, England
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, England; Priority Research Centre for Lung Health, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruno Balbi
- Divisione di Pneumologia e Laboratorio di Citoimmunopatologia dell'Apparato Cardio Respiratorio, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, SpA, Società Benefit, IRCCS, Veruno (NO), Italy
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Centro Interdipartimentale per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo-Correlate (CEMICEF), Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa di Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
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14
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Groneberg DA, Addicks AM, Bendels MH, Quarcoo D, Jaque J, Brüggmann D. Glioblastoma research: US and international networking achievements. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115730-115735. [PMID: 29383196 PMCID: PMC5777808 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Being the most aggressive type of brain tumor, glioblastoma is estimated to be diagnosed in about 12,400 new cases in 2017. The diagnosis is dramatic to patients and relatives and leaves open many unanswered questions for them. One is the big question why there is no cure as in other tumors. This review illustrates the US and global research efforts that have been made over the past century. It demonstrates the great magnitude of energy invested by US clinicians and scientists but undoubtedly, more research is needed and funding by NIH and other sources should be continued on the same level.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Groneberg
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Addicks
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael H Bendels
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David Quarcoo
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Jaque
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dörthe Brüggmann
- Division of Epidemiology, Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Aschner Y, Downey GP. Transforming Growth Factor-β: Master Regulator of the Respiratory System in Health and Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 54:647-55. [PMID: 26796672 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0391tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we review the biology and physiological importance of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) to homeostasis in the respiratory system, its importance to innate and adaptive immune responses in the lung, and its pathophysiological role in various chronic pulmonary diseases including pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis. The TGF-β family is responsible for initiation of the intracellular signaling pathways that direct numerous cellular activities including proliferation, differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis, and apoptosis. When TGF-β signaling is dysregulated or essential control mechanisms are unbalanced, the consequences of organ and tissue dysfunction can be profound. The complexities and myriad checkpoints built into the TGF-β signaling pathways provide attractive targets for the treatment of these disease states, many of which are currently being investigated. This review focuses on those aspects of TGF-β biology that are most relevant to pulmonary diseases and that hold promise as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Aschner
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Gregory P Downey
- 1 Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,2 Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and.,3 Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, and.,4 Departments of Pediatrics, and.,5 Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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16
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Barnes PJ. Kinases as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:788-815. [PMID: 27363440 DOI: 10.1124/pr.116.012518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple kinases play a critical role in orchestrating the chronic inflammation and structural changes in the respiratory tract of patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Kinases activate signaling pathways that lead to contraction of airway smooth muscle and release of inflammatory mediators (such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors) as well as cell migration, activation, and proliferation. For this reason there has been great interest in the development of kinase inhibitors as anti-inflammatory therapies, particular where corticosteroids are less effective, as in severe asthma and COPD. However, it has proven difficult to develop selective kinase inhibitors that are both effective and safe after oral administration and this has led to a search for inhaled kinase inhibitors, which would reduce systemic exposure. Although many kinases have been implicated in inflammation and remodeling of airway disease, very few classes of drug have reached the stage of clinical studies in these diseases. The most promising drugs are p38 MAP kinases, isoenzyme-selective PI3-kinases, Janus-activated kinases, and Syk-kinases, and inhaled formulations of these drugs are now in development. There has also been interest in developing inhibitors that block more than one kinase, because these drugs may be more effective and with less risk of losing efficacy with time. No kinase inhibitors are yet on the market for the treatment of airway diseases, but as kinase inhibitors are improved from other therapeutic areas there is hope that these drugs may eventually prove useful in treating refractory asthma and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Mahmood MQ, Reid D, Ward C, Muller HK, Knight DA, Sohal SS, Walters EH. Transforming growth factor (TGF) β 1 and Smad signalling pathways: A likely key to EMT-associated COPD pathogenesis. Respirology 2016; 22:133-140. [PMID: 27614607 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE COPD is characterized by poorly reversible airflow obstruction usually due to cigarette smoking. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD, and in particular a process called epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which may well be an intermediatory between smoking and both airway fibrosis and lung cancer. The downstream classical or 'canonical' TGF-β1 pathway is via the phosphorylated (p) Smad transcription factor system. METHODS We have investigated TGF-β1 expression and its 'pSmad fingerprint' in bronchoscopic airway biopsies from patients with COPD, and in smoking and non-smoking controls. A cross-sectional immunohistochemical study compared TGF-β1 and pSmad 2, 3 (excitatory) and 7 (inhibitory) expression in cells and blood vessels of three compartments of large airways: epithelium (especially the basal region), reticular basement membrane (Rbm) and underlying lamina propria (LP). RESULTS TGF-β1 expression was generally higher in COPD subjects throughout the airway wall (P < 0.01), while pSmad 2/3 expression was associated with smoking especially in current smoking COPD (P < 0.05). Expression of inhibitory pSmad 7 was also prominently reduced in patients with COPD in contrast to smokers and controls (P < 0.01). In addition, pSmad, but not TGF-β1 expression, was related to airflow obstruction and a canonical EMT biomarker (S100 A4) expression. CONCLUSION Activation of the Smad pathway in the airways is linked to EMT activity and loss of lung function. The disconnection between TGF-β1 and pSmad in terms of relationships to EMT activity and lung function suggests that factors other than or in addition to TGF-β1 are driving the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik Q Mahmood
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David Reid
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Iron Metabolism Laboratory, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Ward
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hans K Muller
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sukhwinder S Sohal
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Faculty of Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Eugene H Walters
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence for Chronic Respiratory Disease, School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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18
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Boucherat O, Morissette MC, Provencher S, Bonnet S, Maltais F. Bridging Lung Development with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Relevance of Developmental Pathways in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Pathogenesis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193:362-75. [PMID: 26681127 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201508-1518pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airflow limitation. This generic term encompasses emphysema and chronic bronchitis, two common conditions, each having distinct but also overlapping features. Recent epidemiological and experimental studies have challenged the traditional view that COPD is exclusively an adult disease occurring after years of inhalational insults to the lungs, pinpointing abnormalities or disruption of the pathways that control lung development as an important susceptibility factor for adult COPD. In addition, there is growing evidence that emphysema is not solely a destructive process because it is also characterized by a failure in cell and molecular maintenance programs necessary for proper lung development. This leads to the concept that tissue regeneration required stimulation of signaling pathways that normally operate during development. We undertook a review of the literature to outline the contribution of developmental insults and genes in the occurrence and pathogenesis of COPD, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Boucherat
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mathieu C Morissette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Steeve Provencher
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - François Maltais
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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19
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Shahriary A, Seyedzadeh MH, Ahmadi A, Salimian J. The footprint of TGF-β in airway remodeling of the mustard lung. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:745-53. [PMID: 26606948 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1116645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mustard lung is a major pulmonary complication in individuals exposed to sulfur mustard (SM) gas during the Iran-Iraq war. It shares common pathological and clinical features with some chronic inflammatory lung disorders, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Airway remodeling, which is one of the main causes of lung dysfunction and the dominant phenomenon of chronic pulmonary diseases, is seen in the mustard lung. Among all mediators involved in the remodeling process, the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays a pivotal role in lung fibrosis and consequently in the airway remodeling. Regarding the high levels of this mediator detected in mustard lung patients, in the present study, we have discussed the possible roles of TGF-β in airway remodeling (including epithelial layer damage, subepithelial fibrosis and angiogenesis). Finally, based on TGF-β targeting, we have reviewed new airway remodeling therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Shahriary
- a Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mir Hadi Seyedzadeh
- b Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran , and
| | - Ali Ahmadi
- c Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Jafar Salimian
- a Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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20
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Piersma B, Bank RA, Boersema M. Signaling in Fibrosis: TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ Converge. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015. [PMID: 26389119 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00059.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic organ injury leads to fibrosis and eventually organ failure. Fibrosis is characterized by excessive synthesis, remodeling, and contraction of extracellular matrix produced by myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are the key cells in the pathophysiology of fibrotic disorders and their differentiation can be triggered by multiple stimuli. To develop anti-fibrotic therapies, it is of paramount importance to understand the molecular basis of the signaling pathways contributing to the activation and maintenance of myofibroblasts. Several signal transduction pathways, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Wingless/Int (WNT), and more recently yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling, have been linked to the pathophysiology of fibrosis. Activation of the TGF-β1-induced SMAD complex results in the upregulation of genes important for myofibroblast function. Similarly, WNT-stabilized β-catenin translocates to the nucleus and initiates transcription of its target genes. YAP and TAZ are two transcriptional co-activators from the Hippo signaling pathway that also rely on nuclear translocation for their functioning. These three signal transduction pathways have little molecular similarity but do share one principle: the cytosolic/nuclear regulation of its transcriptional activators. Past research on these pathways often focused on the isolated cascades without taking other signaling pathways into account. Recent developments show that parts of these pathways converge into an intricate network that governs the activation and maintenance of the myofibroblast phenotype. In this review, we discuss the current understanding on the signal integration between the TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ pathways in the development of organ fibrosis. Taking a network-wide view on signal transduction will provide a better understanding on the complex and versatile processes that underlie the pathophysiology of fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Piersma
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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21
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Piersma B, Bank RA, Boersema M. Signaling in Fibrosis: TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ Converge. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:59. [PMID: 26389119 PMCID: PMC4558529 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic organ injury leads to fibrosis and eventually organ failure. Fibrosis is characterized by excessive synthesis, remodeling, and contraction of extracellular matrix produced by myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are the key cells in the pathophysiology of fibrotic disorders and their differentiation can be triggered by multiple stimuli. To develop anti-fibrotic therapies, it is of paramount importance to understand the molecular basis of the signaling pathways contributing to the activation and maintenance of myofibroblasts. Several signal transduction pathways, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, Wingless/Int (WNT), and more recently yes-associated protein 1 (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) signaling, have been linked to the pathophysiology of fibrosis. Activation of the TGF-β1-induced SMAD complex results in the upregulation of genes important for myofibroblast function. Similarly, WNT-stabilized β-catenin translocates to the nucleus and initiates transcription of its target genes. YAP and TAZ are two transcriptional co-activators from the Hippo signaling pathway that also rely on nuclear translocation for their functioning. These three signal transduction pathways have little molecular similarity but do share one principle: the cytosolic/nuclear regulation of its transcriptional activators. Past research on these pathways often focused on the isolated cascades without taking other signaling pathways into account. Recent developments show that parts of these pathways converge into an intricate network that governs the activation and maintenance of the myofibroblast phenotype. In this review, we discuss the current understanding on the signal integration between the TGF-β, WNT, and YAP/TAZ pathways in the development of organ fibrosis. Taking a network-wide view on signal transduction will provide a better understanding on the complex and versatile processes that underlie the pathophysiology of fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Piersma
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Bank
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Miriam Boersema
- Matrix Research Group, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen , Netherlands
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22
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Verhamme FM, Bracke KR, Joos GF, Brusselle GG. Transforming growth factor-β superfamily in obstructive lung diseases. more suspects than TGF-β alone. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 52:653-62. [PMID: 25396302 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0282rt] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are respiratory disorders and a major global health problem with increasing incidence and severity. Genes originally associated with lung development could be relevant in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma, owing to either an early-life origin of adult complex diseases or their dysregulation in adulthood upon exposure to environmental stressors (e.g., smoking). The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily is conserved through evolution and is involved in a range of biological processes, both during development and in adult tissue homeostasis. TGF-β1 has emerged as an important regulator of lung and immune system development. However, considerable evidence has been presented for a role of many of the other ligands of the TGF-β superfamily in lung pathology, including activins, bone morphogenetic proteins, and growth differentiation factors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms by which activin, bone morphogenetic protein, and growth differentiation factor signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of obstructive airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fien M Verhamme
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Zhang R, Chu M, Zhao Y, Wu C, Guo H, Shi Y, Dai J, Wei Y, Jin G, Ma H, Dong J, Yi H, Bai J, Gong J, Sun C, Zhu M, Wu T, Hu Z, Lin D, Shen H, Chen F. A genome-wide gene-environment interaction analysis for tobacco smoke and lung cancer susceptibility. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1528-35. [PMID: 24658283 PMCID: PMC4076813 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke is the major environmental risk factor underlying lung carcinogenesis. However, approximately one-tenth smokers develop lung cancer in their lifetime indicating there is significant individual variation in susceptibility to lung cancer. And, the reasons for this are largely unknown. In particular, the genetic variants discovered in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) account for only a small fraction of the phenotypic variations for lung cancer, and gene-environment interactions are thought to explain the missing fraction of disease heritability. The ability to identify smokers at high risk of developing cancer has substantial preventive implications. Thus, we undertook a gene-smoking interaction analysis in a GWAS of lung cancer in Han Chinese population using a two-phase designed case-control study. In the discovery phase, we evaluated all pair-wise (591 370) gene-smoking interactions in 5408 subjects (2331 cases and 3077 controls) using a logistic regression model with covariate adjustment. In the replication phase, promising interactions were validated in an independent population of 3023 subjects (1534 cases and 1489 controls). We identified interactions between two single nucleotide polymorphisms and smoking. The interaction P values are 6.73 × 10(-) (6) and 3.84 × 10(-) (6) for rs1316298 and rs4589502, respectively, in the combined dataset from the two phases. An antagonistic interaction (rs1316298-smoking) and a synergetic interaction (rs4589502-smoking) were observed. The two interactions identified in our study may help explain some of the missing heritability in lung cancer susceptibility and present strong evidence for further study of these gene-smoking interactions, which are benefit to intensive screening and smoking cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyang Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Minjie Chu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yongyong Shi
- Bio-X Center and Affiliated Changning Mental Health Center, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Guangfu Jin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Honggang Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianling Bai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianhang Gong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Chongqi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhibin Hu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China, Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer Institute and Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China, Section of Clinical Epidemiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China and State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Lab for Modern Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China,
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Yang Y, Zhang N, Lan F, Van Crombruggen K, Fang L, Hu G, Hong S, Bachert C. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathways in inflammatory airway diseases. Allergy 2014; 69:699-707. [PMID: 24750111 DOI: 10.1111/all.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) has been reported being involved in the remodeling and immunosuppression processes of inflammatory airway diseases; understanding the regulation of TGF-β1 is therefore a key to unravel the pathomechanisms of these diseases. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on the influencing factors for driving TGF-β1 and its regulatory pathways in inflammatory airway diseases and discusses possible therapeutic approaches to TGF-β1 control. The factors include smoking and oxidative stress, prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes (LTs), bradykinin (BK), and microRNAs (miRs). Based on the summary, new innovative treatment strategies may be developed for inflammatory airway diseases with an impaired expression of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - N. Zhang
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - F. Lan
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - K. Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | - L. Fang
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - G. Hu
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - S. Hong
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; The First Affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
- Division of Nose, Throat and Ear Diseases; Clintec; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
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25
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Kang HR, Lee JY, Lee CG. TGF-β1 as a therapeutic target for pulmonary fibrosis and COPD. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:547-58. [PMID: 24410556 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.4.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a multifunctional molecule that is expressed in an exaggerated fashion during injury, inflammation and repair. Its expression is dysregulated in lung tissues from patients with pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In animal models, introduction of TGF-β1 expression in the lung causes prominent tissue fibrosis and alveolar destruction. On the other hand, the exaggerated production of TGF-β1, an inability to activate TGF-β1 or a block in TGF-β1 signaling have all been associated with the development of emphysematous pulmonary lesions. A number of studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 is a major player in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema. In this review, we discuss how TGF-β1 expression is regulated and mechanistically related to the development of tissue fibrosis and emphysema in experimental animal models and humans. We further highlight potential therapeutic options that control TGF-β1-associated genes or signals to restore extracellular matrix homeostasis in which TGF-β1 plays a central role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University School of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
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26
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Springer J, Scholz FR, Peiser C, Dinh QT, Fischer A, Quarcoo D, Groneberg DA. Transcriptional down-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Occup Med Toxicol 2013; 8:29. [PMID: 24138793 PMCID: PMC4015747 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-8-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco is a leading environmental factor in the initiation of respiratory diseases and causes chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family members are involved in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases and SOCS-3 has been shown to play an important role in the regulation, onset and maintenance of airway allergic inflammation indicating that SOCS-3 displays a potential therapeutic target for anti-inflammatory respiratory drugs development. Since chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is also characterized by inflammatory changes and airflow limitation, the present study assessed the transcriptional expression of SOCS-3 in COPD. METHODS Real-time PCR was performed to assess quantitative changes in bronchial biopsies of COPD patients in comparison to unaffected controls. RESULTS SOCS-3 was significantly down-regulated in COPD at the transcriptional level while SOCS-4 and SOCS-5 displayed no change. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that the presently observed inhibition of SOCS-3 mRNA expression may be related to the dysbalance of cytokine signaling observed in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Springer
- Allergy-Centre-Charité, Pneumology and Immunology, Charité – Unversitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin D-13353, Germany
- Division of Applied Cachexia Research, Dept. of Medicine, Charité – Unversitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt-University, Berlin D-13353, Germany
| | - Frank R Scholz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Charité – Unversitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin D-13353, Germany
| | - Christian Peiser
- Allergy-Centre-Charité, Pneumology and Immunology, Charité – Unversitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin D-13353, Germany
| | - Q Thai Dinh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Medical School of Hannover, Hannover D-30625, Germany
| | - Axel Fischer
- Allergy-Centre-Charité, Pneumology and Immunology, Charité – Unversitätsmedizin Berlin, Free University and Humboldt University, Berlin D-13353, Germany
| | - David Quarcoo
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - David A Groneberg
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
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27
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Lauenstein HD, Quarcoo D, Welte T, Braun A, Groneberg DA. Expression of VPAC1 in a murine model of allergic asthma. J Occup Med Toxicol 2013; 8:28. [PMID: 24107483 PMCID: PMC3852716 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-8-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a putative neurotransmitter of the inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nervous system and influences the mammalian airway function in various ways. Hence known for bronchodilatory, immunomodulatory and mucus secretion modulating effects by interacting with the VIP receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2, it is discussed to be a promising target for pharmaceutical intervention in common diseases such as COPD and bronchial asthma. Here we examined the expression and transcriptional regulation of VPAC1 in the lungs of allergic mice using an ovalbumin (OVA) -induced model of allergic asthma. Mice were sensitized to OVA and challenged with an OVA aerosol. In parallel a control group was sham sensitized with saline. VPAC1 expression was examined using RT-PCR and real time-PCR studies were performed to quantify gene transcription. VPAC1 mRNA expression was detected in all samples of OVA-sensitized and challenged animals and control tissues. Further realtime analysis did not show significant differences at the transcriptional level.Although the present studies did not indicate a major transcriptional regulation of VPAC1 in states of allergic airway inflammation, immunomodulatory effects of VPAC1 might still be present due to regulations at the translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Lauenstein
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Social Medicine and Environmental Medicine, Medical School, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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28
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Zhong R, Liu L, Zou L, Sheng W, Zhu B, Xiang H, Chen W, Chen J, Rui R, Zheng X, Yin J, Duan S, Yang B, Sun J, Lou J, Liu L, Xie D, Xu Y, Nie S, Miao X. Genetic variations in the TGF signaling pathway, smoking and risk of colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:936-42. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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29
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Uh ST, Koo SM, Kim YK, Kim KU, Park SW, Jang AS, Kim DJ, Kim YH, Park CS. Inhibition of vitamin d receptor translocation by cigarette smoking extracts. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2012; 73:258-65. [PMID: 23236317 PMCID: PMC3517944 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2012.73.5.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vitamin D can translocate a vitamin D receptor (VDR) from the nucleus to the cell membranes. The meaning of this translocation is not elucidated in terms of a role in pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) till now. VDR deficient mice are prone to develop emphysema, suggesting that abnormal function of VDR might influence a generation of COPD. The blood levels of vitamin D have known to be well correlated with that of lung function in patients with COPD, and smoking is the most important risk factor in development of COPD. This study was performed to investigate whether cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) can inhibit the translocation of VDR and whether mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in this inhibition. Methods Human alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549) was used in this study. 1,25-(OH2)D3 and/or MAPKs inhibitors and antioxidants were pre-incubated before stimulation with 10% CSE, and then nucleus and microsomal proteins were extracted for a Western blot of VDR. Results Five minutes treatment of 1,25-(OH2)D3 induced translocation of VDR from nucleus to microsomes by a dose-dependent manner. CSE inhibited 1,25-(OH2)D3-induced translocation of VDR in both concentrations of 10% and 20%. All MAPKs inhibitors did not suppress the inhibitory effects of CSE on the 1,25-(OH2)D3-induced translocation of VDR. Quercetin suppressed the inhibitory effects of CSE on the 1,25-(OH2)D3-induced translocation of VDR, but not in n-acetylcysteine. Conclusion CSE has an ability to inhibit vitamin D-induced VDR translocation, but MAPKs are not involved in this inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Taek Uh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Yang YC, Zhang N, Van Crombruggen K, Hu GH, Hong SL, Bachert C. Transforming growth factor-beta1 in inflammatory airway disease: a key for understanding inflammation and remodeling. Allergy 2012; 67:1193-202. [PMID: 22913656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Airway diseases such as chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder are characterized by inflammation and remodeling. Among inflammatory and extracellular matrix regulatory cytokines, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) stands central, as it possesses both important immunomodulatory and fibrogenic activities, and should be considered a key for understanding inflammation and remodeling processes. This review will briefly summarize the recent findings on the role of TGF-β1, from the view points of inflammation and remodeling, and discuss the role of TGF-β in the upper and lower airway diseases. This may reveal new perspectives in the understanding of airway inflammation and remodeling processes and may open innovative treatment strategies for the regulation of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Zhang
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent; Belgium
| | - K. Van Crombruggen
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent; Belgium
| | - G. H. Hu
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; the First affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - S. L. Hong
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; the First affiliated Hospital; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - C. Bachert
- Upper Airway Research Laboratory; Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology; Ghent University; Ghent; Belgium
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31
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Campbell JD, McDonough JE, Zeskind JE, Hackett TL, Pechkovsky DV, Brandsma CA, Suzuki M, Gosselink JV, Liu G, Alekseyev YO, Xiao J, Zhang X, Hayashi S, Cooper JD, Timens W, Postma DS, Knight DA, Lenburg ME, Hogg JC, Spira A. A gene expression signature of emphysema-related lung destruction and its reversal by the tripeptide GHK. Genome Med 2012; 4:67. [PMID: 22937864 PMCID: PMC4064320 DOI: 10.1186/gm367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease consisting of emphysema, small airway obstruction, and/or chronic bronchitis that results in significant loss of lung function over time. Methods In order to gain insights into the molecular pathways underlying progression of emphysema and explore computational strategies for identifying COPD therapeutics, we profiled gene expression in lung tissue samples obtained from regions within the same lung with varying amounts of emphysematous destruction from smokers with COPD (8 regions × 8 lungs = 64 samples). Regional emphysema severity was quantified in each tissue sample using the mean linear intercept (Lm) between alveolar walls from micro-CT scans. Results We identified 127 genes whose expression levels were significantly associated with regional emphysema severity while controlling for gene expression differences between individuals. Genes increasing in expression with increasing emphysematous destruction included those involved in inflammation, such as the B-cell receptor signaling pathway, while genes decreasing in expression were enriched in tissue repair processes, including the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway, actin organization, and integrin signaling. We found concordant differential expression of these emphysema severity-associated genes in four cross-sectional studies of COPD. Using the Connectivity Map, we identified GHK as a compound that can reverse the gene-expression signature associated with emphysematous destruction and induce expression patterns consistent with TGFβ pathway activation. Treatment of human fibroblasts with GHK recapitulated TGFβ-induced gene-expression patterns, led to the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and elevated the expression of integrin β1. Furthermore, addition of GHK or TGFβ restored collagen I contraction and remodeling by fibroblasts derived from COPD lungs compared to fibroblasts from former smokers without COPD. Conclusions These results demonstrate that gene-expression changes associated with regional emphysema severity within an individual's lung can provide insights into emphysema pathogenesis and identify novel therapeutic opportunities for this deadly disease. They also suggest the need for additional studies to examine the mechanisms by which TGFβ and GHK each reverse the gene-expression signature of emphysematous destruction and the effects of this reversal on disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Campbell
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA ; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John E McDonough
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Julie E Zeskind
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA ; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tillie L Hackett
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dmitri V Pechkovsky
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Corry-Anke Brandsma
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Masaru Suzuki
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - John V Gosselink
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Yuriy O Alekseyev
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ji Xiao
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Shizu Hayashi
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Joel D Cooper
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Division of Thoracic Surgery, 3400 Spruce Street 6 White Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Darryl A Knight
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Marc E Lenburg
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA ; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James C Hogg
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Avrum Spira
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA ; Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 44 Cummington Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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32
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Yeganeh B, Mukherjee S, Moir LM, Kumawat K, Kashani HH, Bagchi RA, Baarsma HA, Gosens R, Ghavami S. Novel non-canonical TGF-β signaling networks: emerging roles in airway smooth muscle phenotype and function. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 26:50-63. [PMID: 22874922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Revised: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The airway smooth muscle (ASM) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). ASM cells express a wide range of receptors involved in contraction, growth, matrix protein production and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is one of the major players in determining the structural and functional abnormalities of the ASM in asthma and COPD. It is increasingly evident that TGF-β functions as a master switch, controlling a network of intracellular and autocrine signaling loops that effect ASM phenotype and function. In this review, the various elements that participate in non-canonical TGF-β signaling, including MAPK, PI3K, WNT/β-catenin, and Ca(2+), are discussed, focusing on their effect on ASM phenotype and function. In addition, new aspects of ASM biology and their possible association with non-canonical TGF-β signaling will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Yeganeh
- Department of Physiology, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave, Winnipeg, Canada
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Ge Q, Moir LM, Trian T, Niimi K, Poniris M, Shepherd PR, Black JL, Oliver BG, Burgess JK. The phosphoinositide 3'-kinase p110δ modulates contractile protein production and IL-6 release in human airway smooth muscle. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3044-52. [PMID: 22015454 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and contractile protein expression by human airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells, which could augment airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Phosphoinositide 3' kinase (PI3K) is one of the signaling pathways implicated in TGFβ1 stimulation, and may be altered in asthmatic airways. This study compared the expression of PI3K isoforms by ASM cells from donors with asthma (A), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or neither disease (NA), and investigated the role of PI3K isoforms in the production of TGFβ1 induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and contractile proteins in ASM cells. A cells expressed higher basal levels of p110δ mRNA compared to NA and COPD cells; however COPD cells produced more p110δ protein. TGFβ1 increased 110δ mRNA expression to the same extent in the three groups. Neither the p110δ inhibitor IC87114 (1, 10, 30 µM), the p110β inhibitor TGX221 (0.1, 1, 10 µM) nor the PI3K pan inhibitor LY294002 (3, 10 µM) had any effect on basal IL-6, calponin or smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA) expression. However, TGFβ1 increased calponin and α-SMA expression was inhibited by IC87114 and LY294002 in all three groups. IC87114, TGX221, and LY294002 reduced TGFβ1 induced IL-6 release in a dose related manner in all groups of ASM cells. PI3K p110δ is important for TGFβ1 induced production of the contractile proteins calponin and α-SMA and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 in ASM cells, and may therefore be relevant as a potential therapeutic target to treat both inflammation and airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ge
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
COPD is a worldwide public health problem that reduces the quality of life. The exact pathways by which CS and other environmental toxins produce COPD are not known. Currently, the leading candidates are (1) the protease-antiprotease hypothesis, (2) the Dutch hypothesis, (3) the British hypothesis, and the (4) autoimmunity hypothesis. Given the heterogeneity of the disease (and phenotypes), it is probably unrealistic that one pathway will fully explain COPD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tam
- Department of Medicine, The UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Providence Heart and Lung Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Lee JH, Lee GT, Kwon SJ, Jeong J, Ha YS, Kim WJ, Kim IY. CREBZF, a novel Smad8-binding protein. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 368:147-53. [PMID: 22707059 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1353-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Smads are the secondary messengers of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway. TGF-β receptors phosphorylate the Receptor Smads (R-Smads) upon ligand binding; activated R-Smads translocate to the nucleus and function as transcription factors. Among the R-Smads, Smads 1, 5, and 8 mainly mediate signals in the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) pathways, while Smads 2/3 mediate TGF-β signaling. The regulation of Smads in the TGF-β signal pathway has been well defined, but the relationship of Smads 1, 5, and 8 to the BMP pathways has been relatively understudied. To understand the specific regulation of BMP mediating Smads, we performed yeast two-hybrid screening using the Mad homology 2(MH2) domain of Smad8 as bait. In this screening, novel Smad-binding protein, CREBZF-a basic region-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor-was identified. The interaction of CREBZF and Smads 1, 5, and 8 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation in a human prostate cancer cell line. Overexpression of CREBZF inhibited the promoter activity of BMP response element and abolished the cell growth inhibition induced by BMP-6. Thus, CREBZF inhibits the function of BMP-6 by interacting with Smads. The identification of this novel Smads-binding protein, among others will help us understand the modulation of BMP-signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Lee
- Section of Urologic Oncology and the Dean and Betty Gallo Prostate Cancer Center, The Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
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Abstract
The regulation of human Th17 cell effector function by Treg cells (regulatory T-cells) is poorly understood. In the present study, we report that human Treg (CD4(+)CD25(+)) cells inhibit the proliferative response of Th17 cells but not their capacity to secrete IL (interleukin)-17. However, they could inhibit proliferation and cytokine production by Th1 and Th2 cells as determined by IFN-γ (interferon-γ) and IL-5 biosynthesis. Currently, as there is interest in the role of IL-17-producing cells and Treg cells in chronic inflammatory diseases in humans, we investigated the presence of CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells and IL-17 in inflammation in the human lung. Transcripts for IL-17 were expressed in mononuclear cells and purified T-cells from lung tissue of patients with chronic pulmonary inflammation and, when activated, these cells secrete soluble protein. The T-cell-specific transcription factors RORCv2 (retinoic acid-related orphan receptor Cv2; for Th17) and FOXP3 (forkhead box P3; for Treg cells) were enriched in the T-cell fraction of lung mononuclear cells. Retrospective stratification of the patient cohort into those with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and non-COPD lung disease revealed no difference in the expression of IL-17 and IL-23 receptor between the groups. We observed that CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells were present in comparable numbers in COPD and non-COPD lung tissue and with no correlation between the presence of CD4(+)CD25(+) T-cells and IL-17-producing cells. These results suggest that IL-17-expressing cells are present in chronically inflamed lung tissue, but there is no evidence to support this is due to the recruitment or expansion of Treg cells.
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What can in vitro models of COPD tell us? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 24:471-7. [PMID: 21182977 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterised by chronic bronchitis, largely irreversible remodelling of the small airways, and emphysematous destruction of the alveoli. COPD is projected to be the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. COPD often results from prolonged exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke or inhaled particulates. Current pharmacotherapies for COPD are unable to reverse the pathological changes of this disease, and this is partially due to a limited understanding of the intricate mechanisms by which chronic exposure lead to the different pathological components of COPD. This review examines how the mechanisms that underlie various components of COPD can be modelled in vitro, specifically using cigarette smoke extract with cells cultured from primary human lung tissue, and how the effectiveness of current and novel pharmacotherapies on successfully attenuating these pathological changes can also be examined in vitro.
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Bennett KL, Lee W, Lamarre E, Zhang X, Seth R, Scharpf J, Hunt J, Eng C. HPV status-independent association of alcohol and tobacco exposure or prior radiation therapy with promoter methylation of FUSSEL18, EBF3, IRX1, and SEPT9, but not SLC5A8, in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2010; 49:319-26. [PMID: 20029986 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive malignancy with more than half a million people being diagnosed with the disease annually. Within the last 2 decades, the human papillomavirus (HPV) has been found to be associated with this malignancy. More recently, HPV-infected HNSCC has been found to exhibit higher levels of global DNA methylation. In a recent study, we identified five tumor suppressive genes (IRX1, EBF3, SLC5A8, SEPT9, and FUSSEL18) as frequently methylated in HNSCC biopsies using a global methylation analysis via restriction landmark genomic scanning. In this study, we verify these genes as valid methylation markers in two separate sets of HNSCC specimens. By using the available clinical information linked to the patient specimens, we found a strong association between promoter methylation of FUSSEL18, IRX1, and EBF3 and prior radiation therapy (P < 0.0001) irrespective of HPV status. Also, promoter methylation of FUSSEL18 and SEPTIN9 was found to correlate significantly with exposure to alcohol and tobacco (P = 0.021). Importantly, in this study, we preliminarily show a trend between HPV16 positivity and specific target gene hypermethylation of IRX1, EBF3, SLC5A8, and SEPT9. If replicated in a larger study, the HPV status may be a patient selection biomarker when determining the most efficacious treatment modality for these different subsets of patients (e.g., inclusion or exclusion of epigenetic therapies). Equally notable and independent of HPV status, hypermethylation of the promoters of a subset of these genes in recurrences especially in the setting of prior radiation or in the setting of alcohol and tobacco use might help guide adjunctive inclusion or exclusion or epigenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Bennett
- Genomic Medicine Institute Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Regulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of regulatory T-cells and Th17 cells. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 119:75-86. [PMID: 20402669 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) is an inflammatory disorder of the airways, which is associated with irreversible airway obstruction. The pathological hallmarks of COPD are destruction of the lung parenchyma (pulmonary emphysema), inflammation of the central airways (chronic bronchitis) and inflammation of the peripheral airways (respiratory bronchiolitis). Tobacco smoking is established as the main aetiological factor for COPD. A maladaptive modulation of inflammatory responses to inhalation of noxious particles and gases is generally accepted as being a key central pathogenic process; however, the precise regulatory mechanisms of the disease are poorly understood. Two cell types are known to be important in immune regulation, namely regulatory T-cells and the newly identified Th17 (T-helper 17) cells. Both types of cells are subsets of CD4 T-lymphocytes and modulate the immune response through secretion of cytokines, for example IL (interleukin)-10 and IL-17 respectively. The present review will begin by describing the current understanding of inflammatory cell involvement in the disease process, and then focus on the possible role of subsets of regulatory and helper T-cells in COPD.
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Araya J, Nishimura SL. Fibrogenic reactions in lung disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2010; 5:77-98. [PMID: 20078216 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibrogenic lung reactions occur as a common phenotype shared among disorders of heterogeneous etiologies. Even with a common etiology, the extent and pattern of fibrosis vary greatly among individuals, even within families, suggesting complex gene-environment interactions. The search for mechanisms shared among all fibrotic lung diseases would represent a major advance in the identification of therapeutic targets that could have a broad impact on lung health. Although it is difficult to grasp all of the complexities of the varied cell types and cytokine networks involved in lung fibrogenic responses, and to predict the biologic responses to the overexpression or deficiency of individual cytokines, a large body of evidence converges on a single common theme: the central importance of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) pathway. Therapies that act upstream or downstream of TGF-beta activation have the therapeutic potential to treat all fibrogenic responses in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Araya
- Division of Respiratory Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan.
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Leppäranta O, Myllärniemi M, Salmenkivi K, Kinnula VL, Keski-Oja J, Koli K. Reduced Phosphorylation of the TGF-β Signal Transducer Smad2 in Emphysematous Human Lung. COPD 2009; 6:234-41. [DOI: 10.1080/15412550903049173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Hogg JC, Timens W. The Pathology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2009; 4:435-59. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.4.110807.092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C. Hogg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia and iCapture Center, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia V6Z 1Y6, Canada;
| | - Wim Timens
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands;
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Zandvoort A, Postma DS, Jonker MR, Noordhoek JA, Vos JTWM, Timens W. Smad gene expression in pulmonary fibroblasts: indications for defective ECM repair in COPD. Respir Res 2008; 9:83. [PMID: 19087346 PMCID: PMC2613883 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by defective extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover as a result of prolonged cigarette smoking. Fibroblasts have a central role in ECM turnover. The TGFbeta induced Smad pathway provides intracellular signals to regulate ECM production. We address the following hypothesis: fibroblasts have abnormal expression of genes in the Smad pathway in COPD, resulting in abnormal proteoglycan modulation, the ground substance of ECM. METHODS We compared gene expression of the Smad pathway at different time points after stimulation with TGFbeta, TNF or cigarette smoke extract (CSE) in pulmonary fibroblasts of GOLD stage II and IV COPD patients, and controls. RESULTS Without stimulation, all genes were similarly expressed in control and COPD fibroblasts. TGFbeta stimulation: downregulation of Smad3 and upregulation of Smad7 occurred in COPD and control fibroblasts, indicating a negative feedback loop upon TGFbeta stimulation. CSE hardly influenced gene expression of the TGFbeta-Smad pathway in control fibroblasts, whereas it reduced Smad3 and enhanced Smad7 gene expression in COPD fibroblasts. Furthermore, decorin gene expression decreased by all stimulations in COPD but not in control fibroblasts. CONCLUSION Fibroblasts of COPD patients and controls differ in their regulation of the Smad pathway, the contrast being most pronounced under CSE exposure. This aberrant responsiveness of COPD fibroblasts to CSE might result in an impaired tissue repair capability and is likely important with regard to the question why only a subset of smokers demonstrates an excess ECM destruction under influence of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Zandvoort
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Koli K, Myllärniemi M, Keski-Oja J, Kinnula VL. Transforming growth factor-beta activation in the lung: focus on fibrosis and reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:333-42. [PMID: 17961070 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-beta) regulate a wide variety of cellular functions in normal development and are involved in both tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. The regulation of the TGF-beta family of growth factors is unique because they are targeted to the extracellular matrix in a biologically inactive form. The release from pericellular matrices and the activation of TGF-beta are important mechanisms in several pathophysiologic conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can activate TGF-beta either directly or indirectly via the activation of proteases. In addition, TGF-beta itself induces ROS production as part of its signal-transduction pathway. The lung is a unique organ, because its structures act as boundaries between gaseous and aqueous phases, allowing the utilization of inhaled oxygen. However, this renders pulmonary tissues vulnerable to the toxic effects of inhaled air. The oxidant pathways are especially relevant in the lung, where TGF-beta is known to have a role in tissue repair and connective tissue turnover. In pulmonary fibrosis, TGF-beta activation is considered as a hallmark of disease progression. More recently, the oxidative effects of cigarette smoking have been found to activate TGF-beta in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a disease consisting of emphysema, airway fibrosis, and focal lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Koli
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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45
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de Boer WI, Alagappan VKT, Sharma HS. Molecular mechanisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: potential targets for therapy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2008; 47:131-48. [PMID: 17406066 DOI: 10.1385/cbb:47:1:131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease associated with progressive airflow obstruction. Tobacco smoking is the main risk factor worldwide. In contrast to asthma, antiinflammatory therapies are rather ineffective in improving chronic symptoms and reducing inflammation, lung function decline, and airway remodeling. Specific drugs that are directed against the remodeling and chronic inflammation, thereby preventing lung tissue damage and progressive lung function decline, must be developed. Experimental models and expression studies suggest that anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor strategies may be of use in patients with emphysema, whereas anti-HER1-directed strategies may be more useful in patients with pulmonary mucus hypersecretion, as seen in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Growth factors and cytokines including VEGF, fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factor-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL2, and signal transduction proteins such as mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 and nuclear factor-kappaB, seem to be important pathogenetic molecules in COPD. Specific antagonists for these proteins may be effective for different inflammatory diseases. However, their efficacy for COPD therapy has not yet been demonstrated. Finally, other drugs such as retinoic acids may provide restoration of lung tissue structure. Such approaches, however, must await the first results of growth factor or cytokine antagonist therapy in chronic lung diseases.
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46
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Trian T, Benard G, Begueret H, Rossignol R, Girodet PO, Ghosh D, Ousova O, Vernejoux JM, Marthan R, Tunon-de-Lara JM, Berger P. Bronchial smooth muscle remodeling involves calcium-dependent enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in asthma. J Exp Med 2007; 204:3173-81. [PMID: 18056286 PMCID: PMC2150973 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are characterized by different patterns of airway remodeling, which all include an increased mass of bronchial smooth muscle (BSM). A remaining major question concerns the mechanisms underlying such a remodeling of BSM. Because mitochondria play a major role in both cell proliferation and apoptosis, we hypothesized that mitochondrial activation in BSM could play a role in this remodeling. We describe that both the mitochondrial mass and oxygen consumption were higher in the BSM from asthmatic subjects than in that from both COPD and controls. This feature, which is specific to asthma, was related to an enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis through up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1alpha, nuclear respiratory factor-1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A. The priming event of such activation was an alteration in BSM calcium homeostasis. BSM cell apoptosis was not different in the three groups of subjects. Asthmatic BSM was, however, characterized by increased cell growth and proliferation. Both characteristics were completely abrogated in mitochondria-deficient asthmatic BSM cells. Conversely, in both COPD and control BSM cells, induction of mitochondrial biogenesis reproduced these characteristics. Thus, BSM in asthmatic patients is characterized by an altered calcium homeostasis that increases mitochondrial biogenesis, which, in turn, enhances cell proliferation, leading to airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Trian
- Universite Bordeaux 2, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Respiratoire, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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Zhao J, Harper R, Barchowsky A, Di YPP. Identification of multiple MAPK-mediated transcription factors regulated by tobacco smoke in airway epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L480-90. [PMID: 17496060 PMCID: PMC3287033 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00345.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation and regulation of transcription factors (TFs) are the major mechanisms regulating changes in gene expression upon environmental exposure. Tobacco smoke (TS) is a complex mixture of chemicals, each of which could act through different signal cascades, leading to the regulation of distinct TFs and alterations in subsequent gene expression. We proposed that TS exposure affects inflammatory gene expression at the transcriptional level by modulating the DNA binding activities of TFs. To investigate transcriptional regulation upon TS exposure, a protein/DNA array was applied to screen TFs that are affected by TS exposure. This array-based screening allowed us to simultaneously detect 244 different TFs. Our results indicated that multiple TFs were rapidly activated upon TS exposure. DNA-binding activity of differentially expressed TFs was confirmed by EMSA. Our results showed that at least 20 TFs displayed more than twofold expressional changes after smoke treatment. Ten smoke-induced TFs, including NF-kappaB, VDR, ISRE, and RSRFC4, were involved in MAPK signaling pathways. The NF-kappaB family, which is involved in inflammation-induced gene activation, was selected for further study to characterize TS exposure-induced transcriptional activation. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that TS exposure induced phosphorylation of IkappaB and translocation of NF-kappaB p65/p50 heterodimers into the nucleus. This activity was abrogated by the MAPK inhibitors PD98059 and U0126. Our results confirmed that activation of MAPK signaling pathways by TS exposure increased transcriptional activity of NF-kappaB. These data provide a potential mechanism for TS-induced inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Zhao
- Center for Lung Regeneration, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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48
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Kang HR, Lee CG, Homer RJ, Elias JA. Semaphorin 7A plays a critical role in TGF-beta1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1083-93. [PMID: 17485510 PMCID: PMC2118575 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin (SEMA) 7A regulates neuronal and immune function. In these studies, we tested the hypothesis that SEMA 7A is also a critical regulator of tissue remodeling. These studies demonstrate that SEMA 7A and its receptors, plexin C1 and β1 integrins, are stimulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the murine lung. They also demonstrate that SEMA 7A plays a critical role in TGF-β1–induced fibrosis, myofibroblast hyperplasia, alveolar remodeling, and apoptosis. TGF-β1 stimulated SEMA 7A via a largely Smad 3–independent mechanism and stimulated SEMA 7A receptors, matrix proteins, CCN proteins, fibroblast growth factor 2, interleukin 13 receptor components, proteases, antiprotease, and apoptosis regulators via Smad 2/3–independent and SEMA 7A–dependent mechanisms. SEMA 7A also played an important role in the pathogenesis of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. TGF-β1 and bleomycin also activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB)/AKT via SEMA 7A–dependent mechanisms, and PKB/AKT inhibition diminished TGF-β1–induced fibrosis. These observations demonstrate that SEMA 7A and its receptors are induced by TGF-β1 and that SEMA 7A plays a central role in a PI3K/PKB/AKT-dependent pathway that contributes to TGF-β1–induced fibrosis and remodeling. They also demonstrate that the effects of SEMA 7A are not specific for transgenic TGF-β1, highlighting the importance of these findings for other fibrotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryun Kang
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and 2Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
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49
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Leung SY, Niimi A, Noble A, Oates T, Williams AS, Medicherla S, Protter AA, Chung KF. Effect of transforming growth factor-beta receptor I kinase inhibitor 2,4-disubstituted pteridine (SD-208) in chronic allergic airway inflammation and remodeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:586-94. [PMID: 16888081 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.109314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a multifunctional regulator of cell growth and differentiation with both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. We used an inhibitor of TGF-beta receptor I (TGF-betaRI) kinase, SD-208 (2,4-disubstituted pteridine, a ATP-competitive inhibitor of TGF-betaRI kinase), to determine the role of TGF-beta in airway allergic inflammation and remodeling. Brown-Norway rats sensitized and repeatedly exposed to ovalbumin (OVA) aerosol challenge were orally administered SD-208 twice daily, before each of six OVA exposures to determine the preventive effects, or only before each of the last three of six OVA exposures to investigate its reversal effects. SD-208 (60 mg/kg) reversed bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) induced by repeated allergen exposure, but it did not prevent it. SD-208 prevented changes in serum total and OVA-specific IgE, but it did not reverse them. SD-208 had both a preventive and reversal effect on airway inflammation as measured by major basic protein-positive eosinophils and CD2(+) T-cell counts in mucosal airways, cell proliferation measured by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine expression in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells and epithelial cells, and goblet cell hyperplasia induced by repeated allergen challenges. There was a significant decrease in intracellular Smad2/3 expression. SD-208 did not significantly decrease the increased ASM thickness induced by allergen exposure. These findings support a proinflammatory and proremodeling role for TGF-beta in allergic airway inflammation. Inhibition of TGF-betaRI kinase activities by SD-208 may be a useful approach to the reversal of BHR and to the prevention and reversal of inflammatory and remodeling features of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sum Yee Leung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse St., London SW3 6LY, UK
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Veldhoen M, Stockinger B. TGFbeta1, a "Jack of all trades": the link with pro-inflammatory IL-17-producing T cells. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:358-61. [PMID: 16793343 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)beta is most commonly considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, a view that clearly does not correlate with the recently described role for TGFbeta1 in the differentiation of T-helper (Th)17 cells, a novel, highly inflammatory T-cell subset that produces interleukin (IL)-17. However, these recent findings endorse earlier studies, pre-dating the discovery of Th17 cells, which described a seemingly paradoxical pro-inflammatory role of TGFbeta. In this article, we propose that the administration of neutralizing anti-TGFbeta antibodies in target sites of chronic inflammation would ameliorate or abolish disease because this would limit the differentiation of Th17 cells. By contrast, similar interventions at mucosal sites, where Th17 cells seem to have a protective role, might exacerbate disease in experimental models of colitis. An excess production of Th17 cells in response to infection or trauma could result in leakage into peripheral tissues and cause autoimmune pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Veldhoen
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, UK
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