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McKelvey MC, Brown R, Ryan S, Mall MA, Weldon S, Taggart CC. Proteases, Mucus, and Mucosal Immunity in Chronic Lung Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5018. [PMID: 34065111 PMCID: PMC8125985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22095018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated protease activity has long been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases and especially in conditions that display mucus obstruction, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. However, our appreciation of the roles of proteases in various aspects of such diseases continues to grow. Patients with muco-obstructive lung disease experience progressive spirals of inflammation, mucostasis, airway infection and lung function decline. Some therapies exist for the treatment of these symptoms, but they are unable to halt disease progression and patients may benefit from novel adjunct therapies. In this review, we highlight how proteases act as multifunctional enzymes that are vital for normal airway homeostasis but, when their activity becomes immoderate, also directly contribute to airway dysfunction, and impair the processes that could resolve disease. We focus on how proteases regulate the state of mucus at the airway surface, impair mucociliary clearance and ultimately, promote mucostasis. We discuss how, in parallel, proteases are able to promote an inflammatory environment in the airways by mediating proinflammatory signalling, compromising host defence mechanisms and perpetuating their own proteolytic activity causing structural lung damage. Finally, we discuss some possible reasons for the clinical inefficacy of protease inhibitors to date and propose that, especially in a combination therapy approach, proteases represent attractive therapeutic targets for muco-obstructive lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. McKelvey
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Ryan Brown
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Sinéad Ryan
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Marcus A. Mall
- Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Immunology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
| | - Clifford C. Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research (AiiR) Group, Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (M.C.M.); (R.B.); (S.R.); (S.W.)
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Liu L, Liu Y, Yan X, Zhou C, Xiong X. The role of granulocyte colony‑stimulating factor in breast cancer development: A review. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:2019-2029. [PMID: 32186767 PMCID: PMC7115204 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a member of the hematopoietic growth factor family that primarily affects the neutrophil lineage. G-CSF serves as a powerful mobilizer of peripheral blood stem cells and recombinant human G-CSF (rhG-CSF) has been used to treat granulocytopenia and neutropenia after chemotherapy for cancer patients. However, recent studies have found that G-CSF plays an important role in cancer progression. G-CSF expression is increased in different types of cancer cells, such as lung cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, invasive bladder carcinoma, glioma and breast cancer. However, it is unclear whether treatment with G-CSF has an adverse effect. The current review provides an overview of G-CSF in malignant breast cancer development and the data presented in this review are expected to provide new ideas for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Clinical Medical College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Proteases and Their Inhibitors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7090244. [PMID: 30154365 PMCID: PMC6162857 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite much development in the area of drug development, currently there are no effective medicines available for the treatment of this disease. An imbalance in the protease: Antiprotease ratio in the COPD lung remains an important aspect of COPD pathophysiology and several studies have shown the efficacy of antiprotease therapy in both in vitro and in vivo COPD models. However more in-depth studies will be required to validate the efficacy of lead drug molecules targeting these proteases. This review discusses the current status of protease-directed drugs used for treating COPD and explores the future prospects of utilizing the potential of antiprotease-based therapeutics as a treatment for this disease.
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Muto J, Fujimoto N, Ono K, Kobayashi T, Chen KR, Suzuki S, Wachi H, Tajima S. Deposition of elafin in the involved vascular wall of neutrophil-mediated cutaneous vasculitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:1544-9. [PMID: 27060697 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil elastase plays an important role in skin inflammation induced by neutrophil infiltration. Elafin is an inducible elastase inhibitor expressed by keratinocytes, and is known to be involved in pathogenesis of neutrophilic skin disorders such as psoriasis. METHODS Immunohistochemical studies of elafin expression in the cases of vasculitis were performed. Induction of elafin expression in cultured vascular cells and its effect on neutrophil migration were studied in vitro. RESULTS A positive immunoreactivity was detected in polyarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis and Schönlein-Henoch purpura, but no immunoreactivity was found in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Elafin expression in cultured venous endothelial cells and arterial smooth muscle cells was undetectable, but induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-8. Elafin inhibited the elastin peptide-induced neutrophil chemotaxis at the concentration of 10(-8) -10(-5) mol/L. CONCLUSION Elafin deposition induced by cytokines (IL-1β or IL-8) will be an important regulator for the progress of leucocytoclastic vasculitis by functioning as an inhibitor for neutrophil chemotaxis as well as for vascular elastin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Muto
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - N Fujimoto
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - K Ono
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - T Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - K R Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Suzuki
- Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - H Wachi
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hoshi College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Tajima
- Department of Dermatology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
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Fortunato G, Vidal DTA, Klein W, Neto A, Angrizani A, Vasconcelos JF, Kaneto C, Souza BSDF, Ribeiro-dos-Santos R, Soares MBP, Macambira SG. Recovery of pulmonary structure and exercise capacity by treatment with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a mouse model of emphysema. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 27:144-9. [PMID: 23603459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized abnormal dilatation of alveolar spaces, which impairs alveolar gas exchange, compromising the physical capacity of a patient due to airflow limitations. Here we tested the effects of G-CSF administration in pulmonary tissue and exercise capacity in emphysematous mice. C57Bl/6 female mice were treated with elastase intratracheally to induce emphysema. Their exercise capacities were evaluated in a treadmill. Lung histological sections were prepared to evaluate mean linear intercept measurement. Emphysematous mice were treated with G-CSF (3 cycles of 200 μg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days, with 7-day intervals) or saline and submitted to a third evaluation 8 weeks after treatment. Values of run distance and linear intercept measurement were expressed as mean ± SD and compared applying a paired t-test. Effects of treatment on these parameters were analyzed applying a Repeated Measures ANOVA, followed by Tukey's post hoc analysis. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Twenty eight days later, animals ran significantly less in a treadmill compared to normal mice (549.7 ± 181.2 m and 821.7 ± 131.3 m, respectively; p < 0.01). Treatment with G-CSF significantly increased the exercise capacity of emphysematous mice (719.6 ± 200.5 m), whereas saline treatment had no effect on distance run (595.8 ± 178.5 m). The PCR cytokines genes analysis did not detect difference between experimental groups. Morphometric analyses in the lung showed that saline-treated mice had a mean linear intercept significantly higher (p < 0.01) when compared to mice treated with G-CSF, which did not significantly differ from that of normal mice. Treatment with G-CSF promoted the recovery of exercise capacity and regeneration of alveolar structural alterations in emphysematous mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Fortunato
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil.
| | - Daniel T A Vidal
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Wilfried Klein
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Fisiologia Comparada, UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Neto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - André Angrizani
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Juliana F Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Carla Kaneto
- Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Milena B P Soares
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Simone G Macambira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil; Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, BA, Brazil; Departamento de Biofunção, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, BA, Brazil.
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Hilgendorff A, Parai K, Ertsey R, Jain N, Navarro EF, Peterson JL, Tamosiuniene R, Nicolls MR, Starcher BC, Rabinovitch M, Bland RD. Inhibiting lung elastase activity enables lung growth in mechanically ventilated newborn mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184:537-46. [PMID: 21562133 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201012-2010oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Mechanical ventilation with O₂-rich gas (MV-O₂) offers life-saving treatment for respiratory failure, but also promotes lung injury. We previously reported that MV-O2 of newborn mice increased lung elastase activity, causing elastin degradation and redistribution of elastic fibers from septal tips to alveolar walls. These changes were associated with transforming growth factor (TGF)-β activation and increased apoptosis leading to defective alveolarization and lung growth arrest, as seen in neonatal chronic lung disease. OBJECTIVES To determine if intratracheal treatment of newborn mice with the serine elastase inhibitor elafin would prevent MV-O₂-induced lung elastin degradation and the ensuing cascade of events causing lung growth arrest. METHODS Five-day-old mice were treated via tracheotomy with recombinant human elafin or vehicle (lactated-Ringer solution), followed by MV with 40% O₂ for 8-24 hours; control animals breathed 40% O₂ without MV. At study's end, lungs were harvested to assess key variables noted below. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS MV-O₂ of vehicle-treated pups increased lung elastase and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity when compared with unventilated control animals, causing elastin degradation (urine desmosine doubled), TGF-β activation (pSmad-2 tripled), and apoptosis (cleaved-caspase-3 increased 10-fold). Quantitative lung histology showed larger and fewer alveoli, greater inflammation, and scattered elastic fibers. Elafin blocked these MV-O₂-induced changes. CONCLUSIONS Intratracheal elafin, by blocking lung protease activity, prevented MV-O₂-induced elastin degradation, TGF-β activation, apoptosis, and dispersion of matrix elastin, and attenuated lung structural abnormalities noted in vehicle-treated mice after 24 hours of MV-O₂. These findings suggest that elastin breakdown contributes to defective lung growth in response to MV-O₂ and might be targeted therapeutically to prevent MV-O₂-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hilgendorff
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5162, USA
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Shim YM, Paige M, Hanna H, Kim SH, Burdick MD, Strieter RM. Role of LTB₄ in the pathogenesis of elastase-induced murine pulmonary emphysema. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 299:L749-59. [PMID: 20817777 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00116.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated levels of the leukotriene B₄ (LTB₄) frequently coexist at sites of inflammation and tissue remodeling. Therefore, we hypothesize that the LTB₄ pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neutrophilic inflammation that contributes to pulmonary emphysema. In this study, significant levels of LTB₄ were detected in human lung tissues with emphysema compared with lungs without emphysema (9,497 ± 2,839 vs. 4,142 ± 1,173 pg/ml, n = 9 vs. 10, P = 0.04). To further determine the biological role of LTB₄ in the pathogenesis of emphysema, we compared the lungs of wild-type (WT) and LTA₄ hydrolase-/- mice (LTB₄ deficient, LTA₄H-/-) exposed to intranasal elastase or vehicle control. We found that intranasal elastase induced accumulation of LTB₄ in the lungs and caused progressively worsening emphysema between 14 and 28 days after elastase exposure in WT mice but not in LTA₄H-/- mice. Premortem physiology documented increased lung compliance in elastase-exposed WT mice compared with elastase-exposed LTA₄H-/- mice as measured by Flexivent (0.058 ± 0.005 vs. 0.041 ± 0.002 ml/cmH₂O pressure). Postmortem morphometry documented increased total lung volume and alveolar sizes in elastase-exposed WT mice compared with elastase-exposed LTA₄H-/- mice as measured by volume displacement and alveolar chord length assessment. Furthermore, elastase-exposed LTA₄H-/- mice were found to have significantly delayed influx of the CD45(high)CD11b(high)Ly6G(high) leukocytes compatible with neutrophils compared with elastase-exposed WT mice. Mechanistic insights to these phenotypes were provided by demonstrating protection from elastase-induced murine emphysema with neutrophil depletion in the elastase-exposed WT mice and by demonstrating time-dependent modulation of cysteinyl leukotriene biosynthesis in the elastase-exposed LTA₄H-/- mice compared with elastase-exposed WT mice. Together, these findings demonstrated that LTB₄ played an important role in promoting the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema associated with neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Michael Shim
- Dept. of Medicine, Univ. of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22908-0546, USA.
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Zani ML, Baranger K, Guyot N, Dallet-Choisy S, Moreau T. Protease inhibitors derived from elafin and SLPI and engineered to have enhanced specificity towards neutrophil serine proteases. Protein Sci 2009; 18:579-94. [PMID: 19241385 DOI: 10.1002/pro.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), elafin, and its biologically active precursor trappin-2 are endogeneous low-molecular weight inhibitors of the chelonianin family that control the enzymatic activity of neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) like elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G. These inhibitors may be of therapeutic value, since unregulated NSP activities are linked to inflammatory lung diseases. However SLPI inhibits elastase and cathepsin G but not proteinase 3, while elafin targets elastase and proteinase 3 but not cathepsin G. We have used two strategies to design polyvalent inhibitors of NSPs that target all three NSPs and may be used in the aerosol-based treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. First, we fused the elafin domain with the second inhibitory domain of SLPI to produce recombinant chimeras that had the inhibitory properties of both parent molecules. Second, we generated the trappin-2 variant, trappin-2 A62L, in which the P1 residue Ala is replaced by Leu, as in the corresponding position in SLPI domain 2. The chimera inhibitors and trappin-2 A62L are tight-binding inhibitors of all three NSPs with subnanomolar K(i)s, similar to those of the parent molecules for their respective target proteases. We have also shown that these molecules inhibit the neutrophil membrane-bound forms of all three NSPs. The trappin-2 A62L and elafin-SLPI chimeras, like wild-type elafin and trappin-2, can be covalently cross-linked to fibronectin or elastin by a tissue transglutaminase, while retaining their polypotent inhibition of NSPs. Therefore, the inhibitors described herein have the appropriate properties to be further evaluated as therapeutic anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Louise Zani
- Inserm U618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, IFR 135 Imagerie Fonctionnelle, University of Tours, France
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Elis S, Blesbois E, Couty I, Balzergue S, Martin-Magniette ML, Batellier F, Govoroun MS. Identification of germinal disk region derived genes potentially involved in hen fertility. Mol Reprod Dev 2009; 76:1043-55. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Wilkinson TS, Dhaliwal K, Hamilton TW, Lipka AF, Farrell L, Davidson DJ, Duffin R, Morris AC, Haslett C, Govan JRW, Gregory CD, Sallenave JM, Simpson AJ. Trappin-2 promotes early clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through CD14-dependent macrophage activation and neutrophil recruitment. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1338-46. [PMID: 19264904 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microaspiration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa contributes to the pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia. Trappin-2 is a host defense peptide that assists with the clearance of P. aeruginosa through undefined mechanisms. A model of macrophage interactions with replicating P. aeruginosa (strain PA01) in serum-free conditions was developed, and the influence of subantimicrobial concentrations of trappin-2 was subsequently studied. PA01 that was pre-incubated with trappin-2 (at concentrations that have no direct antimicrobial effects), but not control PA01, was cleared by alveolar and bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, trappin-2-enhanced clearance of PA01 was completely abrogated by CD14- null macrophages. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated the presence of trappin-2 on the bacterial cell surface of trappin-2-treated PA01. In a murine model of early lung infection, trappin-2-treated PA01 was cleared more efficiently than control PA01 2 hours of intratracheal instillation. Furthermore, trappin-2-treated PA01 up-regulated the murine chemokine CXCL1/KC after 2 hours with a corresponding increase in neutrophil recruitment 1 hour later. These in vivo trappin-2-treated PA01 effects were absent in CD14-deficient mice. Trappin-2 appears to opsonize P. aeruginosa for more efficient, CD14-dependent clearance by macrophages and contributes to the induction of chemokines that promote neutrophil recruitment. Trappin-2 may therefore play an important role in innate recognition and clearance of pathogens during the very earliest stages of pulmonary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Wilkinson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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Bissonnette EY, Tremblay GM, Turmel V, Pirotte B, Reboud-Ravaux M. Coumarinic derivatives show anti-inflammatory effects on alveolar macrophages, but their anti-elastase activity is essential to reduce lung inflammation in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:49-54. [PMID: 18840548 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elyse Y Bissonnette
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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Moreau T, Baranger K, Dadé S, Dallet-Choisy S, Guyot N, Zani ML. Multifaceted roles of human elafin and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI), two serine protease inhibitors of the chelonianin family. Biochimie 2007; 90:284-95. [PMID: 17964057 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Elafin and SLPI are low-molecular weight proteins that were first identified as protease inhibitors in mucous fluids including lung secretions, where they help control excessive proteolysis due to neutrophil serine proteases (elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G). Elafin and SLPI are structurally related in that both have a fold with a four-disulfide core or whey acidic protein (WAP) domain responsible for inhibiting proteases. Elafin is derived from a precursor, trappin-2 or pre-elafin, by proteolysis. Trappin-2, which is itself a protease inhibitor, has a unique N-terminal domain that enables it to become cross-linked to extracellular matrix proteins by transglutaminase(s). SLPI and elafin/trappin-2 are attractive candidates as therapeutic molecules for inhibiting neutrophil serine proteases in inflammatory lung diseases. Hence, they have become the WAP proteins most studied over the last decade. This review focuses on recent findings revealing that SLPI and elafin/trappin-2 have many biological functions as diverse as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and immuno-modulatory functions, in addition to their well-recognized role as protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Moreau
- INSERM U618 Protéases et Vectorisation Pulmonaires, IFR 135 Imagerie fonctionnelle, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.
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Doucet A, Bouchard D, Janelle M, Bellemare A, Gagné S, Tremblay G, Bourbonnais Y. Characterization of human pre-elafin mutants: full antipeptidase activity is essential to preserve lung tissue integrity in experimental emphysema. Biochem J 2007; 405:455-63. [PMID: 17489739 PMCID: PMC2267300 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pre-elafin is a tight-binding inhibitor of neutrophil elastase and myeloblastin; two enzymes thought to contribute to tissue damage in lung emphysema. Previous studies have established that pre-elafin is also an effective anti-inflammatory molecule. However, it is not clear whether both functions are linked to the antipeptidase activity of pre-elafin. As a first step toward elucidating the structure/function relationship of this protein, we describe here the construction and characterization of pre-elafin variants with attenuated antipeptidase potential. In these mutants, the P1' methionine residue of the inhibitory loop is replaced by either a lysine (pre-elafinM25K) or a glycine (pre-elafinM25G) residue. Both mutated variants are stable and display biochemical properties undistinguishable from WT (wild-type) pre-elafin. However, compared with WT pre-elafin, their inhibitory constants are increased by one to four orders of magnitude toward neutrophil elastase, myeloblastin and pancreatic elastase, depending on the variants and enzymes tested. As suggested by molecular modelling, this attenuated inhibitory potential correlates with decreased van der Waals interactions between the variants and the enzymes S1' subsite. In elastase-induced experimental emphysema in mice, only WT pre-elafin protected against tissue destruction, as assessed by the relative airspace enlargement measured using lung histopathological sections. Pre-elafin and both mutants prevented transient neutrophil alveolitis. However, even the modestly affected pre-elafinM25K mutant, as assayed in vitro with small synthetic substrates, was a poor inhibitor of the neutrophil elastase and myeloblastin elastolytic activity measured with insoluble elastin. We therefore conclude that full antipeptidase activity of pre-elafin is essential to protect against lung tissue lesions in this experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Doucet
- *Département de biochimie et de microbiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- †Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada 61K 7P4
| | - Dominique Bouchard
- †Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada 61K 7P4
- ‡Unité de recherche, Hôpital Laval, Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Quebec, Qc, Canada 61V 465
| | - Marie France Janelle
- †Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada 61K 7P4
- ‡Unité de recherche, Hôpital Laval, Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Quebec, Qc, Canada 61V 465
| | - Audrey Bellemare
- *Département de biochimie et de microbiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- †Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada 61K 7P4
| | - Stéphane Gagné
- *Département de biochimie et de microbiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- †Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada 61K 7P4
| | - Guy M. Tremblay
- †Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada 61K 7P4
- ‡Unité de recherche, Hôpital Laval, Institut de cardiologie et de pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Quebec, Qc, Canada 61V 465
| | - Yves Bourbonnais
- *Département de biochimie et de microbiologie, Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada
- †Centre de recherche sur la fonction, la structure et l'ingénierie des protéines (CREFSIP), Université Laval, Québec, Qc, Canada 61K 7P4
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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