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Lecaille F, Chazeirat T, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Cathepsin V: Molecular characteristics and significance in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101086. [PMID: 35305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins form a family of eleven proteases (B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, X/Z) that play important roles in a considerable number of biological and pathophysiological processes. Among them, cathepsin V, also known as cathepsin L2, is a lysosomal enzyme, which is mainly expressed in cornea, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. Cathepsin V is a multifunctional endopeptidase that is involved in both the release of antigenic peptides and the maturation of MHC class II molecules and participates in the turnover of elastin fibrils as well in the cleavage of intra- and extra-cellular substrates. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cathepsin V may contribute to the progression of diverse diseases, due to the dysregulation of its expression and/or its activity. For instance, increased expression of cathepsin V is closely correlated with malignancies (breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or colorectal cancer) as well vascular disorders (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, hypertension) being the most prominent examples. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge on molecular aspects of cathepsin V (genomic organization, protein structure, substrate specificity), its regulation by protein and non-protein inhibitors as well to summarize its expression (tissue and cellular distribution). Then the core biological and pathophysiological roles of cathepsin V will be depicted, raising the question of its interest as a valuable target that can open up pioneering therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
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Sarria ALF, Silva TL, de Oliveira JM, de Oliveira MAR, Fernandes JB, da Silva MFDGF, Vieira PC, Venancio T, Alves Filho EDG, Batista JM, Guido RVC. Dimeric chalcones derivatives from Myracrodruon urundeuva act as cathepsin V inhibitors. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 154:31-38. [PMID: 29936339 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André Lucio Franceschini Sarria
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom; Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil.
| | - Taynara Lopes Silva
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Cezar Vieira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Tiago Venancio
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - João M Batista
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, Brazil; Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of São Paulo, 12231-280, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Victorio Carvalho Guido
- Medicinal Chemistry and Computational Laboratory, Centre for Research and Innovation in Biodiversity and Drugs, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13563-120, São Carlos, Brazil
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Huang K, Gao L, Yang M, Wang J, Wang Z, Wang L, Wang G, Li H. Exogenous cathepsin V protein protects human cardiomyocytes HCM from angiotensin Ⅱ-Induced hypertrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:6-15. [PMID: 28522343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) Ⅱ-induced cardiac hypertrophy can deteriorate to heart failure, a leading cause of mortality. Endogenous Cathepsin V (CTSV) has been reported to be cardioprotective against hypertrophy. However, little is known about the effect of exogenous CTSV on cardiac hypertrophy. We used the human cardiomyocytes HCM as a cell model to investigate the effects of exogenous CTSV on Ang Ⅱ-induced cardiac cell hypertrophy. Cell surface area and expression of classical markers of hypertrophy were analyzed. We further explored the mechanism of CTSV cardioprotective by assessing the levels and activities of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathway proteins. We found that pre-treating cardiomyocytes with CTSV could significantly inhibit Ang Ⅱ-induced hypertrophy. The mRNA expression of hypertrophy markers ANP, BNP and β-MHC was obviously elevated in Ang Ⅱ-treated cardiac cells. Whereas, exogenous CTSV effectively halted this elevation. Further study revealed that the protective effects of exogenous CTSV might be mediated by repressing the phosphorylation of proteins in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways. Based on our results, we concluded that exogenous CTSV inhibited Ang Ⅱ-induced hypertrophy in HCM cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR. This study provides experimental evidence for the application of CTSV protein for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China.
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Soares TS, Oliveira F, Torquato RJ, Sasaki SD, Araujo MS, Paschoalin T, Tanaka AS. BmTI-A, a Kunitz type inhibitor from Rhipicephalus microplus able to interfere in vessel formation. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Coppini LP, Visniauskas B, Costa EF, Filho MN, Rodrigues EB, Chagas JR, Farah ME, Barros NMT, Carmona AK. Corneal angiogenesis modulation by cysteine cathepsins: In vitro and in vivo studies. Exp Eye Res 2015; 134:39-46. [PMID: 25795052 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Corneal avascularization is essential for normal vision. Several antiangiogenic factors were identified in cornea such as endostatin and angiostatin. Cathepsin V, which is highly expressed in the cornea, can hydrolyze human plasminogen to release angiostatin fragments. Herein, we describe a detailed investigation of the expression profile of cathepsins B, L, S and V in the human cornea and the role of cysteine peptidases in modulating angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. We used various methodological tools for this purpose, including real-time PCR, SDS-PAGE, western blotting, catalytic activity assays, cellular assays and induction of corneal neovascularity in rabbit eyes. Human corneal enzymatic activity assays revealed the presence of cysteine proteases that were capable of processing endogenous corneal plasminogen to produce angiostatin-like fragments. Comparative real-time analysis of cathepsin B, L, S and V expression revealed that cathepsin V was the most highly expressed, followed by cathepsins L, B and S. However, cathepsin V depletion revealed that this enzyme is not the major cysteine protease responsible for plasminogen degradation under non-pathological conditions. Furthermore, western blotting analysis indicated that only cathepsins B and S were present in their enzymatically active forms. In vivo analysis of angiogenesis demonstrated that treatment with the cysteine peptidase inhibitor E64 caused a reduction in neovascularization. Taken together, our results show that human corneal cysteine proteases are critically involved in angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa P Coppini
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna Visniauskas
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine F Costa
- Departamento de Medicina I, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Milton N Filho
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Instituto da Visão (IPEPO), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Rodrigues
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Instituto da Visão (IPEPO), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jair R Chagas
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Michel E Farah
- Departamento de Oftalmologia e Ciências Visuais, Instituto da Visão (IPEPO), Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nilana M T Barros
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Adriana K Carmona
- Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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van Tilborg AAG, Sweep FCGJ, Geurts-Moespot AJ, Wetzels AMM, de Waal RMW, Westphal JR, Massuger LFAG. Plasminogen activators are involved in angiostatin generation in vivo in benign and malignant ovarian tumor cyst fluids. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1394-400. [PMID: 24535412 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In many tumor types, angiogenesis is the net result of pro- and anti-angiogenic mediators and correlated with metabolic activity, growth, and degree of malignancy. One of the first discovered anti-angiogenic compounds is angiostatin, a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen. The requirements for in vivo angiostatin generation have not yet been determined. We investigated the levels of plasminogen and angiostatin by western blotting and of components of the plasminogen activator complex by ELISA in cyst fluid derived from benign and malignant ovarian tumors. Fluid samples from functional ovarian follicles, dermoid cysts and endometriotic lesions were evaluated separately. When no or minimal amounts of plasminogen were present in the cyst fluids, angiostatin was generally absent as well, irrespective of plasminogen activator concentrations. When plasminogen was present, the degree of conversion of plasminogen to angiostatin was significantly correlated with the level of uPA, and, to a lesser extent, to the tPA level. However, angiostatin was also found in a number of cyst fluid samples with minimal or no plasminogen activators, suggesting the involvement of other angiostatin generating proteases in these samples. Conversely, no angiostatin was observed in a number of cyst fluid samples containing both plasminogen and plasminogen activators. The presence of an inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of uPA and/or tPA, like PAI-1, may explain this finding. Our data show that plasminogen activators are clearly involved in in vivo angiostatin formation in ovarian cysts. Most likely, however, other proteases, as well as inhibitors of plasminogen activators, are involved as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A G van Tilborg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A J Geurts-Moespot
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A M M Wetzels
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R M W de Waal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J R Westphal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L F A G Massuger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Melo PM, Bagnaresi P, Paschoalin T, Hirata IY, Gazarini ML, Carmona AK. Plasmodium falciparum proteases hydrolyze plasminogen, generating angiostatin-like fragments. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 193:45-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Noda S, Asano Y, Takahashi T, Akamata K, Aozasa N, Taniguchi T, Ichimura Y, Toyama T, Sumida H, Kuwano Y, Yanaba K, Tada Y, Sugaya M, Kadono T, Sato S. Decreased cathepsin V expression due to Fli1 deficiency contributes to the development of dermal fibrosis and proliferative vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013; 52:790-9. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Sun J, Sukhova GK, Zhang J, Chen H, Sjöberg S, Libby P, Xiang M, Wang J, Peters C, Reinheckel T, Shi GP. Cathepsin L activity is essential to elastase perfusion-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 31:2500-8. [PMID: 21868704 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.230201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) requires extensive aortic wall matrix degradation. Human AAA lesions express high levels of cathepsin L (CatL), one of the most potent mammalian elastases. Whether this protease participates directly in AAA pathogenesis, however, is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated experimental AAA with aortic elastase perfusion in mice and established an essential role of CatL in AAA formation. After 14 days postperfusion, most wild-type (Ctsl(+/+)) mice developed AAA, but none of the CatL-deficient (Ctsl(-/-)) mice did. AAA lesion macrophage contents, CD4(+) T cell numbers, CD31(+) and laminin-5 angiogenic fragment γ2(+) microvessel numbers, and elastin fragmentation were all significantly lower in Ctsl(-/-) mice than in Ctsl(+/+) mice. While lesions from Ctsl(-/-) mice contained fewer Ki67(+) proliferating cells than did Ctsl(+/+) mice, the absence of CatL did not affect lesion apoptotic cell contents or medial smooth-muscle cell loss significantly. Mechanistic studies indicated that the absence of CatL reduced lesion chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-1 content, macrophage and T-cell in vitro transmigration, and angiogenesis, and altered the expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinases and other cysteinyl cathepsins in inflammatory cells, vascular cells, and AAA lesions. CONCLUSION CatL contributes to AAA formation by promoting lesion inflammatory cell accumulation, angiogenesis, and protease expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiusong Sun
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ma DHK, Chen HCJ, Lai JY, Sun CC, Wang SF, Lin KK, Chen JK. Matrix revolution: molecular mechanism for inflammatory corneal neovascularization and restoration of corneal avascularity by epithelial stem cell transplantation. Ocul Surf 2011; 7:128-44. [PMID: 19635246 DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(12)70308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization (CNV) associated with severe limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency remains a challenging ocular surface disease in that corneal inflammation may persist and progress, and the condition will not improve without LSC transplantation. A prominent feature after successful LSC transplantation is the suppression of corneal inflammation and CNV, which is generally attributed to the endogenous anti-angiogenic/anti-inflammatory factors secreted by corneal epithelial cells. In addition, corneal epithelial basement membrane (EBM) plays a unique role in the regulation of angiogenesis; several potent anti-angiogenic factors are derived from the matrix component of EBM, such as endostatin (from collagen XVIII) and restin (from collagen XV). Also, angio-inhibitory thrombospondin and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 are deposited in EBM. Moreover, the heparan sulphate proteoglycan in EBM can bind and sequester VEGF and FGF-2 from activation. Recently, cultivated corneal epithelial transplantation (CCET) and cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (COMET) have emerged as promising techniques for the treatment of LSC deficiency. When human limbo-corneal epithelial (HLE) cells are cultivated on cryopreserved amniotic membrane, production of endostatin, restin, and IL-1ra is enhanced. This highlights the significance of delicate epithelial-matrix interactions in the generation of anti-angiogenic/anti-inflammatory factors by HLE cells, and this may, in part, explain the rapid restoration of corneal avascularity following CCET. In addition, whether epithelial stem cells can persist after transplantation is the key for CCET and COMET. Emerging evidence of long-term survival of cultivated epithelial cells after transplantation suggest that epithelial stem cells can be isolated and cultivated in vitro, and can re-establish the epithelial phenotype in vivo. Taken together, the merits of enhanced anti-angiogenic activity and the preservation of corneal epithelial stem cells encourage further application of this tissue engineering technique for ocular surface reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hui-Kang Ma
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Severino RP, Guido RV, Marques EF, Brömme D, da Silva MFDG, Fernandes JB, Andricopulo AD, Vieira PC. Acridone alkaloids as potent inhibitors of cathepsin V. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:1477-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Coppini LP, Barros NM, Oliveira M, Hirata IY, Alves MF, Paschoalin T, Assis DM, Juliano MA, Puzer L, Brömme D, Carmona AK. Plasminogen hydrolysis by cathepsin S and identification of derived peptides as selective substrate for cathepsin V and cathepsin L inhibitor. Biol Chem 2010; 391:561-70. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2010.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plasminogen is a glycoprotein implicated in angiogenesis and fibrin clot degradation associated with the release of angiostatin and plasmin activation, respectively. We have recently reported that cathepsin V, but not cathepsins L, B, and K, can release angiostatin-like fragments from plasminogen. Here, we extended the investigation to cathepsin S which has been implicated in angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of plasminogen hydrolysis by cathepsin S revealed generation of two fragments (60 and 38 kDa). Amino-terminal sequencing indicated that cleavage occurs at the Leu469-Leu470 peptide bond. In contrast to cathepsin V, which possesses antiangiogenic activity, cathepsin S plasminogen cleavage products were not capable of inhibiting angiogenesis on endothelial cells. Moreover, we explored the different selectivities presented by cathepsins V and S towards plasminogen and synthesized fluorescence resonance energy transfer peptides encompassing the hydrolyzed peptide bonds by both enzymes. The peptide Abz-VLFEKKQ-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid; EDDnp= N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]ethylenediamine), hydrolyzed by cath-epsin V at the Phe-Glu bond, is a selective substrate for the enzyme when compared with cathepsins B, L, and S, whereas Abz-VLFEKKVYLQ-EDDnp is an efficient cathepsin L inhibitor. The demonstrated importance of the S3′-P3′ interaction indicates the significance of the extended subsites for enzyme specificity and affinity.
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Oliveira M, Torquato RJS, Alves MFM, Juliano MA, Brömme D, Barros NMT, Carmona AK. Improvement of cathepsin S detection using a designed FRET peptide based on putative natural substrates. Peptides 2010; 31:562-7. [PMID: 20045715 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin S is a lysosomal cysteine peptidase of the papain superfamily which is implicated in physiological and pathological states. The enzyme is highly expressed in antigen presenting cells and is thought to play an important role in the processing of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-associated invariant chain. In pathological processes, cathepsin S is associated with Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis and obesity and can be regarded as a potential target in related disorders. However, due to the broad substrate specificities of the lysosomal cathepsins, the specific detection of cathepsin S is difficult when other cathepsins are present. In an attempt to distinguish cathepsin S from other cathepsins we synthesized and tested fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) peptides derived from two of its putative natural substrates, namely insulin beta-chain and class II-associated invariant chain (CLIP). The influence of ionic strength on the catalytic activity and the enzyme stability in neutral pH was also analyzed. Using data gathered from our study we developed a selective substrate for cathepsin S and establish the assay conditions to differentiate the enzyme from cathepsins L, B, V and K. The peptide Abz-LEQ-EDDnp (Abz=ortho-aminobenzoic acid; EDDnp=N-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]ethylenediamine]) in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1M NaCl was hydrolyzed by cathepsin S with k(cat)/K(m) value of 3585mM(-1)s(-1), and was resistant to hydrolysis by cathepsins L, V, K and B. Thus, we developed a sensitive and selective cathepsins S substrate that permits continuous measurement of the enzymatic activity even in crude tissue extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Oliveira
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua 3 de Maio 100, São Paulo, Brazil
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