1
|
Werner J, Bernhard P, Cosenza-Contreras M, Pinter N, Fahrner M, Pallavi P, Eberhard J, Bronsert P, Rückert F, Schilling O. Targeted and explorative profiling of kallikrein proteases and global proteome biology of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, chronic pancreatitis, and normal pancreas highlights disease-specific proteome remodelling. Neoplasia 2023; 36:100871. [PMID: 36610378 PMCID: PMC9841175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies worldwide with an urgent need for new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. One major risk factor for PDAC is the pre-indication of chronic pancreatitis (CP), which represents highly inflammatory pancreatic tissue. Kallikreins (KLKs) are secreted serine proteases that play an important role in various cancers as components of the tumor microenvironment. Previous studies of KLKs in solid tumors largely relied on either transcriptomics or immunodetection. We present one of the first targeted mass spectrometry profiling of kallikrein proteases in PDAC, CP, and normal pancreas. We show that KLK6 and KLK10 are significantly upregulated in PDAC (n=14) but not in CP (n=7) when compared to normal pancreas (n=16), highlighting their specific intertwining with malignancy. Additional explorative proteome profiling identified 5936 proteins in our pancreatic cohort and observed disease-specific proteome rearrangements in PDAC and CP. As such, PDAC features an enriched proteome motif for extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell adhesion while there is depletion of mitochondrial energy metabolism proteins, reminiscent of the Warburg effect. Although often regarded as a PDAC hallmark, the ECM fingerprint was also observed in CP, alongside with a prototypical inflammatory proteome motif as well as with an increased wound healing process and proteolytic activity, thereby possibly illustrating tissue autolysis. Proteogenomic analysis based on publicly accessible data sources identified 112 PDAC-specific and 32 CP-specific single amino acid variants, which among others affect KRAS and ANKHD1. Our study emphasizes the diagnostic potential of kallikreins and provides novel insights into proteomic characteristics of PDAC and CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Werner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patrick Bernhard
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Miguel Cosenza-Contreras
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Niko Pinter
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Fahrner
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Prama Pallavi
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Eberhard
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Bronsert
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Felix Rückert
- Department of Surgery, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Surgical Department, Diakonissen-Stiftungs-Krankenhaus Speyer, Paul-Egell-Straße 33, Speyer D-67346, Germany.
| | - Oliver Schilling
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El-Serafi AT, El-Serafi I, Steinvall I, Sjöberg F, Elmasry M. A Systematic Review of Keratinocyte Secretions: A Regenerative Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147934. [PMID: 35887279 PMCID: PMC9323141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell regenerative therapy is a modern solution for difficult-to-heal wounds. Keratinocytes, the most common cell type in the skin, are difficult to obtain without the creation of another wound. Stem cell differentiation towards keratinocytes is a challenging process, and it is difficult to reproduce in chemically defined media. Nevertheless, a co-culture of keratinocytes with stem cells usually achieves efficient differentiation. This systematic review aims to identify the secretions of normal human keratinocytes reported in the literature and correlate them with the differentiation process. An online search revealed 338 references, of which 100 met the selection criteria. A total of 80 different keratinocyte secretions were reported, which can be grouped mainly into cytokines, growth factors, and antimicrobial peptides. The growth-factor group mostly affects stem cell differentiation into keratinocytes, especially epidermal growth factor and members of the transforming growth factor family. Nevertheless, the reported secretions reflected the nature of the involved studies, as most of them focused on keratinocyte interaction with inflammation. This review highlights the secretory function of keratinocytes, as well as the need for intense investigation to characterize these secretions and evaluate their regenerative capacities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed T. El-Serafi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden; (I.S.); (F.S.); (M.E.)
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ibrahim El-Serafi
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden;
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ingrid Steinvall
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden; (I.S.); (F.S.); (M.E.)
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden;
| | - Folke Sjöberg
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden; (I.S.); (F.S.); (M.E.)
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden;
| | - Moustafa Elmasry
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden; (I.S.); (F.S.); (M.E.)
- Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Candido JB, Maiques O, Boxberg M, Kast V, Peerani E, Tomás-Bort E, Weichert W, Sananes A, Papo N, Magdolen V, Sanz-Moreno V, Loessner D. Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 6 Is Associated with the Tumour Microenvironment of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163969. [PMID: 34439122 PMCID: PMC8392253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Kallikrein-related peptidases have tumour-biological roles and are dysregulated in many cancers. Only a few studies have reported their upregulation in pancreatic cancer and linked them to poor prognosis. By interrogating publicly available and our own datasets, we studied their expression in patient-derived tissues and pancreatic cancer cells. We found several kallikrein-related peptidases that were upregulated, in particular kallikrein-related peptidase 6 at the forefront of the tumour area. We then tested the effect of a kallikrein-related peptidase 6 inhibitor on cancer cell functions. Because the majority of patients present with inoperable disease, a targeted therapeutic intervention may have a positive impact on the survival of this patient population. Abstract As cancer-associated factors, kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are components of the tumour microenvironment, which represents a rich substrate repertoire, and considered attractive targets for the development of novel treatments. Standard-of-care therapy of pancreatic cancer shows unsatisfactory results, indicating the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. We aimed to investigate the expression of KLKs in pancreatic cancer and to inhibit the function of KLK6 in pancreatic cancer cells. KLK6, KLK7, KLK8, KLK10 and KLK11 were coexpressed and upregulated in tissues from pancreatic cancer patients compared to normal pancreas. Their high expression levels correlated with each other and were linked to shorter survival compared to low KLK levels. We then validated KLK6 mRNA and protein expression in patient-derived tissues and pancreatic cancer cells. Coexpression of KLK6 with KRT19, αSMA or CD68 was independent of tumour stage, while KLK6 was coexpressed with KRT19 and CD68 in the invasive tumour area. High KLK6 levels in tumour and CD68+ cells were linked to shorter survival. KLK6 inhibition reduced KLK6 mRNA expression, cell metabolic activity and KLK6 secretion and increased the secretion of other serine and aspartic lysosomal proteases. The association of high KLK levels and poor prognosis suggests that inhibiting KLKs may be a therapeutic strategy for precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana B. Candido
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Melanie Boxberg
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, 81657 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Verena Kast
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Straβe 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Eleonora Peerani
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Elena Tomás-Bort
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, 81657 Munich, Germany; (M.B.); (W.W.)
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering and The National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; (A.S.); (N.P.)
| | - Viktor Magdolen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
| | - Daniela Loessner
- Centre for Tumour Microenvironment, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; (J.B.C.); (O.M.); (E.P.); (E.T.-B.); (V.S.-M.)
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Dresden, Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden e.V., Hohe Straβe 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pampalakis G, Zingkou E, Zoumpourlis V, Sotiropoulou G. Ectopic expression of KLK6 in MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells reduces tumorigenicity in vivo. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 217:153276. [PMID: 33249398 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive form of cancer with poor prognosis therefore, identification of associated pathophysiological mechanisms is imperative towards the development of new therapeutic strategies. The KLK6 is a serine protease normally expressed in the epidermis. Recently, we found that elimination of Klk6 in mice results in enhanced resistance to chemically induced non-melanoma skin cancer. To delineate putative roles of KLK6 in melanoma, the invasive KLK6-non-expressing MDA-MB-435 melanoma cell line was stably transfected with the full-length KLK6 cDNA and expression of the corresponding RNA and protein were confirmed. Interestingly, restoration of KLK6 expression resulted in markedly suppressed growth of primary tumors when orthotopically implanted in SCID mice. Analysis of data retrieved from the human protein atlas revealed that melanomas with high KLK6 expression have a trend for longer survival. Collectively, we suggest that KLK6 inhibits growth of melanomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Pampalakis
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | - Eleni Zingkou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece
| | | | - Georgia Sotiropoulou
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Rion-Patras, 265 04, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kishibe M. Physiological and pathological roles of kallikrein-related peptidases in the epidermis. J Dermatol Sci 2019; 95:50-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
6
|
Rogerson C, O'Shaughnessy RFL. Protein kinases involved in epidermal barrier formation: The AKT family and other animals. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:892-900. [PMID: 29845670 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Formation of a stratified epidermis is required for the performance of the essential functions of the skin; to act as an outside-in barrier against the access of microorganisms and other external factors, to prevent loss of water and solutes via inside-out barrier functions and to withstand mechanical stresses. Epidermal barrier function is initiated during embryonic development and is then maintained throughout life and restored after injury. A variety of interrelated processes are required for the formation of a stratified epidermis, and how these processes are both temporally and spatially regulated has long been an aspect of dermatological research. In this review, we describe the roles of multiple protein kinases in the regulation of processes required for epidermal barrier formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare Rogerson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ryan F L O'Shaughnessy
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kishibe M, Baida G, Bhalla P, Lavker RM, Schlosser B, Iinuma S, Yoshida S, Dudley JT, Budunova I. Important role of kallikrein 6 for the development of keratinocyte proliferative resistance to topical glucocorticoids. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69479-69488. [PMID: 27283773 PMCID: PMC5342492 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major adverse effects of topical glucocorticoids is cutaneous atrophy often followed by development of resistance to steroids (tachyphylaxis). Previously we showed that after two weeks, interfollicular mouse keratinocytes acquired resistance to anti-proliferative effects of glucocorticoid fluocinolone acetonide (FA). One of the top genes activated by FA during tachyphylaxis was Klk6 encoding kallikrein-related peptidase 6, known to enhance keratinocyte proliferation. KLK6 was also strongly induced by chronic glucocorticoids in human skin. Double immunostaining showed that KLK6+ keratinocytes, localized in suprabasal layer of mouse skin, were frequently adjacent to proliferating 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-positive basal keratinocytes. We used KLK6 knockout (KO) mice to evaluate KLK6 role in skin regeneration after steroid-induced atrophy. KLK6 KOs had thinner epidermis and decreased keratinocyte proliferation. The keratinocytes in wild type and KLK6 KO epidermis were equally sensitive to acute anti-proliferative effect of FA. However, the development of proliferative resistance during chronic treatment was reduced in KO epidermis. This was not due to the changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression or function as GR protein level and induction of GR-target genes were similar in wild type and KLK6 KO skin. Overall, these results suggest a novel mechanism of epidermal regeneration after glucocorticoid-induced atrophy via KLK6 activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kishibe
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Gleb Baida
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pankaj Bhalla
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert M Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Sin Iinuma
- Department of Dermatology, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Shigetaka Yoshida
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Japan
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irina Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva LM, Clements JA. Mass spectrometry based proteomics analyses in kallikrein-related peptidase research: implications for cancer research and therapy. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:1119-1130. [PMID: 29025353 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1389637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of serine peptidases that are deregulated in numerous pathological conditions, with a multitude of KLK-mediated functional roles implicated in the progression of cancer. Advances in multidimensional mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics have facilitated the quantitative measurement of deregulated KLK expression in cancer, identifying certain KLKs, as well as their substrates, as potential cancer biomarkers. Areas covered: In this review, we discuss how these approaches have been utilized for KLK biomarker discovery and unbiased substrate determination in complex protein pools that mimic the in vivo extracellular microenvironment. Expert commentary: Although a limited number of studies have been performed, the quantity of information generated has greatly improved our understanding of the functional roles of KLKs in cancer progression. In addition, these data suggest additional means through which deregulated KLK expression may be targeted in cancer treatment, highlighting the potential therapeutic value of these state-of-the-art MS-based studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakmali Munasinghage Silva
- a Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch , National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Judith Ann Clements
- b School of Biomedical Sciences , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Translational Research Institute , Woolloongabba , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Filippou P, Korbakis D, Farkona S, Soosaipillai A, Karakosta T, Diamandis EP. A new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for human free and bound kallikrein 9. Clin Proteomics 2017; 14:4. [PMID: 28115917 PMCID: PMC5241945 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-017-9140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Kallikrein 9 (KLK9) is a member of the human kallikrein-related peptidases family, whose physiological role and implications in disease processes remain unclear. The active form of the enzyme is predicted to have chymotryptic activity. In the present study, we produced for the first time the active recombinant protein and monoclonal antibodies, and developed novel immunoassays for the quantification of free and bound KLK9 in biological samples. Methods The coding sequence of mature KLK9 isoform (mat-KLK9) was expressed in an Expi293F mammalian system and the synthesized polypeptide was purified through a two-step protocol. The purified protein was used as an immunogen for production of monoclonal antibodies in mice. Hybridomas were further expanded and antibodies were purified. Newly-produced monoclonal antibodies were screened for reaction with the KLK9 recombinant protein by a state-of-the-art immunocapture/parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry-based methodology. Results Anti-KLK9 antibodies were combined in pairs, resulting in the development of a highly sensitive (limit of detection: 15 pg/mL) and specific (no cross-reactivity with other KLKs) sandwich-type ELISA. Highest KLK9 protein levels were found in tonsil and sweat and lower levels in the heart, kidney and liver. Hybrid immunoassays using an anti-KLK9 antibody for antigen capture and various anti-serine protease inhibitor polyclonal antibodies, revealed the presence of an a1-antichymotrypsin-bound KLK9 isoform in biological samples. Conclusions The ELISAs for free and bound forms of KLK9 may be highly useful for the detection of KLK9 in a broad range of biological samples, thus enabling the clarification of KLK9 function and use as a potential disease biomarker. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-017-9140-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Filippou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dimitrios Korbakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sofia Farkona
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Theano Karakosta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph & Wolf Lebovic Ctr., 60 Murray St [Box 32], Flr 6 - Rm L6-201, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Cervical-vaginal fluid (CVF) is a complex biological fluid that hydrates the mucosa of the lower female reproductive system. In-depth proteomic and biochemical studies on CVF have revealed that it contains large amounts of endogenous proteases and protease inhibitors, including an abundance of several members of the tissue kallikrein-related peptidase (KLK) family. Despite their ubiquitous presence in human tissues and fluids, KLK expression levels vary considerably, with maximum expression observed in reproduction-related tissues and fluids. The roles of KLKs in the lower female reproductive system are not fully understood. The activation of KLKs in CVF is dependent on pH and various modes of KLK regulation in the vagina exist. KLKs have been postulated to have roles in physiological functions related to antimicrobial processes, vaginal and cervical epithelial desquamation, sperm transport, and the processing of fetal membranes as observed in preterm premature rupture of membranes. Increased understanding of the functional roles of KLKs in the lower female reproductive system could lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for conditions such as vaginal infections and vaginal atrophy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Marques PI, Fonseca F, Sousa T, Santos P, Camilo V, Ferreira Z, Quesada V, Seixas S. Adaptive Evolution Favoring KLK4 Downregulation in East Asians. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:93-108. [PMID: 26420451 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human kallikrein (KLK) cluster, located at chromosome 19q13.3-13.4, encodes 15 serine proteases, including neighboring genes (KLK3, KLK2, KLK4, and KLK5) with key roles in the cascades of semen liquefaction, tooth enamel maturation, and skin desquamation. KLK2 and KLK3 were previously identified as targets of adaptive evolution in primates through different mechanisms linked to reproductive biology and, in humans, genome-wide scans of positive selection captured, a yet unexplored, evidence for KLK neutrality departure in East Asians. We perform a detailed evaluation of KLK3-KLK5 variability in the 1000 Genomes samples from East Asia, Europe, and Africa, which was sustained by our own sequencing. In East Asians, we singled out a 70-kb region surrounding KLK4 that combined unusual low levels of diversity, high frequency variants with significant levels of population differentiation (FST > 0.5) and fairly homogenous haplotypes given the large local recombination rates. Among these variants, rs1654556_G, rs198968_T, and rs17800874_A stand out for their location on putative regulatory regions and predicted functional effects, namely the introduction of several microRNA binding sites and a repressor motif. Our functional assays carried out in different cellular models showed that rs198968_T and rs17800874_A operate synergistically to reduce KLK4 expression and could be further assisted by rs1654556_G. Considering the previous findings that KLK4 inactivation causes enamel malformations in humans and mice, and that this gene is coexpressed in epidermal layers along with several substrates involved in either cell adhesion or keratinocyte differentiation, we propose KLK4 as another target of selection in East Asians correlated to tooth and epidermal morphological traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Isabel Marques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), Porto, Portugal Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-IUOPA, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), Porto, Portugal Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Sousa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), Porto, Portugal Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), Porto, Portugal Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Vânia Camilo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), Porto, Portugal Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Zélia Ferreira
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh
| | - Victor Quesada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-IUOPA, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Susana Seixas
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto (I3S), Porto, Portugal Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
The kallikrein-related peptidase family: Dysregulation and functions during cancer progression. Biochimie 2015; 122:283-99. [PMID: 26343558 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death with 14 million new cases and 8.2 million cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2012. Despite the progress made in cancer therapies, neoplastic diseases are still a major therapeutic challenge notably because of intra- and inter-malignant tumour heterogeneity and adaptation/escape of malignant cells to/from treatment. New targeted therapies need to be developed to improve our medical arsenal and counter-act cancer progression. Human kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are secreted serine peptidases which are aberrantly expressed in many cancers and have great potential in developing targeted therapies. The potential of KLKs as cancer biomarkers is well established since the demonstration of the association between KLK3/PSA (prostate specific antigen) levels and prostate cancer progression. In addition, a constantly increasing number of in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate the functional involvement of KLKs in cancer-related processes. These peptidases are now considered key players in the regulation of cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, chemo-resistance, and importantly, in mediating interactions between cancer cells and other cell populations found in the tumour microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression. These functional roles of KLKs in a cancer context further highlight their potential in designing new anti-cancer approaches. In this review, we comprehensively review the biochemical features of KLKs, their functional roles in carcinogenesis, followed by the latest developments and the successful utility of KLK-based therapeutics in counteracting cancer progression.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghosh M. Secreted mucosal antimicrobials in the female reproductive tract that are important to consider for HIV prevention. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:575-88. [PMID: 24754244 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal microenvironment of the female reproductive tract (FRT) is rich in secreted endogenous antimicrobials that provide the first line of defense against pathogens. This review focuses on the spectrum of secreted antimicrobials found in the FRT that have anti-HIV functions and are regulated by the natural hormonal changes in women's life cycle. Understanding the complex nature of FRT, mucosal microenvironment will enable us to better design therapeutic interventions for women against sexually transmitted pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mimi Ghosh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liang G, Chen X, Aldous S, Pu SF, Mehdi S, Powers E, Xia T, Wang R. Human kallikrein 6 inhibitors with a para-amidobenzylanmine P1 group identified through virtual screening. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2450-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Liang G, Chen X, Aldous S, Pu SF, Mehdi S, Powers E, Giovanni A, Kongsamut S, Xia T, Zhang Y, Wang R, Gao Z, Merriman G, McLean LR, Morize I. Virtual Screening and X-ray Crystallography for Human Kallikrein 6 Inhibitors with an Amidinothiophene P1 Group. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:159-64. [PMID: 24900446 DOI: 10.1021/ml200291e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of compounds with an amidinothiophene P1 group and a pyrrolidinone-sulphonamide scaffold linker was identified as potent inhibitors of human kallikrein 6 by structure-based virtual screening based on the union accessible binding space of serine proteases. As the first series of potent nonmechanism-based hK6 inhibitors, they may be used as tool compounds for target validation. An X-ray structure of a representative compound complexed with hK6, resolved at a resolution of 1.88 Å, revealed that the amidinothiophene moiety bound in the S1 pocket and the pyrrolidinone-sulphonamide linker projected the aromatic tail into the S' pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guyan Liang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Xin Chen
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Suzanne Aldous
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Su-Fen Pu
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Shujaath Mehdi
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Elaine Powers
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Andrew Giovanni
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Sathapana Kongsamut
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Tianhui Xia
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Ying Zhang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Rachel Wang
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Zhongli Gao
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Gregory Merriman
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Larry R. McLean
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Isabelle Morize
- Molecular Innovative Therapeutics, ‡Fibrosis and Wound Repair, §Global Pharmacovigilance & Epidemiology, ∥Immunology and Inflammation Unit, ⊥Early to Candidate Unit, #Aging Therapeutic Unit, and ∇Biologics, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, 1041 Route 202/206, Mailstop 203A, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bayani J, Marrano P, Graham C, Zheng Y, Li L, Katsaros D, Lassus H, Butzow R, Squire JA, Diamandis EP. Genomic instability and copy-number heterogeneity of chromosome 19q, including the kallikrein locus, in ovarian carcinomas. Mol Oncol 2011; 5:48-60. [PMID: 20800559 PMCID: PMC3110681 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many tissue kallikrein (KLK) genes and proteins are candidate diagnostic, prognostic and predictive biomarkers for ovarian cancer (OCa). We previously demonstrated that the KLK locus (19q13.3/4) is subject to copy-number gains and structural rearrangements in a pilot study of cell lines and ovarian cancer primary tissues, shown to overexpress KLK gene family members. To determine the overall frequency of genomic instability and copy-number changes, a retrospective study was conducted using formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissues. Eighty-one chemotherapy naïve serous OCas were examined using 3-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify structural and numerical changes on 19q, including the KLK locus; in addition to immunohistochemistry (IHC) for KLK6, which has been shown to be overexpressed in OCa. The KLK locus was subject to copy-number changes in ∼83% of cases: net gain in 51%, net loss in 30% and amplified in 2%; and found to be chromosomally unstable (p < 0.001). All cases showed a wide range of immuoreactivity for KLK6 by IHC. Although no strong correlation could be found with copy-number, the latter was contributing factor to the observed KLK6 protein overexpression. Moreover, univariate and multivariate analyses showed an association between the net loss of the KLK locus and longer disease-free survival. Interestingly, FISH analyses indicated that chromosome 19q was subjected to structural rearrangement in 62% of cases and was significantly correlated to tumor grade (p < 0.001). We conclude that numerical and structural aberrations of chromosome 19q, affect genes including the KLK gene members, may contribute to ovarian carcinoma progression and aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane Bayani
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 6th Floor, Room 6-201, Box 32, 60 Murray Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Paula Marrano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., 3rd Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Cassandra Graham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., 3rd Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Yingye Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinfomatics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 1024, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinfomatics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave. North, PO Box 19024, Seattle, WA 98109 1024, USA
| | - Dionyssios Katsaros
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Turin, via Ventimiglia 3, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Heini Lassus
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Research Laboratory, Haartmaninkatu 8 FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralf Butzow
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Research Laboratory, Haartmaninkatu 8 FIN-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeremy A. Squire
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Queen's University, Kingston General Hospital, Translational Laboratory Research, NCIC Clinical Trials Group, Room 201e, 88 Stuart St Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P. Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Joseph and Wolf Lebovic Health Complex, 6th Floor, Room 6-201, Box 32, 60 Murray Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fahey JV, Bodwell JE, Hickey DK, Ghosh M, Muia MN, Wira CR. New approaches to making the microenvironment of the female reproductive tract hostile to HIV. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65:334-43. [PMID: 21223421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The studies presented in this review explore three distinct areas with potential for inhibiting HIV infection in women. Based on emerging information from the physiology, endocrinology and immunology of the female reproductive tract (FRT), we propose unique 'works in progress' for protecting women from HIV. Various aspects of FRT immunity are suppressed by estradiol during the menstrual cycle, making women more susceptible to HIV infection. By engineering commensal Lactobacillus to secrete the anti-HIV molecule Elafin as estradiol levels increase, women could be protected from HIV infection. Selective estrogen response modifiers enhance barrier integrity and enhance secretion of protective anti-HIV molecules. Finally, understanding the interactions and regulation of FRT endogenous antimicrobials, proteases, antiproteases, etc., all of which are under hormonal control, will open new avenues to therapeutic manipulation of the FRT mucosal microenvironment. By seeking new alternatives to preventing HIV infection in women, we may finally disrupt the HIV pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John V Fahey
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lawrence MG, Lai J, Clements JA. Kallikreins on steroids: structure, function, and hormonal regulation of prostate-specific antigen and the extended kallikrein locus. Endocr Rev 2010; 31:407-46. [PMID: 20103546 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 15 members of the kallikrein-related serine peptidase (KLK) family have diverse tissue-specific expression profiles and putative proteolytic functions. The kallikrein family is also emerging as a rich source of disease biomarkers with KLK3, commonly known as prostate-specific antigen, being the current serum biomarker for prostate cancer. The kallikrein locus is also notable because it is extraordinarily responsive to steroids and other hormones. Indeed, at least 14 functional hormone response elements have been identified in the kallikrein locus. A more comprehensive understanding of the transcriptional regulation of kallikreins may help the field make more informed hypotheses about the physiological functions of kallikreins and their effectiveness as biomarkers. In this review, we describe the organization of the kallikrein locus and the structure of kallikrein genes and proteins. We also focus on the transcriptional regulation of kallikreins by androgens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, estrogens, and other hormones in animal models and human prostate, breast, and reproductive tract tissues. The interaction of the androgen receptor with androgen response elements in the promoter and enhancer of KLK2 and KLK3 is also summarized in detail. There is evidence that all kallikreins are regulated by multiple nuclear receptors. Yet, apart from KLK2 and KLK3, it is not clear whether all kallikreins are direct transcriptional targets. Therefore, we argue that gaining more detailed information about the mechanisms that regulate kallikrein expression should be a priority of future studies and that the kallikrein locus will continue to be an important model in the era of genome-wide analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G Lawrence
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Goettig P, Magdolen V, Brandstetter H. Natural and synthetic inhibitors of kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs). Biochimie 2010; 92:1546-67. [PMID: 20615447 PMCID: PMC3014083 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Including the true tissue kallikrein KLK1, kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) represent a family of fifteen mammalian serine proteases. While the physiological roles of several KLKs have been at least partially elucidated, their activation and regulation remain largely unclear. This obscurity may be related to the fact that a given KLK fulfills many different tasks in diverse fetal and adult tissues, and consequently, the timescale of some of their physiological actions varies significantly. To date, a variety of endogenous inhibitors that target distinct KLKs have been identified. Among them are the attenuating Zn(2+) ions, active site-directed proteinaceous inhibitors, such as serpins and the Kazal-type inhibitors, or the huge, unspecific compartment forming α(2)-macroglobulin. Failure of these inhibitory systems can lead to certain pathophysiological conditions. One of the most prominent examples is the Netherton syndrome, which is caused by dysfunctional domains of the Kazal-type inhibitor LEKTI-1 which fail to appropriately regulate KLKs in the skin. Small synthetic inhibitory compounds and natural polypeptidic exogenous inhibitors have been widely employed to characterize the activity and substrate specificity of KLKs and to further investigate their structures and biophysical properties. Overall, this knowledge leads not only to a better understanding of the physiological tasks of KLKs, but is also a strong fundament for the synthesis of small compound drugs and engineered biomolecules for pharmaceutical approaches. In several types of cancer, KLKs have been found to be overexpressed, which makes them clinically relevant biomarkers for prognosis and monitoring. Thus, down regulation of excessive KLK activity in cancer and in skin diseases by small inhibitor compounds may represent attractive therapeutical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Goettig
- Division of Structural Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, Billrothstrasse 11, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Three dysregulated miRNAs control kallikrein 10 expression and cell proliferation in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 102:1244-53. [PMID: 20354523 PMCID: PMC2856011 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are a family of serine proteases that have been shown to be dysregulated in several malignancies including ovarian cancer. The control of kallikrein genes and their physiological function in cancer is not well understood. We hypothesized that microRNAs (miRNAs) represent a novel mechanism for post-transcriptional control of KLK expression in cancer. METHODS We first analysed miRNA expression in ovarian cancer in silico. A total of 98 miRNAs were reported to have altered expression in ovarian cancer. Three of these miRNAs were predicted to target KLK10. We experimentally verified the predicted miR-KLK10 interaction using two independent techniques, a luciferase assay with a construct containing the KLK10 3' untranslated region (UTR), pMIR-KLK10, and measuring KLK10 protein levels after transfection with miRNA. RESULTS When we co-transfected cells with pMIR-KLK10 and either let-7f, miR-224, or mR-516a, we saw decreased luciferase signal, suggesting that these miRNAs can target KLK10. We then examined the effect of these three miRNAs on KLK10 protein expression and cell growth. Transfection of all miRNAs, let-7f, miR-224, and miR-516a led to a decrease in protein expression and cellular growth. This effect was shown to be dose dependent. The KLK10 protein levels were partially restored by co-transfecting let-7f and its inhibitor. In addition, there was a slight decrease in KLK10 mRNA expression after transfection with let-7f. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that KLKs can be targeted by more than one miRNA. Increased expression of certain miRNAs in ovarian cancer can lead to decreased KLK protein expression and subsequently have a negative effect on cell proliferation. This dose-dependent effect suggests that a 'tweaking' or 'fine-tuning' mechanism exists in which the expression of one KLK can be controlled by multiple miRNAs. These data together suggest that miRNA may be used as potential therapeutic options and further studies are required.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kallikrein expression and cathelicidin processing are independently controlled in keratinocytes by calcium, vitamin D(3), and retinoic acid. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:1297-306. [PMID: 20090765 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cathelicidin has dual functions in the skin, acting as an innate antibiotic and as an immunomodulator in diseases such as rosacea and psoriasis. The serine proteases kallikrein 5 (KLK5) and kallikrein 7 (KLK7) control enzymatic processing of cathelicidin precursor in the skin and regulate the eventual function of the final forms of these peptides. We analyzed factors that control expression of KLK5 and KLK7 in normal human epidermal keratinocytes to better understand how these may influence cathelicidin processing and function. Increased extracellular calcium-induced KLK5 and KLK7 mRNA expression and protein release in a time-dependent manner that is similar to induction of differentiation markers such as keratin 10 and involucrin. However, 1,25(OH)(2) vitamin D(3), 9-cis retinoic acid (RA), and 13-cis RA also induced the KLKs, but the timing and pattern of KLK induction for each were different and distinct from changes in differentiation markers. Increased protease activity and differential processing of cathelicidin accompanied increased KLK expression. These findings show that the expression and activity of KLK are under fine control and can be distinctly influenced by variables such as differentiation, calcium, vitamin D, and RA. Thus, these variables may further control the functions of antimicrobial peptides in the skin.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kong HJ, Hong GE, Nam BH, Kim YO, Kim WJ, Lee SJ, Lee NS, Do JW, Cho HK, Cheong J, Lee CH, Kim KK. An immune responsive complement factor D/adipsin and kallikrein-like serine protease (PoDAK) from the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:486-492. [PMID: 19591942 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding of a complement factor D/adipsin and kallikrein-like serine protease, designated PoDAK, was isolated from the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. PoDAK cDNA encodes a polypeptide with 277 amino acids containing conserved catalytic triad residues of serine proteases. The amino acid sequence of PoDAK showed high similarity to the kallikrein-like protein of medaka, mammalian adipsin/complement factor D and tissue kallikrein homolog, KT-14 of trout, complement factor D of zebrafish, and shared 31.6-36.8% homology with complement factor D/adipsin known from other species, including mammals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PoDAK clustered with the kallikrein-like protein of medaka and mammalian adipsin/complement factor D and tissue kallikrein homolog KT-14 of trout. The expression of PoDAK mRNA was high in the gills and heart, moderate in muscle, liver, intestine, stomach, kidney, and spleen of healthy flounder, and increased in the kidney, liver, and spleen of flounder challenged by the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) or Streptococcus iniae. In situ hybridization confirmed that PoDAK mRNA is localized in the kidney and heart of individuals infected with VHSV. Further investigations are needed to clarify the function of PoDAK in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jeong Kong
- Biotechnology Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, 408-1 Sirang-ri, Gijang-up, Gijang-gun, Busan 619-705, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|