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Dong QQ, Yang Y, Tao H, Lu C, Yang JJ. m6A epitranscriptomic and epigenetic crosstalk in liver fibrosis: Special emphasis on DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs. Cell Signal 2024; 122:111302. [PMID: 39025344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a pathological process caused by a variety of chronic liver diseases. Currently, therapeutic options for liver fibrosis are very limited, highlighting the urgent need to explore new treatment approaches. Epigenetic modifications and epitranscriptomic modifications, as reversible regulatory mechanisms, are involved in the development of liver fibrosis. In recent years, researches in epitranscriptomics and epigenetics have opened new perspectives for understanding the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Exploring the epigenetic mechanisms of liver fibrosis may provide valuable insights into the development of new therapies for chronic liver diseases. This review primarily focus on the regulatory mechanisms of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification, non-coding RNA, and DNA methylation in organ fibrosis. It discusses the interactions between m6A modification and DNA methylation, as well as between m6A modification and non-coding RNA, providing a reference for understanding the interplay between epitranscriptomics and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qi Dong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215153, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
| | - Chao Lu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China.
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2
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Hori H. Transfer RNA Modification Enzymes with a Thiouridine Synthetase, Methyltransferase and Pseudouridine Synthase (THUMP) Domain and the Nucleosides They Produce in tRNA. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020382. [PMID: 36833309 PMCID: PMC9957541 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of the thiouridine synthetase, methyltransferase and pseudouridine synthase (THUMP) domain was originally predicted by a bioinformatic study. Since the prediction of the THUMP domain more than two decades ago, many tRNA modification enzymes containing the THUMP domain have been identified. According to their enzymatic activity, THUMP-related tRNA modification enzymes can be classified into five types, namely 4-thiouridine synthetase, deaminase, methyltransferase, a partner protein of acetyltransferase and pseudouridine synthase. In this review, I focus on the functions and structures of these tRNA modification enzymes and the modified nucleosides they produce. Biochemical, biophysical and structural studies of tRNA 4-thiouridine synthetase, tRNA methyltransferases and tRNA deaminase have established the concept that the THUMP domain captures the 3'-end of RNA (in the case of tRNA, the CCA-terminus). However, in some cases, this concept is not simply applicable given the modification patterns observed in tRNA. Furthermore, THUMP-related proteins are involved in the maturation of other RNAs as well as tRNA. Moreover, the modified nucleosides, which are produced by the THUMP-related tRNA modification enzymes, are involved in numerous biological phenomena, and the defects of genes for human THUMP-related proteins are implicated in genetic diseases. In this review, these biological phenomena are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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3
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New advances of DNA/RNA methylation modification in liver fibrosis. Cell Signal 2021; 92:110224. [PMID: 34954394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complex pathological process caused by multiple pathogenic factors,such as ethanol, viruses, toxins, drugs or cholestasis, and it can eventually develop into liver cirrhosis without effective treatment. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal cellular event in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. However, the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. DNA/RNA methylation can regulate gene expression without alteration in its sequence, and numerous studies have shown the involvement of DNA methylation in the activation of HSCs and then promote the progression of liver fibrosis. In addition, RNA methylation has recently been reported to play a regulatory role in this process. In this review, we focus on the aberrant DNA/RNA methylation of selected genes and explore their functional mechanism in regulating HSCs activation and liver fibrogenesis. All of these findings will enhance our understanding of DNA/RNA methylation and their roles in liver fibrosis and provide the basis to identify effective therapeutic targets.
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Abstract
Similar to epigenetic DNA and histone modifications, epitranscriptomic modifications (RNA modifications) have emerged as crucial regulators in temporal and spatial gene expression during eukaryotic development. To date, over 170 diverse types of chemical modifications have been identified upon RNA nucleobases. Some of these post-synthesized modifications can be reversibly installed, removed, and decoded by their specific cellular components and play critical roles in different biological processes. Accordingly, dysregulation of RNA modification effectors is tightly orchestrated with developmental processes. Here, we particularly focus on three well-studied RNA modifications, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), and N1-methyladenosine (m1A), and summarize recent knowledge of underlying mechanisms and critical roles of these RNA modifications in stem cell fate determination, embryonic development, and cancer progression, providing a better understanding of the whole association between epitranscriptomic regulation and mammalian development.
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RNA Metabolism Guided by RNA Modifications: The Role of SMUG1 in rRNA Quality Control. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11010076. [PMID: 33430019 PMCID: PMC7826747 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications are essential for proper RNA processing, quality control, and maturation steps. In the last decade, some eukaryotic DNA repair enzymes have been shown to have an ability to recognize and process modified RNA substrates and thereby contribute to RNA surveillance. Single-strand-selective monofunctional uracil-DNA glycosylase 1 (SMUG1) is a base excision repair enzyme that not only recognizes and removes uracil and oxidized pyrimidines from DNA but is also able to process modified RNA substrates. SMUG1 interacts with the pseudouridine synthase dyskerin (DKC1), an enzyme essential for the correct assembly of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing. Here, we review rRNA modifications and RNA quality control mechanisms in general and discuss the specific function of SMUG1 in rRNA metabolism. Cells lacking SMUG1 have elevated levels of immature rRNA molecules and accumulation of 5-hydroxymethyluridine (5hmU) in mature rRNA. SMUG1 may be required for post-transcriptional regulation and quality control of rRNAs, partly by regulating rRNA and stability.
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6
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RNA methylations in human cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 75:97-115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Hori H. Regulatory Factors for tRNA Modifications in Extreme- Thermophilic Bacterium Thermus thermophilus. Front Genet 2019; 10:204. [PMID: 30906314 PMCID: PMC6418473 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermus thermophilus is an extreme-thermophilic bacterium that can grow at a wide range of temperatures (50-83°C). To enable T. thermophilus to grow at high temperatures, several biomolecules including tRNA and tRNA modification enzymes show extreme heat-resistance. Therefore, the modified nucleosides in tRNA from T. thermophilus have been studied mainly from the view point of tRNA stabilization at high temperatures. Such studies have shown that several modifications stabilize the structure of tRNA and are essential for survival of the organism at high temperatures. Together with tRNA modification enzymes, the modified nucleosides form a network that regulates the extent of different tRNA modifications at various temperatures. In this review, I describe this network, as well as the tRNA recognition mechanism of individual tRNA modification enzymes. Furthermore, I summarize the roles of other tRNA stabilization factors such as polyamines and metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Sciences and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
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Bohnsack KE, Höbartner C, Bohnsack MT. Eukaryotic 5-methylcytosine (m⁵C) RNA Methyltransferases: Mechanisms, Cellular Functions, and Links to Disease. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020102. [PMID: 30704115 PMCID: PMC6409601 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
5-methylcytosine (m⁵C) is an abundant RNA modification that's presence is reported in a wide variety of RNA species, including cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and transfer RNAs (tRNAs), as well as messenger RNAs (mRNAs), enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) and a number of non-coding RNAs. In eukaryotes, C5 methylation of RNA cytosines is catalyzed by enzymes of the NOL1/NOP2/SUN domain (NSUN) family, as well as the DNA methyltransferase homologue DNMT2. In recent years, substrate RNAs and modification target nucleotides for each of these methyltransferases have been identified, and structural and biochemical analyses have provided the first insights into how each of these enzymes achieves target specificity. Functional characterizations of these proteins and the modifications they install have revealed important roles in diverse aspects of both mitochondrial and nuclear gene expression. Importantly, this knowledge has enabled a better understanding of the molecular basis of a number of diseases caused by mutations in the genes encoding m⁵C methyltransferases or changes in the expression level of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Claudia Höbartner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Markus T Bohnsack
- Department of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
- Göttingen Centre for Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37077 Germany.
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9
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Hori H, Kawamura T, Awai T, Ochi A, Yamagami R, Tomikawa C, Hirata A. Transfer RNA Modification Enzymes from Thermophiles and Their Modified Nucleosides in tRNA. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E110. [PMID: 30347855 PMCID: PMC6313347 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, numerous modified nucleosides in tRNA as well as tRNA modification enzymes have been identified not only in thermophiles but also in mesophiles. Because most modified nucleosides in tRNA from thermophiles are common to those in tRNA from mesophiles, they are considered to work essentially in steps of protein synthesis at high temperatures. At high temperatures, the structure of unmodified tRNA will be disrupted. Therefore, thermophiles must possess strategies to stabilize tRNA structures. To this end, several thermophile-specific modified nucleosides in tRNA have been identified. Other factors such as RNA-binding proteins and polyamines contribute to the stability of tRNA at high temperatures. Thermus thermophilus, which is an extreme-thermophilic eubacterium, can adapt its protein synthesis system in response to temperature changes via the network of modified nucleosides in tRNA and tRNA modification enzymes. Notably, tRNA modification enzymes from thermophiles are very stable. Therefore, they have been utilized for biochemical and structural studies. In the future, thermostable tRNA modification enzymes may be useful as biotechnology tools and may be utilized for medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kawamura
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Takako Awai
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Anna Ochi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Ryota Yamagami
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Chie Tomikawa
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Akira Hirata
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Bunkyo 3, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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10
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Nakashima M, Yamagami R, Tomikawa C, Ochi Y, Moriya T, Asahara H, Fourmy D, Yoshizawa S, Oshima T, Hori H. Long and branched polyamines are required for maintenance of the ribosome, tRNAHisand tRNATyrinThermus thermophiluscells at high temperatures. Genes Cells 2017; 22:628-645. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misa Nakashima
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; 3 Bunkyo-cho Matsuyama Ehime 790-8577 Japan
| | - Ryota Yamagami
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; 3 Bunkyo-cho Matsuyama Ehime 790-8577 Japan
| | - Chie Tomikawa
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; 3 Bunkyo-cho Matsuyama Ehime 790-8577 Japan
| | - Yuki Ochi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; 3 Bunkyo-cho Matsuyama Ehime 790-8577 Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Moriya
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology; Kyowa Kako Co. Ltd.; Tadao 2-15-5 Machida 194-0035 Japan
| | - Haruichi Asahara
- New England Biolabs, Inc; 240 County Road Ipswich Massachusetts 01938 USA
| | - Dominique Fourmy
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Satoko Yoshizawa
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC); CEA, CNRS; Univ Paris-Sud; Université Paris-Saclay; 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex France
| | - Tairo Oshima
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology; Kyowa Kako Co. Ltd.; Tadao 2-15-5 Machida 194-0035 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Ehime University; 3 Bunkyo-cho Matsuyama Ehime 790-8577 Japan
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11
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Schmid K, Adobes-Vidal M, Helm M. Alkyne-Functionalized Coumarin Compound for Analytic and Preparative 4-Thiouridine Labeling. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1123-1134. [PMID: 28263563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation of RNA is a dynamic field recently reinvigorated by a surge in research on post-transcriptional modification. This work focuses on the bioconjugation of 4-thiouridine, a nucleoside that occurs as a post-transcriptional modification in bacterial RNA and is used as a metabolic label and for cross-linking purposes in eukaryotic RNA. A newly designed coumarin compound named 4-bromomethyl-7-propargyloxycoumarin (PBC) is introduced, which exhibits remarkable selectivity for 4-thiouridine. Bearing a terminal alkyne group, it is conductive to secondary bioconjugation via "click chemistry", thereby offering a wide range of preparative and analytical options. We applied PBC to quantitatively monitor the metabolic incorporation of s4U as a label into RNA and for site-specific introduction of a fluorophore into bacterial tRNA at position 8, allowing the determination of its binding constant to an RNA-modification enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schmid
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Electrochemistry & Interfaces Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL United Kingdom
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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12
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The importance of being (slightly) modified: The role of rRNA editing on gene expression control and its connections with cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:330-338. [PMID: 27815156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In human ribosomal RNAs, over 200 residues are modified by specific, RNA-driven enzymatic complexes or stand-alone, RNA-independent enzymes. In most cases, modification sites are placed in specific positions within important functional areas of the ribosome. Some evidence indicates that the altered control in ribosomal RNA modifications may affect ribosomal function during mRNA translation. Here we provide an overview of the connections linking ribosomal RNA modifications to ribosome function, and suggest how aberrant modifications may affect the control of the expression of key cancer genes, thus contributing to tumor development. In addition, the future perspectives in this field are discussed.
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13
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Hori H, Terui Y, Nakamoto C, Iwashita C, Ochi A, Watanabe K, Oshima T. Effects of polyamines from Thermus thermophilus, an extreme-thermophilic eubacterium, on tRNA methylation by tRNA (Gm18) methyltransferase (TrmH). J Biochem 2015; 159:509-17. [PMID: 26721905 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvv130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermus thermophilus is an extreme-thermophilic eubacterium, which grows at a wide range of temperatures (50-83°C). This thermophile produces various polyamines including long and branched polyamines. In tRNAs from T. thermophilus, three distinct modifications, 2'-O-methylguanosine at position 18 (Gm18), 5-methyl-2-thiouridine at position 54 and N(1)-methyladenosine at position 58, are assembled at the elbow region to stabilize the L-shaped tRNA structure. However, the structures of unmodified tRNA precursors are disrupted at high temperatures. We hypothesize that polyamine(s) might have a positive effect on the modification process of unmodified tRNA transcript. We investigated the effects of eight polyamines on Gm18 formation in the yeast tRNA(Phe) transcript by tRNA (Gm18) methyltransferase (TrmH). Higher concentrations of linear polyamines inhibited TrmH activity at 55°C, while optimum concentration increased TrmH activity at 45-75°C. Exceptionally, caldohexamine, a long polyamine, did not show any positive effect on the TrmH activity at 55°C. However, temperature-dependent experiments revealed that 1 mM caldohexamine increased TrmH activity at 60-80°C. Furthermore, 0.25 mM tetrakis(3-aminopropy)ammonium, a branched polyamine, increased TrmH activity at a broad range of temperatures (40-85°C). Thus, caldohexamine and tetrakis(3-aminopropy)ammonium were found to enhance the TrmH activity at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hori
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577;
| | - Yusuke Terui
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba; and
| | - Chisato Nakamoto
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Chikako Iwashita
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Anna Ochi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Kazunori Watanabe
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577
| | - Tairo Oshima
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, Kyowa Kako Co. Ltd., Tadao 2-15-5, Machida 194-0035, Japan
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14
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Spenkuch F, Hinze G, Kellner S, Kreutz C, Micura R, Basché T, Helm M. Dye label interference with RNA modification reveals 5-fluorouridine as non-covalent inhibitor. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12735-45. [PMID: 25300485 PMCID: PMC4227767 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in RNA modification enzymes surges due to their involvement in epigenetic phenomena. Here we present a particularly informative approach to investigate the interaction of dye-labeled RNA with modification enzymes. We investigated pseudouridine (Ψ) synthase TruB interacting with an alleged suicide substrate RNA containing 5-fluorouridine (5FU). A longstanding dogma, stipulating formation of a stable covalent complex was challenged by discrepancies between the time scale of complex formation and enzymatic turnover. Instead of classic mutagenesis, we used differentially positioned fluorescent labels to modulate substrate properties in a range of enzymatic conversion between 6% and 99%. Despite this variegation, formation of SDS-stable complexes occurred instantaneously for all 5FU-substrates. Protein binding was investigated by advanced fluorescence spectroscopy allowing unprecedented simultaneous detection of change in fluorescence lifetime, anisotropy decay, as well as emission and excitation maxima. Determination of Kd values showed that introduction of 5FU into the RNA substrate increased protein affinity by 14× at most. Finally, competition experiments demonstrated reversibility of complex formation for 5FU-RNA. Our results lead us to conclude that the hitherto postulated long-term covalent interaction of TruB with 5FU tRNA is based on the interpretation of artifacts. This is likely true for the entire class of pseudouridine synthases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Spenkuch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gerald Hinze
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Kellner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52A, A-60230 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Micura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine - CCB, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-60230 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Basché
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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15
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Kellner S, Ochel A, Thüring K, Spenkuch F, Neumann J, Sharma S, Entian KD, Schneider D, Helm M. Absolute and relative quantification of RNA modifications via biosynthetic isotopomers. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:e142. [PMID: 25129236 PMCID: PMC4191383 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the resurging field of RNA modifications, quantification is a bottleneck blocking many exciting avenues. With currently over 150 known nucleoside alterations, detection and quantification methods must encompass multiple modifications for a comprehensive profile. LC-MS/MS approaches offer a perspective for comprehensive parallel quantification of all the various modifications found in total RNA of a given organism. By feeding (13)C-glucose as sole carbon source, we have generated a stable isotope-labeled internal standard (SIL-IS) for bacterial RNA, which facilitates relative comparison of all modifications. While conventional SIL-IS approaches require the chemical synthesis of single modifications in weighable quantities, this SIL-IS consists of a nucleoside mixture covering all detectable RNA modifications of Escherichia coli, yet in small and initially unknown quantities. For absolute in addition to relative quantification, those quantities were determined by a combination of external calibration and sample spiking of the biosynthetic SIL-IS. For each nucleoside, we thus obtained a very robust relative response factor, which permits direct conversion of the MS signal to absolute amounts of substance. The application of the validated SIL-IS allowed highly precise quantification with standard deviations<2% during a 12-week period, and a linear dynamic range that was extended by two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kellner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonia Ochel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kathrin Thüring
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Spenkuch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Neumann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sunny Sharma
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karl-Dieter Entian
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Wolfgang Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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16
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El Yacoubi B, Bailly M, de Crécy-Lagard V. Biosynthesis and Function of Posttranscriptional Modifications of Transfer RNAs. Annu Rev Genet 2012; 46:69-95. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-110711-155641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Basma El Yacoubi
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700;
| | - Marc Bailly
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700;
| | - Valérie de Crécy-Lagard
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0700;
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Oshima T, Moriya T, Terui Y. Identification, chemical synthesis, and biological functions of unusual polyamines produced by extreme thermophiles. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 720:81-111. [PMID: 21318868 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-034-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Unusual long polyamines such as caldopentamine and caldohexamine, and branched polyamines such as tetrakis(3-aminopropyl)ammonium and N (4)-aminopropylspermidine were often found in cells of extreme thermophiles and hyperthermophiles belonging to both Bacteria and Archaea domains. Some of these unusual polyamines are essential for life at extreme temperatures. In some cases, the unusual polyamines also exist in cells of nonthermophilic organisms and play important physiological roles under normal conditions. Methods for chromatographic analysis, isolation, and chemical syntheses of unusual polyamines as well as experimental methods for measuring their physiological roles are discussed. Especially, many newly improved methods for chemical syntheses are presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairo Oshima
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, Kyowa-kako Co., Machida, Tokyo, Japan
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Motorin Y, Burhenne J, Teimer R, Koynov K, Willnow S, Weinhold E, Helm M. Expanding the chemical scope of RNA:methyltransferases to site-specific alkynylation of RNA for click labeling. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:1943-52. [PMID: 21037259 PMCID: PMC3061074 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This work identifies the combination of enzymatic transfer and click labeling as an efficient method for the site-specific tagging of RNA molecules for biophysical studies. A double-activated analog of the ubiquitous co-substrate S-adenosyl-l-methionine was employed to enzymatically transfer a five carbon chain containing a terminal alkynyl moiety onto RNA. The tRNA:methyltransferase Trm1 transferred the extended alkynyl moiety to its natural target, the N2 of guanosine 26 in tRNAPhe. LC/MS and LC/MS/MS techniques were used to detect and characterize the modified nucleoside as well as its cycloaddition product with a fluorescent azide. The latter resulted from a labeling reaction via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-cycloaddition click chemistry, producing site-specifically labeled RNA whose suitability for single molecule fluorescence experiments was verified in fluorescence correlation spectroscopy experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Motorin
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Oshima T. Enigmas of biosyntheses of unusual polyamines in an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2010; 48:521-6. [PMID: 20417109 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Thermus thermophilus, an extreme thermophile belonging to Domain Bacteria, produces unusual polyamines in addition to standard polyamines. To understand mechanisms of changes of polyamine compositions of the thermophile upon change of growth conditions such as environmental temperature, metabolic pathways of polyamine biosyntheses of T. thermophilus have been studied and a new polyamine metabolic pathway was proposed. However, many enigmas remain to be solved in future studies. In this paper, biosyntheses of two non-standard polyamines, thermospermine and sym-homospermidine which are also produced and play important roles in plant cells, of the extreme thermophile are discussed in relation to the biosynthetic reactions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tairo Oshima
- Institute of Environmental Microbiology, Kyowa-kako Co. Ltd., 2-15-5 Tadao, Machida, Tokyo 194-0035, Japan.
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Abstract
Post-transcriptional ribonucleotide modification is a phenomenon best studied in tRNA, where it occurs most frequently and in great chemical diversity. This paper reviews the intrinsic network of modifications in the structural core of the tRNA, which governs structural flexibility and rigidity to fine-tune the molecule to peak performance and to regulate its steady-state level. Structural effects of RNA modifications range from nanometer-scale rearrangements to subtle restrictions of conformational space on the angstrom scale. Structural stabilization resulting from nucleotide modification results in increased thermal stability and translates into protection against unspecific degradation by bases and nucleases. Several mechanisms of specific degradation of hypomodified tRNA, which were only recently discovered, provide a link between structural and metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Motorin
- Laboratoire ARN-RNP Maturation-Structure-Fonction, Enzymologie Moléculaire et Structurale (AREMS), UMR 7214 CNRS-UHP Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, Bld des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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