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Sharma B, Prall W, Bhatia G, Gregory BD. The Diversity and Functions of Plant RNA Modifications: What We Know and Where We Go from Here. Annu Rev Plant Biol 2023; 74:53-85. [PMID: 36917824 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-071122-085813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first ribonucleic acid (RNA) modifications in transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), scientists have been on a quest to decipher the identities and functions of RNA modifications in biological systems. The last decade has seen monumental growth in the number of studies that have characterized and assessed the functionalities of RNA modifications in the field of plant biology. Owing to these studies, we now categorize RNA modifications based on their chemical nature and the RNA on which they are found, as well as the array of proteins that are involved in the processes that add, read, and remove them from an RNA molecule. Beyond their identity, another key piece of the puzzle is the functional significance of the various types of RNA modifications. Here, we shed light on recent studies that help establish our current understanding of the diversity of RNA modifications found in plant transcriptomes and the functions they play at both the molecular (e.g., RNA stability, translation, and transport) and organismal (e.g., stress response and development) levels. Finally, we consider the key research questions related to plant gene expression and biology in general and highlight developments in various technologies that are driving our insights forward in this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwas Sharma
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Wil Prall
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Garima Bhatia
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
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Trahan C, Oeffinger M. The Importance of Being RNA-est: considering RNA-mediated ribosome plasticity. RNA Biol 2023; 20:177-185. [PMID: 37098839 PMCID: PMC10134959 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2204581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For over 40 years, ribosomes were considered monolithic machines that translate the genetic code indiscriminately. However, over the past two decades, there have been a growing number of studies that suggest ribosomes to have a degree of compositional and functional adaptability in response to tissue type, cell environment and stimuli, cell cycle or development state. In such form, ribosomes themselves take an active part in translation regulation through an intrinsic adaptability provided by evolution, which furnished ribosomes with a dynamic plasticity that confers another layer of gene expression regulation. Yet despite the identification of various sources that give rise to ribosomal heterogeneity both at the protein and RNA level, its functional relevance is still debated, and many questions remain. Here, we will review aspects, including evolutionary ones, of ribosome heterogeneity emerging at the nucleic acid level, and aim to reframe ribosome 'heterogeneity' as an adaptive and dynamic process of plasticity.The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marlene Oeffinger
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Abstract
The ability to detect 2'-O-methylation sites (Nm) in high-throughput fashion is important, as increasing evidence points to a more diverse landscape for this RNA modification as well as the possibility of yet unidentified functions. Here we describe an optimized version of RibOxi-seq, which is built upon the original published method, that not only accurately profiles ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Nm sites with minimal RNA input but is also robust enough to identify mRNA intronic and exonic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhou Zhu
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher L Holley
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gordon G Carmichael
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Gay DM, Lund AH, Jansson MD. Translational control through ribosome heterogeneity and functional specialization. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 47:66-81. [PMID: 34312084 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The conceptual origins of ribosome specialization can be traced back to the earliest days of molecular biology. Yet, this field has only recently begun to gather momentum, with numerous studies identifying distinct heterogeneous ribosome populations across multiple species and model systems. It is proposed that some of these compositionally distinct ribosomes may be functionally specialized and able to regulate the translation of specific mRNAs. Identification and functional characterization of specialized ribosomes has the potential to elucidate a novel layer of gene expression control, at the level of translation, where the ribosome itself is a key regulatory player. In this review, we discuss different sources of ribosome heterogeneity, evidence for ribosome specialization, and also the future directions of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gay
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders H Lund
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Martin D Jansson
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Gabut M, Bourdelais F, Durand S. Ribosome and Translational Control in Stem Cells. Cells 2020; 9:E497. [PMID: 32098201 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells (ASCs) possess the remarkable capacity to self-renew while remaining poised to differentiate into multiple progenies in the context of a rapidly developing embryo or in steady-state tissues, respectively. This ability is controlled by complex genetic programs, which are dynamically orchestrated at different steps of gene expression, including chromatin remodeling, mRNA transcription, processing, and stability. In addition to maintaining stem cell homeostasis, these molecular processes need to be rapidly rewired to coordinate complex physiological modifications required to redirect cell fate in response to environmental clues, such as differentiation signals or tissue injuries. Although chromatin remodeling and mRNA expression have been extensively studied in stem cells, accumulating evidence suggests that stem cell transcriptomes and proteomes are poorly correlated and that stem cell properties require finely tuned protein synthesis. In addition, many studies have shown that the biogenesis of the translation machinery, the ribosome, is decisive for sustaining ESC and ASC properties. Therefore, these observations emphasize the importance of translational control in stem cell homeostasis and fate decisions. In this review, we will provide the most recent literature describing how ribosome biogenesis and translational control regulate stem cell functions and are crucial for accommodating proteome remodeling in response to changes in stem cell fate.
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Penzo M, Galbiati A, Treré D, Montanaro L. The importance of being (slightly) modified: The role of rRNA editing on gene expression control and its connections with cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2016; 1866:330-8. [PMID: 27815156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In human ribosomal RNAs, over 200 residues are modified by specific, RNA-driven enzymatic complexes or stand-alone, RNA-independent enzymes. In most cases, modification sites are placed in specific positions within important functional areas of the ribosome. Some evidence indicates that the altered control in ribosomal RNA modifications may affect ribosomal function during mRNA translation. Here we provide an overview of the connections linking ribosomal RNA modifications to ribosome function, and suggest how aberrant modifications may affect the control of the expression of key cancer genes, thus contributing to tumor development. In addition, the future perspectives in this field are discussed.
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Gutierrez B, Douthwaite S, Gonzalez-Zorn B. Indigenous and acquired modifications in the aminoglycoside binding sites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa rRNAs. RNA Biol 2013; 10:1324-32. [PMID: 23948732 PMCID: PMC3817154 DOI: 10.4161/rna.25984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoglycoside antibiotics remain the drugs of choice for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, particularly for respiratory complications in cystic-fibrosis patients. Previous studies on other bacteria have shown that aminoglycosides have their primary target within the decoding region of 16S rRNA helix 44 with a secondary target in 23S rRNA helix 69. Here, we have mapped P. aeruginosa rRNAs using MALDI mass spectrometry and reverse transcriptase primer extension to identify nucleotide modifications that could influence aminoglycoside interactions. Helices 44 and 45 contain indigenous (housekeeping) modifications at m (4)Cm1402, m (3)U1498, m (2)G1516, m (6) 2A1518, and m (6) 2A1519; helix 69 is modified at m (3)Ψ1915, with m (5)U1939 and m (5)C1962 modification in adjacent sequences. All modifications were close to stoichiometric, with the exception of m (3)Ψ1915, where about 80% of rRNA molecules were methylated. The modification status of a virulent clinical strain expressing the acquired methyltransferase RmtD was altered in two important respects: RmtD stoichiometrically modified m (7)G1405 conferring high resistance to the aminoglycoside tobramycin and, in doing so, impeded one of the methylation reactions at C1402. Mapping the nucleotide methylations in P. aeruginosa rRNAs is an essential step toward understanding the architecture of the aminoglycoside binding sites and the rational design of improved drugs against this bacterial pathogen.
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MESH Headings
- Aminoglycosides/chemistry
- Aminoglycosides/genetics
- Aminoglycosides/metabolism
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Circular Dichroism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Proteins/chemistry
- Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins/metabolism
- Methylation
- Methyltransferases/chemistry
- Methyltransferases/genetics
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/metabolism
- RNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- RNA, Bacterial/genetics
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/chemistry
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal, 23S/metabolism
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Gutierrez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET); Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen Douthwaite
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; University of Southern Denmark; Odense, Denmark
| | - Bruno Gonzalez-Zorn
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal; Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET); Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Madrid, Spain
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