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Bianchimano P, Iwanowski K, Smith EM, Cantor A, Leone P, Bongers G, Gonzalez CG, Hongsup Y, Elias J, Weiner HL, Clemente JC, Tankou SK. Oral vancomycin treatment suppresses gut trypsin activity and preserves intestinal barrier function during EAE. iScience 2023; 26:108143. [PMID: 37915599 PMCID: PMC10616394 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have reported increased intestinal permeability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and its mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the mechanisms driving increased intestinal permeability that in turn exacerbate neuroinflammation during EAE remain unclear. Here we showed that vancomycin preserved the integrity of the intestinal barrier, while also suppressing gut trypsin activity, enhancing the relative abundance of specific Lactobacilli and ameliorating disease during EAE. Furthermore, Lactobacilli enriched in the gut of vancomycin-treated EAE mice at day 3 post immunization negatively correlated with gut trypsin activity and EAE severity. In untreated EAE mice, we observed increased intestinal permeability and increased intestinal protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) expression at day 3 post immunization. Prior studies have shown that trypsin increases intestinal permeability by activating PAR2. Our results suggest that the interaction between intestinal PAR2 and trypsin may be a key modulator of intestinal permeability and disease severity during EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bianchimano
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kacper Iwanowski
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma M. Smith
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam Cantor
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paola Leone
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gerold Bongers
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carlos G. Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yoon Hongsup
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Hospital and Biomedical Center of the Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Martinsried, Germany
- Hertie Senior Professor Group, Max-Plank-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Joshua Elias
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose C. Clemente
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie K. Tankou
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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2
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Aldossari AA, Assiri MA, Ansari MA, Nadeem A, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Albekairi TH, Alomar HA, Al-Mazroua HA, Almanaa TN, Al-Hamamah MA, Alwetaid MY, Ahmad SF. Histamine H4 Receptor Antagonist Ameliorates the Progression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis via Regulation of T-Cell Imbalance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15273. [PMID: 37894952 PMCID: PMC10607370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a degenerative condition characterized by immune-mediated attacks on the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in demyelination and recurring T-cell responses. The histamine H4 receptor (H4R) is mainly expressed in cellular populations and plays a vital role in inflammation and immunological responses. The role of H4R in neurons of the CNS has recently been revealed. However, the precise role of H4R in neuronal function remains inadequately understood. The objective of this work was to investigate the impact of JNJ 10191584 (JNJ), a highly effective and specific H4R antagonist, on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and to gain insight into the underlying mechanism involved. In this study, we examined the potential impact of JNJ therapy on the course of EAE in SJL/J mice. EAE mice were administered an oral dose of JNJ at a concentration of 6 mg/kg once a day, starting from day 10 and continuing until day 42. Afterward, the mice's clinical scores were assessed. In this study, we conducted additional research to examine the impact of JNJ on several types of immune cells, specifically Th1 (IFN-γ and T-bet), Th9 (IL-9 and IRF4), Th17 (IL-17A and RORγt), and regulatory T (Tregs; Foxp3 and TGF-β1) cells in the spleen. In this study, we further investigated the impact of JNJ on the mRNA expression levels of IFN-γ, T-bet, IL-9, IRF4, IL-17A, RORγt, Foxp3, and TGF-β1 in the brain. Daily treatment of JNJ effectively reduced the development of EAE in mice. The percentages of CD4+IFN-γ+, CD4+T-bet+, CD4+IL-9+, CD4+IRF4+, CD4+IL-17A+, and CD4+RORγt+ cells were shown to decrease, whereas the percentages of CD4+TGF-β1+ and CD4+Foxp3+ cells were observed to increase in EAE mice treated with JNJ. Therefore, the HR4 antagonist positively affected the course of EAE by modulating the signaling of transcription factors. The identified results include possible ramifications in the context of MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah A. Aldossari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Assiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A. Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M. Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A. Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer H. Albekairi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatun A. Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A. Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taghreed N. Almanaa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Hamamah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y. Alwetaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Tichauer JE, Arellano G, Acuña E, González LF, Kannaiyan NR, Murgas P, Panadero-Medianero C, Ibañez-Vega J, Burgos PI, Loda E, Miller SD, Rossner MJ, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Naves R. Interferon-gamma ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inducing homeostatic adaptation of microglia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1191838. [PMID: 37334380 PMCID: PMC10272814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1191838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence has shown that interferon (IFN)-γ has dual effects in multiple sclerosis and in its animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), with results supporting both a pathogenic and beneficial function. However, the mechanisms whereby IFN-γ may promote neuroprotection in EAE and its effects on central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells have remained an enigma for more than 30 years. In this study, the impact of IFN-γ at the peak of EAE, its effects on CNS infiltrating myeloid cells (MC) and microglia (MG), and the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms were investigated. IFN-γ administration resulted in disease amelioration and attenuation of neuroinflammation associated with significantly lower frequencies of CNS CD11b+ myeloid cells and less infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination. A significant reduction in activated MG and enhanced resting MG was determined by flow cytometry and immunohistrochemistry. Primary MC/MG cultures obtained from the spinal cord of IFN-γ-treated EAE mice that were ex vivo re-stimulated with a low dose (1 ng/ml) of IFN-γ and neuroantigen, promoted a significantly higher induction of CD4+ regulatory T (Treg) cells associated with increased transforming growth factor (TGF)-β secretion. Additionally, IFN-γ-treated primary MC/MG cultures produced significantly lower nitrite in response to LPS challenge than control MC/MG. IFN-γ-treated EAE mice had a significantly higher frequency of CX3CR1high MC/MG and expressed lower levels of program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) than PBS-treated mice. Most CX3CR1highPD-L1lowCD11b+Ly6G- cells expressed MG markers (Tmem119, Sall2, and P2ry12), indicating that they represented an enriched MG subset (CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG). Amelioration of clinical symptoms and induction of CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG by IFN-γ were dependent on STAT-1. RNA-seq analyses revealed that in vivo treatment with IFN-γ promoted the induction of homeostatic CX3CR1highPD-L1low MG, upregulating the expression of genes associated with tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory roles and down-regulating pro-inflammatory genes. These analyses highlight the master role that IFN-γ plays in regulating microglial activity and provide new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the therapeutic activity of IFN-γ in EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan E. Tichauer
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Arellano
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eric Acuña
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis F. González
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nirmal R. Kannaiyan
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Paola Murgas
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Science, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jorge Ibañez-Vega
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula I. Burgos
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology , School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eileah Loda
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Stephen D. Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Moritz J. Rossner
- Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter J. Gebicke-Haerter
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Naves
- Program of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Teruel-Peña B, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Suleiman-Martos N, Prieto I, García-Cózar FJ, Ramírez-Sánchez M, Fernández-Martos C, Domínguez-Vías G. Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Aminopeptidases as Prognostic Biomarkers in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087169. [PMID: 37108335 PMCID: PMC10138961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebral cortex. Biomarkers for ALS are essential for disease detection and to provide information on potential therapeutic targets. Aminopeptidases catalyze the cleavage of amino acids from the amino terminus of protein or substrates such as neuropeptides. Since certain aminopeptidases are known to increase the risk of neurodegeneration, such mechanisms may reveal new targets to determine their association with ALS risk and their interest as a diagnostic biomarker. The authors performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to identify reported aminopeptidases genetic loci associated with the risk of ALS. PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest, LILACS, and Cochrane databases were searched to retrieve eligible studies in English or Spanish, published up to 27 January 2023. A total of 16 studies were included in this systematic review, where a series of aminopeptidases could be related to ALS and could be promising biomarkers (DPP1, DPP2, DPP4, LeuAP, pGluAP, and PSA/NPEPPS). The literature reported the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs: rs10260404 and rs17174381) with the risk of ALS. The genetic variation rs10260404 in the DPP6 gene was identified to be highly associated with ALS susceptibility, but meta-analyses of genotypes in five studies in a matched cohort of different ancestry (1873 cases and 1861 control subjects) showed no ALS risk association. Meta-analyses of eight studies for minor allele frequency (MAF) also found no ALS association for the "C" allele. The systematic review identified aminopeptidases as possible biomarkers. However, the meta-analyses for rs1060404 of DPP6 do not show a risk associated with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Teruel-Peña
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ceuta University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - José Luís Gómez-Urquiza
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ceuta University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
| | - Nora Suleiman-Martos
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Isabel Prieto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Germán Domínguez-Vías
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ceuta University of Granada, 51001 Ceuta, Spain
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5
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Alomar HA, Nadeem A, Ansari MA, Attia SM, Bakheet SA, Al-Mazroua HA, Alhazzani K, Assiri MA, Alqinyah M, Almudimeegh S, Ahmad SF. Mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor PD98059 improves neuroimmune dysfunction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in B cells. Brain Res Bull 2023; 194:45-53. [PMID: 36646144 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe autoimmune disease leading to demyelination, followed by consequent axonal degeneration, causing sensory, motor, cognitive, and visual symptoms. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most well-studied animal model of MS. Most current MS treatments are not completely effective, and severe side effects remain a great challenge. In this study, we report the therapeutic efficacy of PD98059, a potent mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, on proteolipid protein (PLP)139-151-induced EAE in SJL/J mice. Following the induction of EAE, mice were intraperitoneally treated with PD98059 (5 mg/kg for 14 days) daily from day 14 to day 28. This study investigated the effects of PD98059 on C-C motif chemokine receptor 6 (CCR6), CD14, NF-κB p65, IκBα, GM-CSF, iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α in CD45R+ B lymphocytes using flow cytometry. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of PD98059 on CCR6, CD14, NF-κB p65, GM-CSF, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA and protein expression levels using qRT-PCR analysis in brain tissues. Mechanistic investigations revealed that PD98059-treated in mice with EAE had reduced CD45R+CCR6+, CD45R+CD14+, CD45R+NF-κB p65+, CD45R+GM-CSF+, CD45R+iNOS+, CD45R+IL-6+, and CD45R+TNF-α+ cells and increased CD45R+IκBα+ cells compared with vehicle-treated control mice in the spleen. Moreover, downregulation of CCR6, CD14, NF-κB p65, GM-CSF, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-α mRNA expression level was observed in PD98059-treated mice with EAE compared with vehicle-treated control mice in the brain tissue. The results of this study demonstrate that PD98059 modulates inflammatory mediators through multiple cellular mechanisms. The results of this study suggest that PD98059 may be pursued as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatun A Alomar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Nadeem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mushtaq A Ansari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Bakheet
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haneen A Al-Mazroua
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alhazzani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alqinyah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Almudimeegh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sheikh F Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Bernstein HG, Keilhoff G, Dobrowolny H, Steiner J. The many facets of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and its inhibitors in disorders of the CNS - a critical overview. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:1-24. [PMID: 35771831 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a serine protease that cleaves X-proline or X-alanine in the penultimate position. Natural substrates of the enzyme are glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon inhibiting peptide, glucagon, neuropeptide Y, secretin, substance P, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, endorphins, endomorphins, brain natriuretic peptide, beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone and amyloid peptides as well as some cytokines and chemokines. The enzyme is involved in the maintenance of blood glucose homeostasis and regulation of the immune system. It is expressed in many organs including the brain. DPP4 activity may be effectively depressed by DPP4 inhibitors. Apart from enzyme activity, DPP4 acts as a cell surface (co)receptor, associates with adeosine deaminase, interacts with extracellular matrix, and controls cell migration and differentiation. This review aims at revealing the impact of DPP4 and DPP4 inhibitors for several brain diseases (virus infections affecting the brain, tumours of the CNS, neurological and psychiatric disorders). Special emphasis is given to a possible involvement of DPP4 expressed in the brain.While prominent contributions of extracerebral DPP4 are evident for a majority of diseases discussed herein; a possible role of "brain" DPP4 is restricted to brain cancers and Alzheimer disease. For a number of diseases (Covid-19 infection, type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, Parkinson disease, Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and epilepsy), use of DPP4 inhibitors has been shown to have a disease-mitigating effect. However, these beneficial effects should mostly be attributed to the depression of "peripheral" DPP4, since currently used DPP4 inhibitors are not able to pass through the intact blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Gert Bernstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto v. Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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7
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Alkharsah KR, Aljaroodi SA, Rahman JU, Alnafie AN, Al Dossary R, Aljindan RY, Alnimr AM, Hussen J. Low levels of soluble DPP4 among Saudis may have constituted a risk factor for MERS endemicity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266603. [PMID: 35413090 PMCID: PMC9004781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were reported in Saudi Arabia. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) was identified as the receptor for the virus. The level of soluble DPP4 (sDPP4) was found to be reduced in MERS-CoV infected patients while high levels of sDPP4 were suggested to be protective against MERS-CoV in animal models. We investigated whether the Saudi population has lower levels of sDPP4 which makes them more susceptible to MERS-CoV infection and, therefore, could explain the larger number of cases from the country. Blood samples were collected from 219 Saudi blood donors and 200 blood donors from other ethnic groups. The plasma level of sDPP4 was measured by ELISA and the following SNPs in the DPP4 gene; rs35128070, rs1861978, rs79700168, and rs17574, were genotyped by TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. The average level of plasma sDDP4 was significantly lower in Saudis than other Arabs and non-Arabs (P value 0.0003 and 0.012, respectively). The genotypes AG of rs35128070 and GT of rs1861978 were significantly associated with lower sDPP4 among Saudis (P value 0.002 for each). While both genotypes AA and AG of rs79700168 and rs17574 were associated with significantly lower average sDPP4 level in Saudis compared to other ethnic groups (P value 0.031 and 0.032, and 0.027 and 0.014, respectively). Herein, we report that the Saudi population has lower levels of plasma sDPP4 than other ethnic groups, which is associated with genetic variants in the DPP4 gene. This may have contributed to increase the susceptibility of the Saudi population to MERS-CoV infection and could be a factor in the long-lasting persistence of the virus in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled R. Alkharsah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Salma Ali Aljaroodi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawad Ur Rahman
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif N. Alnafie
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, King Fahad Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al Dossary
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Y. Aljindan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani M. Alnimr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Roy A, Sahoo J, Narayanan N, Merugu C, Kamalanathan S, Naik D. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor-induced autoimmune diseases: Current evidence. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1426-1441. [PMID: 34630898 PMCID: PMC8472501 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i9.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have an important place in the management of type 2 diabetes. The DPP-4 enzyme is ubiquitously distributed throughout the human body and has multiple substrates through which it regulates several important physiological functions. DPP-4 regulates several immune functions, including T-cell activation, macrophage function, and secretion of cytokines. Studies have reported an increase in autoimmune diseases like bullous pemphigoid, inflammatory bowel disease, and arthritis with DPP-4i use. The relationship of DPP-4i and autoimmune diseases is a complex one and warrants further research into the effect of DPP-4 inhibition on the immune system to understand the pathogenesis more clearly. Whether a particular cluster of autoimmune diseases is associated with DPP-4i use remains an important contentious issue. Nevertheless, a heightened awareness from the clinicians is required to identify and treat any such diseases. Through this review, we explore the clinical and pathophysiological characteristics of this association in light of recent evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Roy
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Jayaprakash Sahoo
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Niya Narayanan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Chandhana Merugu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Sadishkumar Kamalanathan
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
| | - Dukhabandhu Naik
- Department of Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
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9
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Lu C, Amin MA, Fox DA. CD13/Aminopeptidase N Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Inflammatory Disorders. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:3-11. [PMID: 31848300 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD13/aminopeptidase N is a widely expressed ectoenzyme with multiple functions. As an enzyme, CD13 regulates activities of numerous cytokines by cleaving their N-terminals and is involved in Ag processing by trimming the peptides bound to MHC class II. Independent of its enzymatic activity, cell membrane CD13 functions by cross-linking-induced signal transduction, regulation of receptor recycling, enhancement of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, and acting as a receptor for cytokines. Moreover, soluble CD13 has multiple proinflammatory roles mediated by binding to G-protein-coupled receptors. CD13 not only modulates development and activities of immune-related cells, but also regulates functions of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, CD13 is important in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. Inhibitors of CD13 have shown impressive anti-inflammatory effects, but none of them has yet been used for clinical therapy of human inflammatory diseases. We reevaluate CD13's regulatory role in inflammation and suggest that CD13 could be a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Lu
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Mohammad A Amin
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - David A Fox
- Division of Rheumatology, Clinical Autoimmunity Center of Excellence, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
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10
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Gonzalez CG, Tankou SK, Cox LM, Casavant EP, Weiner HL, Elias JE. Latent-period stool proteomic assay of multiple sclerosis model indicates protective capacity of host-expressed protease inhibitors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12460. [PMID: 31462662 PMCID: PMC6713765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diseases are often diagnosed once overt symptoms arise, ignoring the prior latent period when effective prevention may be possible. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis, exhibits such disease latency, but the molecular processes underlying this asymptomatic period remain poorly characterized. Gut microbes also influence EAE severity, yet their impact on the latent period remains unknown. Here, we show the latent period between immunization and EAE's overt symptom onset is characterized by distinct host responses as measured by stool proteomics. In particular, we found a transient increase in protease inhibitors that inversely correlated with disease severity. Vancomycin administration attenuated both EAE symptoms and protease inhibitor induction potentially by decreasing immune system reactivity, supporting a subset of the microbiota's role in modulating the host's latent period response. These results strengthen previous evidence of proteases and their inhibitors in EAE and highlight the utility stool-omics for revealing complex, dynamic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Gonzalez
- Chemical and Systems Biology Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Stephanie K Tankou
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department Of Neurology, Icahn School Of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School Of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School Of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen P Casavant
- Chemical and Systems Biology Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurological Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua E Elias
- Chemical and Systems Biology Department, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California, USA.
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11
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Zhao Y. CD26 in autoimmune diseases: The other side of "moonlight protein". Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105757. [PMID: 31357088 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease, which has enzymatic activity to selectively clean the N-terminal dipeptide of peptides and proteins with proline or alanine in the second position. DPP-4 inhibitor has been widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by increasing the level of the glucagon-like peptide-1 and decreasing the glucose level. DPP-4, also known as lymphocyte cell surface protein CD26, plays a core role of T cell immunity. Many roles of CD26 in other immune cells have been found. As a "moonlight protein", the effect of CD26 in autoimmune diseases has attracted more and more attention. The paper reviewed the function and potential effect of CD26 in autoimmune diseases, which shows CD26 may be a new target of autoimmune diseases deserved further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjuan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, The East Chang-Gang Road, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Combined Treatment with Zinc Aspartate and Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIGs) Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE). J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5982169. [PMID: 30356433 PMCID: PMC6178489 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5982169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) are widely used in replacement therapy of primary and secondary immunodeficiency disorders and in approved autoimmune indications. In addition, IVIG application is used off-label for treatment of other autoimmune diseases, e.g., multiple sclerosis (MS), an inflammatory autoimmune disorder with a clear T cell-mediated immune pathogenesis. The trace element zinc is shown to play a regulatory role in the maintenance of immune functions. Changes of zinc homeostasis affect both the innate and the adaptive immune system. On one hand, therapeutic zinc supplementation can normalize impaired immune functions due to zinc deficiency. On the other hand, therapeutic zinc supplementation is under consideration as a possible option to treat T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of IVIG (Octagam®), zinc aspartate (Unizink®), and the combined application of both preparations in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS. Therapeutic intraperitoneal application of zinc aspartate significantly diminished clinical signs during the relapsing-remitting phase of EAE in SJL/J mice. In contrast, IVIG given in a therapeutic manner did not influence the course of EAE. Interestingly, the combined application of both, IVIG and zinc aspartate, significantly reduced the severity of the disease during the acute and the relapsing-remitting phase of the EAE. Our data suggest that the combination of IVIG and zinc aspartate may have beneficial effects in autoimmune diseases, like MS. Further studies should verify the benefit of a controlled immunosuppressive therapy with IVIG and zinc for such diseases.
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13
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Al-Badri G, Leggio GM, Musumeci G, Marzagalli R, Drago F, Castorina A. Tackling dipeptidyl peptidase IV in neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:26-34. [PMID: 29451201 PMCID: PMC5840985 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.224365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) is a serine protease best known for its role in inactivating glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), three stimulators of pancreatic insulin secretion with beneficial effects on glucose disposal. Owing to the relationship between DPP-IV and these peptides, inhibition of DPP-IV enzyme activity is considered as an attractive treatment option for diabetic patients. Nonetheless, increasing studies support the idea that DPP-IV might also be involved in the development of neurological disorders with a neuroinflammatory component, potentially through its non-incretin activities on immune cells. In this review article, we aim at highlighting recent literature describing the therapeutic value of DPP-IV inhibitors for the treatment of such neurological conditions. Finally, we will illustrate some of the promising results obtained using berberine, a plant extract with potent inhibitory activity on DPP-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Al-Badri
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gian Marco Leggio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rubina Marzagalli
- Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Castorina
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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14
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Sun Q, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yu F, Xu J, Peng B, Liu W, Han S, Yin J, He X. DPP4 regulates the inflammatory response in a rat model of febrile seizures. Biomed Mater Eng 2017; 28:S139-S152. [PMID: 28372289 DOI: 10.3233/bme-171635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Febrile seizures (FS) are the most common seizure disorders in children aged 6 months to 5 years. Children suffering from complex FS have a high risk of developing subsequent temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of FS although the mechanism remains unknown. Our previous study using the Whole Rat Genome Oligo Microarray determined that Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP4) is potentially a related gene in FS rats. In this study, we demonstrated that DPP4 expression was significantly increased at both the protein and mRNA levels after hyperthermia induction. Sitagliptin, a specific enzyme inhibitor of DPP4, remarkably attenuated the severity of seizures in FS rats, and hyperthermia-induced astrocytosis was suppressed after DPP4 inhibition. Furthermore, sitagliptin significantly decreased the levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 but not IL-10. In addition, sitagliptin prevented NF-κB activation by decreasing phosphorylation of the p65 subunit. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that DPP4 functions as a critical regulator of neuroinflammation in hyperthermia-induced seizures and the DPP4 inhibitor may be a viable option for FS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yusong Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Weifang Maternity and Child Hospital, Weifang, China
| | - Biwen Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanhong Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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15
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Quist SR, Heimburg A, Bank U, Mahnkopf D, Koch G, Gollnick H, Täger M, Ansorge S. Preclinical pilot study monitoring topical drug penetration and dermal bioavailability of a peptidase inhibitor from different galenic formulations into pig dermis, using cutaneous microdialysis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2017; 42:607-613. [PMID: 28556026 DOI: 10.1111/ced.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous microdialysis (CM) is an ex vivo technique that allows study of tissue chemistry, including bioavailability of actual tissue concentration of unbound drug in the interstitial fluid of the body. AIM To test the penetration and dermal bioavailability of galenic formulations of the small-molecule IP10.C8, a dual-protease inhibitor of the dipeptidyl peptidase and aminopeptidase families. METHODS Using CM, we tested the penetration and dermal bioavailability of IP10.C8 into the dermis and subcutis of pigs, and determined the tissue concentration of IP10.C8 enzymatically, using an enzyme activity assay (substrate Gly-Pro-pNA) and high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Dermal bioavailability was enhanced by using microemulsion or the addition of the penetration enhancer oleic acid to a hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel formulation. Dermal bioavailability was also enhanced when galenic formulations were prepared with higher pH (7.5 vs. 6.5) or higher drug concentration (5% vs. 1%) in HEC gel. CONCLUSION It seems possible, using CM for topical skin penetration testing in anaesthetized domestic pigs, to test the bioavailability of newly designed drugs. However, the experimental time is limited due to the anaesthesia, and is dependent on drug recovery. Validation of this technique for routine use is challenging, and more experiments are needed to validate this preclinical set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Quist
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - A Heimburg
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - U Bank
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - D Mahnkopf
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - G Koch
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - M Täger
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - S Ansorge
- Immunopharm Department, IMTM GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Abstract
The third edition of the Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes aims to be a comprehensive reference work for the enzymes that cleave proteins and peptides, and contains over 850 chapters. Each chapter is organized into sections describing the name and history, activity and specificity, structural chemistry, preparation, biological aspects, and distinguishing features for a specific peptidase. The subject of Chapter 79 is Aminopeptidase N. Keywords Actinonin, amastatin, angiogenesis, angiotensin, bestatin, brush border, cancer, CD13, coronavirus, cysteinyl-glycinase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV, enkephalin, glutathione, neprilysin, puromycin, stem cells.
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17
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Stoye D, Schubert C, Goihl A, Guttek K, Reinhold A, Brocke S, Grüngreiff K, Reinhold D. Zinc aspartate suppresses T cell activation in vitro and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice. Biometals 2012; 25:529-39. [PMID: 22350510 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element with a critical role in normal growth and development and in immune homeostasis. Zinc deficiency impairs both the innate and the adaptive immune system and can be normalized by zinc supplementation. On the other end of the spectrum, high dosages of zinc diminish immune cell functions similar to zinc deficiency. Here, we investigated the influence of zinc aspartate on proliferation and cytokine production of stimulated human T cells and mouse splenocytes in vitro. Furthermore, the effect of zinc aspartate was examined in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) with a Th1/Th17 T cell-mediated immunopathogenesis. Zinc aspartate suppressed proliferation as well as IL-2, IL-10 and IL-17 production in stimulated human T cells and mouse splenocytes. Importantly, administration of a medium range dose of 30 μg/day zinc aspartate [1.5 mg/kg body weight (BW)] in a therapeutic manner led to a significant reduction of the clinical severity of the EAE during the first relapse of the disease. A lower zinc aspartate dose (6 μg/day, 0.3 mg/kg BW) had no significant therapeutic effect on the severity of the EAE, while administration of higher zinc aspartate amounts (120 μg/day, 6 mg/kg BW) led to more severe disease. Taken together, our data suggest that zinc aspartate can modulate activation, proliferation and cytokine production of effector T cells in vitro and in vivo and that activated autoreactive T cells may be potential therapeutic targets of tightly controlled zinc supplementation in autoimmune diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Stoye
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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18
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Hoffmann T, Demuth HU. Highlight: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and related proteins. Biol Chem 2011; 392:151-2. [DOI: 10.1515/bc.2011.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
No abstract available
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