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Identification of Human Kinin-Forming Enzyme Inhibitors from Medicinal Herbs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144126. [PMID: 34299400 PMCID: PMC8307503 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to assess the pharmacological effects of black tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) water extract on human kinin-forming enzymes in vitro. Tea is a highly consumed beverage in the world. Factor XII (FXII, Hageman factor)-independent- and -dependent activation of prekallikrein to kallikrein leads to the liberation of bradykinin (BK) from high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK). The excessive BK production causes vascular endothelial and nonvascular smooth muscle cell permeability, leading to angioedema. The prevalence of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)-induced angioedema appears to be through BK. Both histamine and BK are potent inflammatory mediators. However, the treatments for histamine-mediated angioedema are unsuitable for BK-mediated angioedema. We hypothesized that long-term consumption of tea would reduce bradykinin-dependent processes within the systemic and pulmonary vasculature, independent of the anti-inflammatory actions of polyphenols. A purified fraction of the black tea water extract inhibited both kallikrein and activated FXII. The black tea water extracts inhibited factor XII-induced cell migration and inhibited the production of kallikrein on the endothelial cell line. We compared the inhibitory effects of the black tea water extract and twenty-three well-known anti-inflammatory medicinal herbs, in inhibiting both kallikrein and FXII. Surprisingly, arjunglucoside II specifically inhibited the activated factor XII (FXIIa), but not the kallikrein and the activated factor XI. Taken together, the black tea water extract exerts its anti-inflammatory effects, in part, by inhibiting kallikrein and activated FXII, which are part of the plasma kallikrein–kinin system (KKS), and by decreasing BK production. The inhibition of kallikrein and activated FXII represents a unique polyphenol-independent anti-inflammatory mechanism of action for the black tea.
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Hong W, Liu L, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Zhang D, Liu M. Pluronic-based nano-self-assemblies of bacitracin A with a new mechanism of action for an efficient in vivo therapeutic effect against bacterial peritonitis. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:66. [PMID: 30205822 PMCID: PMC6131780 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although assemblies of hydrophobic-modified bacitracin A with PLGA (Nano-BAPLGA) have demonstrated promising antibacterial activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, the desirable antibacterial potency has remained challenging due to the low solubility of Nano-BAPLGA. To address this tissue, a series of Pluronic copolymers (Pluronic® F127, Pluronic® P123 and Pluronic® P85) were selected to link the N-terminus of bacitracin A to construct Pluronic-based nano-self assemblies (Nano-BAF127, Nano-BAP123 and Nano-BAP85). Results Impressively, all the newly designed Pluronic-based Nano-BAs possessed higher solubility and stronger effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria compared with Nano-BAPLGA, especially the modification with Pluronic® P85. Surface tension measurements indicated that Nano-BAP85 was much more tensioactive than Nano-BAPLGA, which usually translated into a good membranolytic effect. Fluorescence spectroscopy and electron microscopy analyses confirmed the speculation that the cell wall/membrane might be the main action target of Nano-BAP85 by permeabilizing the cell membrane and damaging the membrane integrity. In vivo results further demonstrated that Nano-BAP85 significantly suppressed bacterial growth and prolonged survival time in the bacterial peritonitis mouse model with negligible toxicity. Conclusions Collectively, the membrane targeting mechanism of action is entirely distinct from those of clinically used antibacterial agents. Furthermore, the new approach of construction nanoantibiotics based on the modification of commercially available antibiotics with Pluronic copolymers is demonstrated to have an efficient therapeutic effect against bacterial infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12951-018-0397-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lipeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Dongling Road 120, Shenyang, 110866, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Antibiotic treatment modulates protein components of cytotoxic outer membrane vesicles of multidrug-resistant clinical strain, Acinetobacter baumannii DU202. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:28. [PMID: 30186054 PMCID: PMC6118003 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of Acinetobacter baumannii are cytotoxic and elicit a potent innate immune response. OMVs were first identified in A. baumannii DU202, an extensively drug-resistant clinical strain. Herein, we investigated protein components of A. baumannii DU202 OMVs following antibiotic treatment by proteogenomic analysis. Methods Purified OMVs from A. baumannii DU202 grown in different antibiotic culture conditions were screened for pathogenic and immunogenic effects, and subjected to quantitative proteomic analysis by one-dimensional electrophoresis and liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (1DE-LC-MS/MS). Protein components modulated by imipenem were identified and discussed. Results OMV secretion was increased > twofold following imipenem treatment, and cytotoxicity toward A549 human lung carcinoma cells was elevated. A total of 277 proteins were identified as components of OMVs by imipenem treatment, among which β-lactamase OXA-23, various proteases, outer membrane proteins, β-barrel assembly machine proteins, peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerases and inherent prophage head subunit proteins were significantly upregulated. Conclusion In vitro stress such as antibiotic treatment can modulate proteome components in A. baumannii OMVs and thereby influence pathogenicity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12014-018-9204-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Wang R, Sun L, Wang Y, Deng Y, Fang Z, Liu Y, Deng Q, Sun D, Gooneratne R. Influence of food matrix type on extracellular products of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:65. [PMID: 29976139 PMCID: PMC6034228 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (ATCC 17802 and 33847) in shrimp, oyster, freshwater fish, pork, chicken and egg fried rice were evaluated for production of hemolysin and exoenzymes of potential importance to the pathogenicity of this bacterium. RESULTS The two strains of V. parahaemolyticus produced hemolysin, gelatinase, caseinase, phospholipase, urease, DNase and amylase in selected food matrices. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) hemolytic activity was produced by V. parahaemolyticus in egg fried rice > shrimp > freshwater fish > chicken > oyster > pork. But the exoenzyme activities were not consistent with the hemolytic activity profile, being significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shrimp > freshwater fish > chicken > oyster > pork > egg fried rice. Filtrates of V. parahaemolyticus from shrimp, freshwater fish and chicken given intraperitoneally to adult mice induced marked liver and kidney damage and were highly lethal compared with the filtrates of V. parahaemolyticus from oyster > egg fried rice > pork. CONCLUSION From in vitro and in vivo tests, it appears that the food matrix type has a significant impact on the activity of extracellular products and the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus. From a food safety aspect, it is important to determine which food matrices can stimulate V. parahaemolyticus to produce additional extracellular factors. This is the first report of non-seafood including freshwater fish and chicken contaminated with V. parahaemolyticus to have been shown to be toxic to mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rundong Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Lijun Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yaling Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Yijia Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Zhijia Fang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Qi Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Dongfang Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Products of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Ravi Gooneratne
- Centre for Food Research and Innovation, Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury, 7647, New Zealand
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Yang J, Zhao HL, Ran LY, Li CY, Zhang XY, Su HN, Shi M, Zhou BC, Chen XL, Zhang YZ. Mechanistic insights into elastin degradation by pseudolysin, the major virulence factor of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9936. [PMID: 25905792 PMCID: PMC4407726 DOI: 10.1038/srep09936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudolysin is the most abundant protease secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and is the major extracellular virulence factor of this opportunistic human pathogen. Pseudolysin destroys human tissues by solubilizing elastin. However, the mechanisms by which pseudolysin binds to and degrades elastin remain elusive. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of pseudolysin on elastin binding and degradation by biochemical assay, microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis. Pseudolysin bound to bovine elastin fibers and preferred to attack peptide bonds with hydrophobic residues at the P1 and P1’ positions in the hydrophobic domains of elastin. The time-course degradation processes of both bovine elastin fibers and cross-linked human tropoelastin by pseudolysin were further investigated by microscopy. Altogether, the results indicate that elastin degradation by pseudolysin began with the hydrophobic domains on the fiber surface, followed by the progressive disassembly of macroscopic elastin fibers into primary structural elements. Moreover, our site-directed mutational results indicate that five hydrophobic residues in the S1-S1’ sub-sites played key roles in the binding of pseudolysin to elastin. This study sheds lights on the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hui-Lin Zhao
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Li-Yuan Ran
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Chun-Yang Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xi-Ying Zhang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hai-Nan Su
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mei Shi
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bai-Cheng Zhou
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Chen
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Zhang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [2] Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China [3] Collaborative Innovation Center of Deep Sea Biology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Serra R, Grande R, Butrico L, Rossi A, Settimio UF, Caroleo B, Amato B, Gallelli L, de Franciscis S. Chronic wound infections: the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:605-13. [PMID: 25746414 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1023291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic leg ulcers affect 1-2% of the general population and are related to increased morbidity and health costs. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most common bacteria isolated from chronic wounds. They can express virulence factors and surface proteins affecting wound healing. The co-infection of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa is more virulent than single infection. In particular, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa have both intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance, making clinical management of infection a real challenge, particularly in patients with comorbidity. Therefore, a correct and prompt diagnosis of chronic wound infection requires a detailed knowledge of skin bacterial flora. This is a necessary prerequisite for tailored pharmacological treatment, improving symptoms, and reducing side effects and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Serra
- Interuniversity Center of Phlebolymphology (CIFL), International Research and Educational Program in Clinical and Experimental Biotechnology, Headquarters: University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Identification of a novel zinc metalloprotease through a global analysis of Clostridium difficile extracellular proteins. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81306. [PMID: 24303041 PMCID: PMC3841139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile is a major cause of infectious diarrhea worldwide. Although the cell surface proteins are recognized to be important in clostridial pathogenesis, biological functions of only a few are known. Also, apart from the toxins, proteins exported by C. difficile into the extracellular milieu have been poorly studied. In order to identify novel extracellular factors of C. difficile, we analyzed bacterial culture supernatants prepared from clinical isolates, 630 and R20291, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The majority of the proteins identified were non-canonical extracellular proteins. These could be largely classified into proteins associated to the cell wall (including CWPs and extracellular hydrolases), transporters and flagellar proteins. Seven unknown hypothetical proteins were also identified. One of these proteins, CD630_28300, shared sequence similarity with the anthrax lethal factor, a known zinc metallopeptidase. We demonstrated that CD630_28300 (named Zmp1) binds zinc and is able to cleave fibronectin and fibrinogen in vitro in a zinc-dependent manner. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identified residues important in zinc binding and enzymatic activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Zmp1 destabilizes the fibronectin network produced by human fibroblasts. Thus, by analyzing the exoproteome of C. difficile, we identified a novel extracellular metalloprotease that may be important in key steps of clostridial pathogenesis.
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Zdzalik M, Kalinska M, Wysocka M, Stec-Niemczyk J, Cichon P, Stach N, Gruba N, Stennicke HR, Jabaiah A, Markiewicz M, Kedracka-Krok S, Wladyka B, Daugherty PS, Lesner A, Rolka K, Dubin A, Potempa J, Dubin G. Biochemical and structural characterization of SplD protease from Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76812. [PMID: 24130791 PMCID: PMC3793935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous human pathogen. A number of the proteins secreted by this bacterium are implicated in its virulence, but many of the components of its secretome are poorly characterized. Strains of S. aureus can produce up to six homologous extracellular serine proteases grouped in a single spl operon. Although the SplA, SplB, and SplC proteases have been thoroughly characterized, the properties of the other three enzymes have not yet been investigated. Here, we describe the biochemical and structural characteristics of the SplD protease. The active enzyme was produced in an Escherichia coli recombinant system and purified to homogeneity. P1 substrate specificity was determined using a combinatorial library of synthetic peptide substrates showing exclusive preference for threonine, serine, leucine, isoleucine, alanine, and valine. To further determine the specificity of SplD, we used high-throughput synthetic peptide and cell surface protein display methods. The results not only confirmed SplD preference for a P1 residue, but also provided insight into the specificity of individual primed- and non-primed substrate-binding subsites. The analyses revealed a surprisingly narrow specificity of the protease, which recognized five consecutive residues (P4-P3-P2-P1-P1’) with a consensus motif of R-(Y/W)-(P/L)-(T/L/I/V)↓S. To understand the molecular basis of the strict substrate specificity, we crystallized the enzyme in two different conditions, and refined the structures at resolutions of 1.56 Å and 2.1 Å. Molecular modeling and mutagenesis studies allowed us to define a consensus model of substrate binding, and illustrated the molecular mechanism of protease specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zdzalik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kalinska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Stec-Niemczyk
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Cichon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Stach
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Natalia Gruba
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Abeer Jabaiah
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Michal Markiewicz
- Department of Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kedracka-Krok
- Department of Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Benedykt Wladyka
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Patrick S. Daugherty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Adam Dubin
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Center of Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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Azzopardi EA, Ferguson EL, Thomas DW. The enhanced permeability retention effect: a new paradigm for drug targeting in infection. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:257-74. [PMID: 23054997 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant, Gram-negative infection is a major global determinant of morbidity, mortality and cost of care. The advent of nanomedicine has enabled tailored engineering of macromolecular constructs, permitting increasingly selective targeting, alteration of volume of distribution and activity/toxicity. Macromolecules tend to passively and preferentially accumulate at sites of enhanced vascular permeability and are then retained. This enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, whilst recognized as a major breakthrough in anti-tumoral targeting, has not yet been fully exploited in infection. Shared pathophysiological pathways in both cancer and infection are evident and a number of novel nanomedicines have shown promise in selective, passive, size-mediated targeting to infection. This review describes the similarities and parallels in pathophysiological pathways at molecular, cellular and circulatory levels between inflammation/infection and cancer therapy, where use of this principle has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A Azzopardi
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, Wales, UK.
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Kantyka T, Shaw LN, Potempa J. Papain-like proteases of Staphylococcus aureus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:1-14. [PMID: 21660655 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus remains one of the major humanpathogens, causing a number of diverse infections. the growing antibiotic resistance, including vancomycin and methicilin-resistant strains raises the special interest in virulence mechanism of this pathogen. among a number of extracellular virulence factors, S. aureus secretes several proteases of three catalytic classes-metallo, serine and papain-like cysteine proteases. the expression of proteolytic enzymes is strictly controlled by global regulators of virulence factors expression agr and sar and proteases take a role in a phenotype change in postlogarithmic phase of growth. the staphylococcal proteases are secreted as proenzymes and undergo activation in a cascade manner. Staphopains, two cysteine, papain-like proteases of S. aureus are both approximately 20 kDa proteins that have almost identical three-dimensional structures, despite sharing limited primary sequence identity. although staphopain a displays activity similar to cathepsins, recognising hydrophobic residues at P2 position and large charged residues at P1, staphopain B differs significantly, showing significant preference towards β-branched residues at P2 and accepting only small, neutral residues at the P1 position. there is limited data available on the virulence potential of staphopains in in vivo models. However, in vitro experiments have demonstrated a very broad activity of these enzymes, including destruction of connective tissue, disturbance of clotting and kinin systems and direct interaction with host immune cells. Staphopain genes in various staphylococci species are regularly followed by a gene encoding an extremely specific inhibitor of the respective staphopain. This pattern is conserved across species and it is believed that inhibitors (staphostatins) protect the cytoplasm of the cell from premature activation of staphopains during protein folding. Notably, production and activity of staphopains is controlled on each level, from gene expression, through presence of specific inhibitors in cytoplasm, to the cascade-like activation in extracellular environment. Since these systems are highly conserved, this points to the importance of these proteases in the survival and/or pathogenicity of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kantyka
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Wang Y, Chen Z, Qiao F, Ying T, Yuan J, Zhong Z, Zhou L, Du X, Wang Z, Zhao J, Dong S, Jia L, Yuan X, Yang R, Sun Y, Huang L. Comparative proteomics analyses reveal the virB of B. melitensis affects expression of intracellular survival related proteins. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5368. [PMID: 19401764 PMCID: PMC2670520 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucella melitensis is a facultative, intracellular, pathogenic bacterium that replicates within macrophages. The type IV secretion system encoded by the virB operon (virB) is involved in Brucella intracellular survival. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially the target proteins affected by the virB, remain largely unclear. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In order to define the proteins affected by virB, the proteomes of wild-type and the virB mutant were compared under in vitro conditions where virB was highly activated. The differentially expressed proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS. Forty-four down-regulated and eighteen up-regulated proteins which exhibited a 2-fold or greater change were identified. These proteins included those involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy production, cell membrane biogenesis, translation, post-translational modifications and protein turnover, as well as unknown proteins. Interestingly, several important virulence related proteins involved in intracellular survival, including VjbR, DnaK, HtrA, Omp25, and GntR, were down-regulated in the virB mutant. Transcription analysis of virB and vjbR at different growth phase showed that virB positively affect transcription of vjbR in a growth phase dependent manner. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that transcription of these genes was also affected by virB during macrophage cell infection, consistent with the observed decreased survival of the virB mutant in macrophage. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data indicated that the virB operon may control the intracellular survival of Brucella by affecting the expression of relevant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (LH)
| | - Feng Qiao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Ying
- Beijing Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Du
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhoujia Wang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Shicun Dong
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Leili Jia
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xitong Yuan
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yansong Sun
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Liuyu Huang
- Institute of Disease Control and Prevention, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZC); (LH)
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Moraes TJ, Martin R, Plumb JD, Vachon E, Cameron CM, Danesh A, Kelvin DJ, Ruf W, Downey GP. Role of PAR2 in murine pulmonary pseudomonal infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 294:L368-77. [PMID: 18083764 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00036.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinases can influence lung inflammation by various mechanisms, including via cleavage and activation of protease-activated receptors (PAR) such as PAR2. In addition, proteinases such as neutrophil and/or Pseudomonas-derived elastase can disarm PAR2 resulting in loss of PAR2 signaling. Currently, the role of PAR2 in host defense against bacterial infection is not known. Using a murine model of acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia, we examined differences in the pulmonary inflammatory response between wild-type and PAR2(-/-) mice. Compared with wild-type mice, PAR2(-/-) mice displayed more severe lung inflammation and injury in response to P. aeruginosa infection as indicated by higher bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophil numbers, protein concentration, and TNF-alpha levels. By contrast, IFN-gamma levels were markedly reduced in PAR2(-/-) compared with wild-type mice. Importantly, clearance of P. aeruginosa was diminished in PAR2(-/-) mice. In vitro testing revealed that PAR2(-/-) neutrophils killed significantly less bacteria than wild-type murine neutrophils. Further, both neutrophils and macrophages from PAR2(-/-) mice displayed significantly reduced phagocytic efficiency compared with wild-type phagocytes. Stimulation of PAR2 on macrophages using a PAR2-activating peptide resulted in enhanced phagocytosis directly implicating PAR2 signaling in the phagocytic process. We conclude that genetic deletion of PAR2 is associated with decreased clearance of P. aeruginosa. Our data suggest that a deficiency in IFN-gamma production and impaired bacterial phagocytosis are two potential mechanisms responsible for this defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo J Moraes
- Academic Affairs, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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14
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Leduc D, Beaufort N, de Bentzmann S, Rousselle JC, Namane A, Chignard M, Pidard D. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasB metalloproteinase regulates the human urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor through domain-specific endoproteolysis. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3848-58. [PMID: 17517866 PMCID: PMC1951998 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00015-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen in human lungs, where its secretable LasB metalloproteinase can be a virulence factor. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) participates in pericellular proteolysis and the adherence/migration of epithelial cells and leukocytes recruited during infection and shows functional regulation by various proteinases via limited endoproteolysis occurring within its three domains (D1 to D3). We thus examined the proteolytic activity of LasB on uPAR by using recombinant uPAR as well as uPAR-expressing, human monocytic, and bronchial epithelial cell lines. Protein immunoblotting and flow immunocytometry using a panel of domain-specific anti-uPAR antibodies showed that LasB is able to cleave uPAR both within the sequence linking D1 to D2 and at the carboxy terminus of D3. Comparison of LasB-producing and LasB-deficient bacterial strains indicated that LasB is entirely responsible for the uPAR cleavage ability of P. aeruginosa. Based on amino-terminal protein microsequencing and mass spectrometry analysis of the cleavage of peptides mimicking the uPAR sequences targeted by LasB, cleavage sites were determined to be Ala(84)-Val(85) and Thr(86)-Tyr(87) (D1-D2) and Gln(279)-Tyr(280) (D3). Such a dual cleavage of uPAR led to the removal of amino-terminal D1, the generation of a truncated D2D3 species, and the shedding of D2D3 from cells. This proteolytic processing of uPAR was found to (i) drastically reduce the capacity of cells to bind urokinase and (ii) abrogate the interaction between uPAR and the matrix adhesive protein vitronectin. The LasB proteinase is thus endowed with a high potential for the alteration of uPAR expression and functioning on inflammatory cells during infections by P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Leduc
- INSERM, U874, Paris F-75015, France; Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut Pasteur, Paris F-75015, France
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15
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Le Roux F, Binesse J, Saulnier D, Mazel D. Construction of a Vibrio splendidus mutant lacking the metalloprotease gene vsm by use of a novel counterselectable suicide vector. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 73:777-84. [PMID: 17122399 PMCID: PMC1800747 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02147-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio splendidus is a dominant culturable Vibrio in seawater, and strains related to this species are also associated with mortality in a variety of marine animals. The determinants encoding the pathogenic properties of these strains are still poorly understood; however, the recent sequencing of the genome of V. splendidus LGP32, an oyster pathogen, provides an opportunity to decipher the basis of the virulence properties by disruption of candidate genes. We developed a novel suicide vector based on the pir-dependent R6K replicative origin, which potentially can be transferred by RP4-based conjugation to any Vibrio strain and which also carries the plasmid F toxin ccdB gene under control of the PBAD promoter. We demonstrated that this genetic system allows efficient counterselection of integrated plasmids in the presence of arabinose in both V. splendidus and Vibrio cholerae and thus permits efficient markerless allelic replacement in these species. We used this technique to construct several mutants of V. splendidus LGP32, including a derivative with a secreted metalloprotease gene, vsm, deleted. We found that this gene is essential for LGP32 extracellular product toxicity when the extracellular products are injected into oysters but is not necessary for virulence of bacteria in the oyster infection model when bacteria are injected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Le Roux
- Unité Postulante Plasticité du Génome Bactérien, CNRS URA 2171, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France.
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Zulianello L, Canard C, Köhler T, Caille D, Lacroix JS, Meda P. Rhamnolipids are virulence factors that promote early infiltration of primary human airway epithelia by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 2006; 74:3134-47. [PMID: 16714541 PMCID: PMC1479292 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01772-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes chronic respiratory infections in cystic fibrosis and immunocompromised individuals. Bacterial adherence to the basolateral domain of the host cells and internalization are thought to participate in P. aeruginosa pathogenicity. However, the mechanism by which the pathogen initially modulates the paracellular permeability of polarized respiratory epithelia remains to be understood. To investigate this mechanism, we have searched for virulence factors secreted by P. aeruginosa that affect the structure of human airway epithelium in the early stages of infection. We have found that only bacterial strains secreting rhamnolipids were efficient in modulating the barrier function of an in vitro-reconstituted human respiratory epithelium, irrespective of their release of elastase and lipopolysaccharide. In contrast to previous reports, we document that P. aeruginosa was not internalized by epithelial cells. We further report that purified rhamnolipids, applied on the surfaces of the epithelia, were sufficient to functionally disrupt the epithelia and to promote the paracellular invasion of rhamnolipid-deficient P. aeruginosa. The mechanism involves the incorporation of rhamnolipids within the host cell membrane, leading to tight-junction alterations. The study provides direct evidence for a hitherto unknown mechanism whereby the junction-dependent barrier of the respiratory epithelium is selectively altered by rhamnolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Zulianello
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Medical Center, University of Geneva, 1, rue Michel Servet, Geneva 04 CH1211, Switzerland.
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Vanittanakom N, Cooper CR, Fisher MC, Sirisanthana T. Penicillium marneffei infection and recent advances in the epidemiology and molecular biology aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:95-110. [PMID: 16418525 PMCID: PMC1360277 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.19.1.95-110.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium marneffei infection is an important emerging public health problem, especially among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus in the areas of endemicity in southeast Asia, India, and China. Within these regions, P. marneffei infection is regarded as an AIDS-defining illness, and the severity of the disease depends on the immunological status of the infected individual. Early diagnosis by serologic and molecular assay-based methods have been developed and are proving to be important in diagnosing infection. The occurrence of natural reservoirs and the molecular epidemiology of P. marneffei have been studied; however, the natural history and mode of transmission of the organism remain unclear. Soil exposure, especially during the rainy season, has been suggested to be a critical risk factor. Using a highly discriminatory molecular technique, multilocus microsatellite typing, to characterize this fungus, several isolates from bamboo rats and humans were shown to share identical multilocus genotypes. These data suggest either that transmission of P. marneffei may occur from rodents to humans or that rodents and humans are coinfected from common environmental sources. These putative natural cycles of P. marneffei infection need further investigation. Studies on the fungal genetics of P. marneffei have been focused on the characterization of genetic determinants that may play important roles in asexual development, mycelial-to-yeast phase transition, and the expression of antigenic determinants. Molecular studies have identified several genes involved in germination, hyphal development, conidiogenesis, and yeast cell polarity. A number of functionally important genes, such as the malate synthase- and catalase-peroxidase protein-encoding genes, have been identified as being upregulated in the yeast phase. Future investigations pertaining to the roles of these genes in host-fungus interactions may provide the key knowledge to understanding the pathogenicity of P. marneffei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongnuch Vanittanakom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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18
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Richards GP, Nuñez A. Specificity of a Vibrio vulnificus aminopeptidase toward kinins and other peptidyl substrates. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2056-62. [PMID: 16513735 PMCID: PMC1428149 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.6.2056-2062.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, phosphoglucose isomerase with a lysyl aminopeptidase (PGI-LysAP) activity was identified in Vibrio vulnificus. In this paper, we demonstrate the proteolytic cleavage of human-derived peptides by PGI-LysAP of V. vulnificus using three approaches: (i) a quantitative fluorescent ninhydrin assay for free lysine, (ii) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-two-stage time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF), and (iii) Tricine gel electrophoresis. PGI-LysAP hydrolyzed bradykinin, Lys-bradykinin, Lys-(des-Arg9)-bradykinin, neurokinin A, Met-Lys-bradykinin, histatin 8, and a myosin light chain fragment. We detected the proteolytic release of free L-lysine from peptide digests using a rapid, simple, sensitive, and quantitative fluorescent ninhydrin assay, and results were confirmed by MALDI-TOF-TOF. The use of the fluorescent ninhydrin assay to quantitatively detect free lysine hydrolyzed from peptides is the first application of its kind and serves as a paradigm for future studies. The visualization of peptide hydrolysis was accomplished by Tricine gel electrophoresis. Proteolytic processing of kinins alters their affinities toward specific cellular receptors and initiates signal transduction mechanisms responsible for inflammation, vasodilation, and enhanced vascular permeability. By applying novel approaches to determine the proteolytic potential of bacterial enzymes, we demonstrate that PGI-LysAP has broad exopeptidase activity which may enhance V. vulnificus invasiveness by altering peptides involved in signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Richards
- USDA, ARS, Microbial Food Safety Research Unit, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Hwy., James W. W. Baker Center, Dover, DE 19901, USA.
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Arima J, Uesugi Y, Iwabuchi M, Hatanaka T. Alteration of leucine aminopeptidase from Streptomyces septatus TH-2 to phenylalanine aminopeptidase by site-directed mutagenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:7229-35. [PMID: 16269763 PMCID: PMC1287679 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.11.7229-7235.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To tailor leucine aminopeptidase from Streptomyces septatus TH-2 (SSAP) to become a convenient biocatalyst, we are interested in Phe221 of SSAP, which is thought to interact with the side chain of the N-terminal residue of the substrate. By using saturation mutagenesis, the feasibility of altering the performance of SSAP was evaluated. The hydrolytic activities of 19 mutants were investigated using aminoacyl p-nitroanilide (pNA) derivatives as substrates. Replacement of Phe221 resulted in changes in the activities of all the mutants. Three of these mutants, F221G, F221A, and F221S, specifically hydrolyzed L-Phe-pNA, and F221I SSAP exhibited hydrolytic activity with L-Leu-pNA exceeding that of the wild type. Although the hydrolytic activities with peptide substrates decreased, the hydrolytic activities with amide and methyl ester substrates were proportional to the changes in the hydrolytic activities with pNA derivatives. Furthermore, based on a comparative kinetic study, the mechanism underlying the alteration in the preference of SSAP from leucine to phenylalanine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Arima
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama, 7549-1 Kibichuo-cho, Kaga-gun, Okayama 716-1241, Japan
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20
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Miyake R, Shigeri Y, Tatsu Y, Yumoto N, Umekawa M, Tsujimoto Y, Matsui H, Watanabe K. Two thimet oligopeptidase-like Pz peptidases produced by a collagen-degrading thermophile, Geobacillus collagenovorans MO-1. J Bacteriol 2005; 187:4140-8. [PMID: 15937176 PMCID: PMC1151727 DOI: 10.1128/jb.187.12.4140-4148.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A collagen-degrading thermophile, Geobacillus collagenovorans MO-1, was found to produce two metallopeptidases that hydrolyze the synthetic substrate 4-phenylazobenzyloxycarbonyl-Pro-Leu-Gly-Pro-D-Arg (Pz-PLGPR), containing the collagen-specific sequence -Gly-Pro-X-. The peptidases, named Pz peptidases A and B, were purified to homogeneity and confirmed to hydrolyze collagen-derived oligopeptides but not collagen itself, indicating that Pz peptidases A and B contribute to collagen degradation in collaboration with a collagenolytic protease in G. collagenovorans MO-1. There were many similarities between Pz peptidases A and B in their catalytic properties; however, they had different molecular masses and shared no antigenic groups against the respective antibodies. Their primary structures clarified from the cloned genes showed lower identity (22%). From homology analysis for proteolytic enzymes in the database, the two Pz peptidases belong to the M3B family. In addition, Pz peptidases A and B shared high identities of over 70% with unassigned peptidases and oligopeptidase F-like peptidases of the M3B family, respectively. Those homologue proteins are putative in the genome database but form two distinct segments, including Pz peptidases A and B, in the phylogenic tree. Mammalian thimet oligopeptidases, which were previously thought to participate in collagen degradation and share catalytic identities with Pz peptidases, were found to have lower identities in the overall primary sequence with Pz peptidases A and B but a significant resemblance in the vicinity of the catalytic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Miyake
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
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Dulon S, Leduc D, Cottrell GS, D'Alayer J, Hansen KK, Bunnett NW, Hollenberg MD, Pidard D, Chignard M. Pseudomonas aeruginosa elastase disables proteinase-activated receptor 2 in respiratory epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005; 32:411-9. [PMID: 15705968 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0274oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a major lung pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, secretes an elastolytic metalloproteinase (EPa) contributing to bacterial pathogenicity. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), implicated in the pulmonary innate defense, is activated by the cleavage of its extracellular N-terminal domain, unmasking a new N-terminal sequence starting with SLIGKV, which binds intramolecularly and activates PAR2. We show that EPa cleaves the N-terminal domain of PAR2 from the cell surface without triggering receptor endocytosis as trypsin does. As evaluated by measurements of cytosolic calcium as well as prostaglandin E(2) and interleukin-8 production, this cleavage does not activate PAR2, but rather disarms the receptor for subsequent activation by trypsin, but not by the synthetic receptor-activating peptide, SLIGKV-NH(2). Proteolysis by EPa of synthetic peptides representing the N-terminal cleavage/activation sequences of either human or rat PAR2 indicates that cleavages resulting from EPa activity would not produce receptor-activating tethered ligands, but would disarm PAR2 in regard to any further activating proteolysis by activating proteinases. Our data indicate that a pathogen-derived proteinase like EPa can potentially silence the function of PAR2 in the respiratory tract, thereby altering the host innate defense mechanisms and respiratory functions, and thus contributing to pathogenesis in the setting of a disease like CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dulon
- Unité de Défense Innée et Inflammation, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale E336, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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22
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Yoo Ji JI, Lee YS, Song CY, Kim BS. Purification and characterization of a 43-kilodalton extracellular serine proteinase from Cryptococcus neoformans. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:722-6. [PMID: 14766843 PMCID: PMC344434 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.42.2.722-726.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular proteinase was purified from culture filtrates of Cryptococcus neoformans NHPY24 by DEAE ion-exchange chromatography and gelatin affinity column chromatography with azoalbumin as the substrate. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 43 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, its pH optimum was 7.0 to 8.0, and maximal activity was obtained at pH 7.5 and 37 degrees C. By isoelectric focusing, the purified enzyme had a pI of 4.77. Enzyme activity was inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors such as phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and diisopropylfluorophosphate. The purified enzyme was thus a serine proteinase. It hydrolyzed natural substrates including hemoglobin, beta-casein, and gamma globulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae il Yoo Ji
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistant Pathogens, Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Health, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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23
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Contreras-Rodriguez A, Ramirez-Zavala B, Contreras A, Schurig GG, Sriranganathan N, Lopez-Merino A. Purification and characterization of an immunogenic aminopeptidase of Brucella melitensis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:5238-44. [PMID: 12933870 PMCID: PMC187343 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.9.5238-5244.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunogenic aminopeptidase was purified from Brucella melitensis strain VTRM1. The purification procedure consisted of ammonium sulfate fractionation and three chromatographic steps. This procedure resulted in a yield of 29% and a 144-fold increase in specific activity. The aminopeptidase appeared to be a monomeric enzyme with a molecular mass of 96 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.8. Its activity was optimal at pH 7.0 at 40 degrees C. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by EDTA, 1,10-phenathroline, and divalent cations (Zn(2+) and Hg(2+)), suggesting that this protein was a metalloaminopeptidase. The enzyme showed preference for alanine at the N termini of aminoacyl derivatives. The K(m) values for L-alanine-p-nitroanilide (Ala-pNA) and Lys-pNA were 0.35 and 0.18 mM, respectively. The N-terminal sequence of aminopeptidase was used for a homologous search in the genomes of B. melitensis 16M and Brucella suis 1330. The analysis revealed an exact match of the probe sequence (36 bp) with an open reading frame of 2,652 bp encoding a protein predicted to be alanyl aminopeptidase (aminopeptidase N). Collectively, these data suggest designation of the B. melitensis enzyme as an aminopeptidase N. The aminopeptidase was recognized by sera from patients with acute and chronic brucellosis, suggesting that the enzyme may have important diagnostic implications.
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Harris TO, Shelver DW, Bohnsack JF, Rubens CE. A novel streptococcal surface protease promotes virulence, resistance to opsonophagocytosis, and cleavage of human fibrinogen. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:61-70. [PMID: 12511589 PMCID: PMC151836 DOI: 10.1172/jci16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is an important human pathogen. In this study, we sought to identify mechanisms that may protect GBS from host defenses in addition to its capsular polysaccharide. A gene encoding a cell-surface-associated protein (cspA) was characterized from a highly virulent type III GBS isolate, COH1. Its sequence indicated that it is a subtilisin-like extracellular serine protease homologous to streptococcal C5a peptidases and caseinases of lactic acid bacteria. The wild-type strain cleaved the alpha chain of human fibrinogen, whereas a cspA mutant, TOH121, was unable to cleave fibrinogen. We observed aggregated material when COH1 was incubated with fibrinogen but not when the mutant strain was treated similarly. This suggested that the product(s) of fibrinogen cleavage have strong adhesive properties and may be similar to fibrin. The cspA gene was present among representative clinical isolates from all nine capsular serotypes, as revealed by Southern blotting. A cspA(-) mutant was ten times less virulent in a neonatal rat sepsis model of GBS infections, as measured by LD(50) analysis. In addition, the cspA(-) mutant was significantly more sensitive than the wild-type strain to opsonophagocytic killing by human neutrophils in vitro. Taken together, the results suggest that cleavage of fibrinogen by CspA may increase the lethality of GBS infection, potentially by protecting the bacterium from opsonophagocytic killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa O Harris
- Division of Infectious Disease, Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Marty KB, Williams CL, Guynn LJ, Benedik MJ, Blanke SR. Characterization of a cytotoxic factor in culture filtrates of Serratia marcescens. Infect Immun 2002; 70:1121-8. [PMID: 11854191 PMCID: PMC127783 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.3.1121-1128.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens culture filtrates have been reported to be cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Using biochemical and genetic approaches, we have identified a major source of this cytotoxic activity. Both heat and protease treatments abrogated the cytotoxicity of S. marcescens culture filtrates towards HeLa cells, suggesting the involvement of one or more protein factors. A screen for in vitro cytotoxic activity revealed that S. marcescens mutant strains that are deficient in production of a 56-kDa metalloprotease are significantly less cytotoxic to mammalian cells. Cytotoxicity was significantly reduced when culture filtrates prepared from wild-type strains were pretreated with either EDTA or 1,10-phenanthroline, which are potent inhibitors of the 56-kDa metalloprotease. Furthermore, cytotoxic activity was restored when the same culture filtrates were incubated with zinc divalent cations, which are essential for enzymatic activity of the 56-kDa metalloprotease. Finally, recombinant expression of the S. marcescens 56-kDa metalloprotease conferred a cytotoxic phenotype on the culture filtrates of a nonpathogenic Escherichia coli strain. Collectively, these data suggest that the 56-kDa metalloprotease contributes significantly to the in vitro cytotoxic activity commonly observed in S. marcescens culture filtrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent B Marty
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5001, USA
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Abstract
Previous work suggested that a metalloprotease, Vvp, may be a virulence factor of Vibrio vulnificus, which causes severe wound infection and septicemia in humans. To determine the role of Vvp in pathogenesis, we isolated an isogenic protease-deficient (PD) mutant of Vibrio vulnificus by in vivo allelic exchange. This PD mutant was as virulent as its parental strain in mice infected intraperitoneally and was 10-fold more virulent in mice infected via the oral route. Furthermore, the PD mutant was indistinguishable from its parental strain in invasion from peritoneal cavity into blood stream, enhancement of vascular permeability, growth in murine blood, and utilization of hemoglobin and transferrin. These data suggest that Vvp is not essential for virulence in the mouse. However, the cytolysin activity in the culture supernatant of the PD mutant was found to be twofold higher than that of the wild-type strain and remained for a much longer period. The higher cytolysin activity of the PD mutant may be associated with the enhanced virulence in mice infected via the oral route.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Shao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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27
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Chen LC, Pirofski LA, Casadevall A. Extracellular proteins of Cryptococcus neoformans and host antibody response. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2599-605. [PMID: 9199426 PMCID: PMC175368 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.7.2599-2605.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins secreted by the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans may be involved in invasion and could be useful in vaccine design. Despite the medical importance of this fungus, little is known about its extracellular proteins or the immune response to these antigens. To study C. neoformans extracellular proteins, 12 strains were metabolically radiolabeled and protein supernatants were analyzed. Both strain- and growth condition-dependent differences were observed. Enzymatic assays of filtered culture supernatants revealed butyrate esterase and caprylate esterase lipase activity for 11 of 12 strains, as well as acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, and beta-glucosidase activities in some strains. Serum from infected rodents immunoprecipitated several secreted proteins, consistent with in vivo expression and development of an antibody response. For strain 24067, two immunodominant species, of approximately 75 and 30 kDa, were recognized. The relative intensity of the autoradiographic bands depended on the route of infection for both rats and mice. In summary, our results indicate that (i) there are multiple proteins in C. neoformans culture supernatants, (ii) there are strain differences in supernatant protein profiles, (iii) there are differences in supernatant protein profile depending on the growth conditions, (iv) there are several new extracellular and/or cell-associated enzymatic activities, and (v) antibodies to several supernatant proteins are made in the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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