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Ertik O, Sener G, Yanardag R. The effect of melatonin on glycoprotein levels and oxidative liver injury in experimental diabetes. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23268. [PMID: 36527249 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this present study, the duration of melatonin (Mel) administered to diabetic rats was prolonged so as to examine its effects on the biochemical liver parameters of diabetic rats. In the experiment, Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided randomly into five groups; the control, diabetic + Mel, diabetic, diabetic + insulin, and diabetic + Mel + insulin. Diabetes mellitus was induced by administration of a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) intraperitoneally and rats were given vehicle as a solvent for Mel every day for 12 weeks. In the diabetic + Mel group, diabetic rats were administered Mel (10 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks to treat diabetes. The diabetic + insulin group were diabetic rats given insulin (6 U/kg) subcutaneously for 12 weeks. The diabetic + Mel + insulin rats received insulin and Mel at the same dose and time. At the end of the experiment, the animals were decapitated and liver tissues were taken. The protective effect of Mel on liver tissue of diabetic rats was investigated, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress index, adenosine deaminase, xanthine oxidase, paraoxonase 1, sodium/potassium ATPase, myeloperoxidase, γ-glutamyl transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, homocysteine, nitric oxide, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and glycoprotein levels were determined in liver tissues. Treatment with Mel and/or insulin has been found to have a protective effect on biochemical parameters. The results showed that administration of Mel to diabetic rats prevented the distortion of the studied biochemical parameters of liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Ertik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goksel Sener
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fenerbahce University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refiye Yanardag
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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Khamis T, Abdelalim AF, Saeed AA, Edress NM, Nafea A, Ebian HF, Algendy R, Hendawy DM, Arisha AH, Abdallah SH. Breast milk MSCs upregulated β-cells PDX1, Ngn3, and PCNA expression via remodeling ER stress /inflammatory /apoptotic signaling pathways in type 1 diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 905:174188. [PMID: 34004210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is one of the autoimmune diseases characterized by beta-cell dysfunction with serious health complications. Br-MSCs represent a novel valid candidate in regenerative medicine disciplines. Yet, the full potential of Br-MSCs in managing type 1 diabetes remains elusive. Indeed, this study was designed to explore a novel approach investigating the possible regenerative capacity of Br-MSCs in type1 diabetic islet on the level of the cellular mRNA expression of different molecular pathways involved in pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction. Sixty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into 3 groups (20 rats each); the control group, type1 diabetic group, and the type 1 diabetic Br-MSCs treated group. And, for the first time, our results revealed that intraperitoneally transplanted Br-MSCs homed to the diabetic islet and improved fasting blood glucose, serum insulin level, pancreatic oxidative stress, upregulated pancreatic mRNA expression for: regenerative markers (Pdx1, Ngn3, PCNA), INS, beta-cell receptors (IRS1, IRβ, PPARγ), pancreatic growth factors (IGF-1, VEGFβ1, FGFβ), anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL10) and anti-apoptotic marker (BCL2) too, Br-MSCs downregulated pancreatic mRNA expression for: inflammatory markers (NFKβ, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8, MCP1), apoptotic markers for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways (FAS, FAS-L, P53, P38, BAX, Caspase3), ER stress markers (ATF6, ATF3, ATF4, BIP, CHOP, JNK, XBP1) and autophagy inhibitor (mTOR). In conclusion, Br-MSCs could be considered as a new insight in beta cell regenerative therapy improving the deteriorated diabetic islet microenvironment via modulating; ER stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic signaling pathways besides, switching on the cellular quality control system (autophagy) thus enhancing beta-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Abdelalim F Abdelalim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Saeed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Nagah M Edress
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Alaa Nafea
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Huda F Ebian
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reem Algendy
- Department of Milk Hygiene, Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Hendawy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Hamed Arisha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt; Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Somia Hassan Abdallah
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
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Singh RK, Kumar S, Tomar MS, Verma PK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Kumar N, Singh JP, Acharya A. Putative role of natural products as Protein Kinase C modulator in different disease conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 29:397-414. [PMID: 34216003 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-021-00401-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein kinase C (PKC) is a promising drug target for various therapeutic areas. Natural products derived from plants, animals, microorganisms, and marine organisms have been used by humans as medicine from prehistoric times. Recently, several compounds derived from plants have been found to modulate PKC activities through competitive binding with ATP binding site, and other allosteric regions of PKC. As a result fresh race has been started in academia and pharmaceutical companies to develop an effective naturally derived small-molecule inhibitor to target PKC activities. Herein, in this review, we have discussed several natural products and their derivatives, which are reported to have an impact on PKC signaling cascade. METHODS All information presented in this review article regarding the regulation of PKC by natural products has been acquired by a systematic search of various electronic databases, including ScienceDirect, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of science, ResearchGate, and PubMed. The keywords PKC, natural products, curcumin, rottlerin, quercetin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3 gallate, ingenol 3 angelate, resveratrol, protocatechuic acid, tannic acid, PKC modulators from marine organism, bryostatin, staurosporine, midostaurin, sangivamycin, and other relevant key words were explored. RESULTS The natural products and their derivatives including curcumin, rottlerin, quercetin, ellagic acid, epigallocatechin-3 gallate, ingenol 3 angelate, resveratrol, bryostatin, staurosporine, and midostaurin play a major role in the management of PKC activity during various disease progression. CONCLUSION Based on the comprehensive literature survey, it could be concluded that various natural products can regulate PKC activity during disease progression. However, extensive research is needed to circumvent the challenge of isoform specific regulation of PKC by natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Kant Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | | | - Munendra Singh Tomar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | | | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Jai Prakash Singh
- Department of Panchkarma, Institute of Medical Science, BHU, Varanasi, India, 221005
| | - Arbind Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Maurya SK, Bhattacharya N, Mishra S, Bhattacharya A, Banerjee P, Senapati S, Mishra R. Microglia Specific Drug Targeting Using Natural Products for the Regulation of Redox Imbalance in Neurodegeneration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:654489. [PMID: 33927630 PMCID: PMC8076853 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.654489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, a type of innate immune cell of the brain, regulates neurogenesis, immunological surveillance, redox imbalance, cognitive and behavioral changes under normal and pathological conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis and traumatic brain injury. Microglia produces a wide variety of cytokines to maintain homeostasis. It also participates in synaptic pruning and regulation of neurons overproduction by phagocytosis of neural precursor cells. The phenotypes of microglia are regulated by the local microenvironment of neurons and astrocytes via interaction with both soluble and membrane-bound mediators. In case of neuron degeneration as observed in acute or chronic neurodegenerative diseases, microglia gets released from the inhibitory effect of neurons and astrocytes, showing activated phenotype either of its dual function. Microglia shows neuroprotective effect by secreting growths factors to heal neurons and clears cell debris through phagocytosis in case of a moderate stimulus. But the same microglia starts releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IFN-γ, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO), increasing neuroinflammation and redox imbalance in the brain under chronic signals. Therefore, pharmacological targeting of microglia would be a promising strategy in the regulation of neuroinflammation, redox imbalance and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Some studies present potentials of natural products like curcumin, resveratrol, cannabidiol, ginsenosides, flavonoids and sulforaphane to suppress activation of microglia. These natural products have also been proposed as effective therapeutics to regulate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The present review article intends to explain the molecular mechanisms and functions of microglia and molecular dynamics of microglia specific genes and proteins like Iba1 and Tmem119 in neurodegeneration. The possible interventions by curcumin, resveratrol, cannabidiol, ginsenosides, flavonoids and sulforaphane on microglia specific protein Iba1 suggest possibility of natural products mediated regulation of microglia phenotypes and its functions to control redox imbalance and neuroinflammation in management of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Multiple Sclerosis for microglia-mediated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neetu Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Dyal Singh College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Suman Mishra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, SGPGI, Lucknow, India
| | - Amit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Pratibha Banerjee
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sabyasachi Senapati
- Immunogenomics Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics & Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Rajnikant Mishra
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Karigidi KO, Akintimehin ES, Omoboyowa DA, Adetuyi FO, Olaiya CO. Effect of Curculigo pilosa supplemented diet on blood sugar, lipid metabolism, hepatic oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1173-1184. [PMID: 33520833 PMCID: PMC7843773 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00618-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) has continued to raise concern globally and Curculigo pilosa (CP) is used for its treatment and management in folkloric medicine. In this study, the in vitro antioxidant abilities of CP and the effects of CP-supplemented diets on blood sugar, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and key carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were investigated. METHODS Polyphenol contents (total phenolic and total flavonoid) and antioxidant ability of different extracts of CP were determined in vitro. Diabetes mellitus were stimulated in healthy rats by single intraperitoneal administration of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin and it was confirmed by elevated blood glucose level after 3 days. Thirty six rats were distributed into six groups of six rats each and diabetic rats were fed with 5 and 10% CP-supplemented diet for 21 days. Thereafter, the effects of the dietary regimen were evaluated on blood glucose, body weight, hepatic carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, serum markers of hepatic and renal damages and histopathology studies. RESULTS Different extracts of CP contained polyphenol contents and exhibited antioxidant properties in different models used. Diabetic rats showed elevated level of blood glucose and body weight loss. Treatment of diabetic rats with CP-supplemented diet significantly (p < 0.05) lowered the blood glucose and improved body weight loss. Also, the treatment with the CP-supplemented diet significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the activities of hepatic glycolytic (hexokinase and glucose-6-dehydrogenase) and lowered the gluconeogenic (fructose 1, 6 biphosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase) enzymes in diabetic rats. The lipid profile, oxidative stress markers and serum markers of hepatic and renal damages were significantly (p < 0.05) restored to near normalcy in the diabetic rats. Histopathological slides also showed improvements in pancreas and hepatic tissues of diabetic rats treated with CP-supplemented diet. CONCLUSION Data obtained in this study suggested that CP-supplemented diet could be used as dietary regimen in the management of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode Olayele Karigidi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo state Nigeria
- Nutritional and Industrial Biochemistry Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Sina Akintimehin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo state Nigeria
| | | | - Foluso Olutope Adetuyi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo state Nigeria
| | - Charles Ojo Olaiya
- Nutritional and Industrial Biochemistry Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Naderi R, Pourheydar B, Ghiasi R, Shafiei F. Modulatory effect of tropisetron in the liver of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: biochemical and histological evidence. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2020; 41:hmbci-2020-0002. [PMID: 32364517 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2020-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives There is an association between diabetes and liver disorders. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the pathology of hepatic abnormalities in diabetes. In this study, the effect of Tropisetron on the oxidative damage and histological alterations in the liver of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) were evaluated. Methods Thiry-five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n = 7): control (C), tropisetron (T), diabetes (D), diabetes + tropisetron (D + T) and diabetes + glibenclamide (D + G). A single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg; i.p) was used to induce diabetes. Tropisetron (3 mg/kg; i.p), as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist and glibenclamide (1 mg/kg; i.p), as a positive control were given once daily for 2 weeks. Finally, animals were euthanized and liver samples were obtained for histopathological examination and biochemical measurements including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels. Results There is a significant increase in MDA (p < 0.001) level and a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in SOD and GPx contents in diabetic animals. Tropisetron attenuated MDA levels (p < 0.001) and enhanced SOD (p < 0.05) and GPx (p < 0.01) activities accompanied by histopathological improvement in the diabetes liver. Similar results were achieved in the rats treated with the standard drug, namely: glibenclamide. Conclusions Our findings indicate that tropisetron mitigates liver damage in the diabetes rats in part by attenuation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Naderi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Bagher Pourheydar
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Rafigheh Ghiasi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Fardin Shafiei
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Islamic Republic of Iran
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Manzoni AG, Passos DF, Leitemperger JW, Storck TR, Doleski PH, Jantsch MH, Loro VL, Leal DBR. Hyperlipidemia-induced lipotoxicity and immune activation in rats are prevented by curcumin and rutin. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106217. [PMID: 32007794 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of curcumin, rutin, and the association of rutin and curcumin in organs of hyperlipidemic rats. Rutin and curcumin have notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, so we hypothesized that their association would enhance their beneficial effects. Hyperlipidemia results in lipotoxicity and affects several organs. Lipotoxicity is not only an outcome of lipid accumulation in non-adipose tissues but also a result of the hyperlipidemia-associated inflammation and oxidative stress. Wistar rats were treated with rutin and curcumin for 30 days before the induction of acute hyperlipidemia by Poloxamer-407. After 36 h, the animals were euthanized for collection of blood and organs. Untreated hyperlipidemic rats showed higher uric acid and albumin levels in the serum and increased spleen size and ADA activity. Rutin, curcumin and the association reduced the spleen size by 20% and ADA activity by 23, 28, and 27%, respectively. Rats pretreated with rutin showed reduced lipid damage in the liver (40%) and the kidney (44%), and the protein damage was also reduced in the liver (75%). The lipid damage was decreased by 40% in the liver, and 56% in the kidney of rats pretreated with curcumin. The association reduced lipid damage by 50% and 36%, and protein damage by 77% and 64% in the liver and kidney, respectively. Rutin better prevented the decrease in the antioxidant defenses, increasing SOD by 34%, CAT by 246% and GST by 84% in the liver, as well as SOD by 119% and GST by 190% in the kidney. Also, analyses of blood and spleen parameters of untreated and pretreated non-hyperlipidemic rats showed no signs of immunotoxicity. Despite showing protective effects, the association did not perform better than the isolated compounds. Here, we showed that rutin and/or curcumin reestablished the immune homeostasis and redox balance disrupted by hyperlipidemia in peripheral organs of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra G Manzoni
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela F Passos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jossiele W Leitemperger
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Tamiris R Storck
- Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Doleski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus H Jantsch
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vania L Loro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Laboratório de Toxicologia Aquática, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela B R Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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