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Dancy C, Heintzelman KE, Katt ME. The Glycocalyx: The Importance of Sugar Coating the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8404. [PMID: 39125975 PMCID: PMC11312458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx (GCX), located on the luminal surface of vascular endothelial cells, is composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans. It plays a pivotal role in maintaining blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and vascular health within the central nervous system (CNS), influencing critical processes such as blood flow regulation, inflammation modulation, and vascular permeability. While the GCX is ubiquitously expressed on the surface of every cell in the body, the GCX at the BBB is highly specialized, with a distinct composition of glycans, physical structure, and surface charge when compared to GCX elsewhere in the body. There is evidence that the GCX at the BBB is disrupted and partially shed in many diseases that impact the CNS. Despite this, the GCX has yet to be a major focus of therapeutic targeting for CNS diseases. This review examines diverse model systems used in cerebrovascular GCX-related research, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate models to ensure clinical relevance and translational potential. This review aims to highlight the importance of the GCX in disease and how targeting the GCX at the BBB specifically may be an effective approach for brain specific targeting for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candis Dancy
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (C.D.); (K.E.H.)
| | - Kaitlyn E. Heintzelman
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (C.D.); (K.E.H.)
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Moriah E. Katt
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (C.D.); (K.E.H.)
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, West Virginia University Health Science Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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2
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Arigoni-Affolter I, Losfeld ME, Hennig R, Rapp E, Aebi M. A hierarchical structure in the N-glycosylation process governs the N-glycosylation output: prolonged cultivation induces glycoenzymes expression variations that are reflected in the cellular N-glycome but not in the protein and site-specific glycoprofile of CHO cells. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwae045. [PMID: 38938083 PMCID: PMC11231950 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is a central component in the modification of secretory proteins. One characteristic of this process is a heterogeneous output. The heterogeneity is the result of both structural constraints of the glycoprotein as well as the composition of the cellular glycosylation machinery. Empirical data addressing correlations between glycosylation output and glycosylation machinery composition are seldom due to the low abundance of glycoenzymes. We assessed how differences in the glycoenzyme expression affected the N-glycosylation output at a cellular as well as at a protein-specific level. Our results showed that cellular N-glycome changes could be correlated with the variation of glycoenzyme expression, whereas at the protein level differential responses to glycoenzymes alterations were observed. We therefore identified a hierarchical structure in the N-glycosylation process: the enzyme levels in this complex pathway determine its capacity (reflected in the N-glycome), while protein-specific parameters determine the glycosite-specificity. What emerges is a highly variable and adaptable protein modification system that represents a hallmark of eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Arigoni-Affolter
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Estelle Losfeld
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - René Hennig
- glyXera GmbH, Brenneckestraße 20, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- glyXera GmbH, Brenneckestraße 20, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstrasse, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Aebi
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8049 Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Chen M, Assis DM, Benet M, McClung CM, Gordon EA, Ghose S, Dupard SJ, Willetts M, Taron CH, Samuelson JC. Comparative site-specific N-glycoproteome analysis reveals aberrant N-glycosylation and gives insights into mannose-6-phosphate pathway in cancer. Commun Biol 2023; 6:48. [PMID: 36639722 PMCID: PMC9839730 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
N-glycosylation is implicated in cancers and aberrant N-glycosylation is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Here, we mapped and compared the site-specific N-glycoproteomes of colon cancer HCT116 cells and isogenic non-tumorigenic DNMT1/3b double knockout (DKO1) cells using Fbs1-GYR N-glycopeptide enrichment technology and trapped ion mobility spectrometry. Many significant changes in site-specific N-glycosylation were revealed, providing a molecular basis for further elucidation of the role of N-glycosylation in protein function. HCT116 cells display hypersialylation especially in cell surface membrane proteins. Both HCT116 and DKO1 show an abundance of paucimannose and 80% of paucimannose-rich proteins are annotated to reside in exosomes. The most striking N-glycosylation alteration was the degree of mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) modification. N-glycoproteomic analyses revealed that HCT116 displays hyper-M6P modification, which was orthogonally validated by M6P immunodetection. Significant observed differences in N-glycosylation patterns of the major M6P receptor, CI-MPR in HCT116 and DKO1 may contribute to the hyper-M6P phenotype of HCT116 cells. This comparative site-specific N-glycoproteome analysis provides a pool of potential N-glycosylation-related cancer biomarkers, but also gives insights into the M6P pathway in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyong Chen
- grid.273406.40000 0004 0376 1796New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938 USA
| | - Diego M. Assis
- grid.423270.00000 0004 0491 2576Bruker, 40 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821 USA
| | - Matthieu Benet
- grid.273406.40000 0004 0376 1796New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938 USA
| | - Colleen M. McClung
- grid.273406.40000 0004 0376 1796New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938 USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Gordon
- grid.423270.00000 0004 0491 2576Bruker, 40 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821 USA
| | - Shourjo Ghose
- grid.423270.00000 0004 0491 2576Bruker, 40 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821 USA
| | - Steven J. Dupard
- grid.273406.40000 0004 0376 1796New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938 USA
| | - Matthew Willetts
- grid.423270.00000 0004 0491 2576Bruker, 40 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821 USA
| | - Christopher H. Taron
- grid.273406.40000 0004 0376 1796New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938 USA
| | - James C. Samuelson
- grid.273406.40000 0004 0376 1796New England Biolabs, 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938 USA
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4
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Abstract
Expression of glycosylation-related genes (or glycogenes) is strictly regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic processes, both in normal and in pathological conditions. In fact, glycosylation is an essential mechanism through which proteins and lipids are modified to perform a variety of biological events, to adapt to environment, and to interact with microorganisms.Many glycogenes with a role in normal development are epigenetically regulated. Essential studies were performed in the brain, where expression of glycogenes like MGAT5B, B4GALNT1, and ST8Sia1 are under the control of histone modifications, and in the immune system, where expression of FUT7 is regulated by both DNA methylation and histone modifications. At present, epigenetic regulation of glycosylation is still poorly described under physiological conditions, since the majority of the studies were focused on cancer. In fact, virtually all types of cancers display aberrant glycosylation, because of both genetic and epigenetic modifications on glycogenes. This is also true for many other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, IgA nephropathy, multiple sclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases.A deeper knowledge in epigenetic regulation of glycogenes is essential, since research in this field could be helpful in finding novel and personalized therapeutics.
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Aberrant sialylation in a patient with a HNF1α variant and liver adenomatosis. iScience 2021; 24:102323. [PMID: 33889819 PMCID: PMC8050382 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a fundamental post-translational modification of proteins that boosts their structural diversity providing subtle and specialized biological properties and functions. All those genetic diseases due to a defective glycan biosynthesis and attachment to the nascent glycoproteins fall within the wide area of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), mostly causing multisystem involvement. In the present paper, we detailed the unique serum N-glycosylation of a CDG-candidate patient with an unexplained neurological phenotype and liver adenomatosis harboring a recurrent pathogenic HNF1α variant. Serum transferrin isoelectric focusing showed a surprising N-glycosylation pattern consisting on hyposialylation, as well as remarkable hypersialylation. Mass spectrometry-based glycomic analyses of individual serum glycoproteins enabled to unveil hypersialylated complex N-glycans comprising up to two sialic acids per antenna. Further advanced MS analysis showed the additional sialic acid is bonded through an α2-6 linkage to the peripheral N-acetylglucosamine residue. Serum N-glycome is altered in a boy with neurological syndrome and HNF1α mutated HCA Glycomics reveals unique hypersialylated N-glycans with two NeuAc per antenna In-depth MS studies show the additional NeuAc is α2-6 linked to an outer arm GlcNAc
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6
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Indellicato R, Trinchera M. Epigenetic Regulation of Glycosylation in Cancer and Other Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062980. [PMID: 33804149 PMCID: PMC7999748 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few decades, the newly emerging field of epigenetic regulation of glycosylation acquired more importance because it is unraveling physiological and pathological mechanisms related to glycan functions. Glycosylation is a complex process in which proteins and lipids are modified by the attachment of monosaccharides. The main actors in this kind of modification are the glycoenzymes, which are translated from glycosylation-related genes (or glycogenes). The expression of glycogenes is regulated by transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms (mainly DNA methylation, histone acetylation and noncoding RNAs). This review focuses only on these last ones, in relation to cancer and other diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease and IgA1 nephropathy. In fact, it is clear that a deeper knowledge in the fine-tuning of glycogenes is essential for acquiring new insights in the glycan field, especially if this could be useful for finding novel and personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Indellicato
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marco Trinchera
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy;
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7
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Blanas A, Cornelissen LAM, Kotsias M, van der Horst JC, van de Vrugt HJ, Kalay H, Spencer DIR, Kozak RP, van Vliet SJ. Transcriptional activation of fucosyltransferase (FUT) genes using the CRISPR-dCas9-VPR technology reveals potent N-glycome alterations in colorectal cancer cells. Glycobiology 2019; 29:137-150. [PMID: 30476078 PMCID: PMC6330019 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant fucosylation in cancer cells is considered as a signature of malignant cell transformation and it is associated with tumor progression, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Specifically, in colorectal cancer cells, increased levels of the fucosylated Lewisx antigen are attributed to the deregulated expression of pertinent fucosyltransferases, like fucosyltransferase 4 (FUT4) and fucosyltransferase 9 (FUT9). However, the lack of experimental models closely mimicking cancer-specific regulation of fucosyltransferase gene expression has, so far, limited our knowledge regarding the substrate specificity of these enzymes and the impact of Lewisx synthesis on the glycome of colorectal cancer cells. Therefore, we sought to transcriptionally activate the Fut4 and Fut9 genes in the well-known murine colorectal cancer cell line, MC38, which lacks expression of the FUT4 and FUT9 enzymes. For this purpose, we utilized a physiologically relevant, guide RNA-based model of de novo gene expression, namely the CRISPR-dCas9-VPR system. Induction of the Fut4 and Fut9 genes in MC38 cells using CRISPR-dCas9-VPR resulted in specific neo-expression of functional Lewisx antigen on the cell surface. Interestingly, Lewisx was mainly carried by N-linked glycans in both MC38-FUT4 and MC38-FUT9 cells, despite pronounced differences in the biosynthetic properties and the expression stability of the induced enzymes. Moreover, Lewisx expression was found to influence core-fucosylation, sialylation, antennarity and the subtypes of N-glycans in the MC38-glycovariants. In conclusion, exploiting the CRISPR-dCas9-VPR system to augment glycosyltransferase expression is a promising method of transcriptional gene activation with broad application possibilities in glycobiology and oncology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Blanas
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lenneke A M Cornelissen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joost C van der Horst
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henri J van de Vrugt
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Oncogenetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam, HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rad P Kozak
- Ludger Ltd, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Wahl A, Kasela S, Carnero-Montoro E, van Iterson M, Štambuk J, Sharma S, van den Akker E, Klaric L, Benedetti E, Razdorov G, Trbojević-Akmačić I, Vučković F, Ugrina I, Beekman M, Deelen J, van Heemst D, Heijmans BT, B.I.O.S. Consortium, Wuhrer M, Plomp R, Keser T, Šimurina M, Pavić T, Gudelj I, Krištić J, Grallert H, Kunze S, Peters A, Bell JT, Spector TD, Milani L, Slagboom PE, Lauc G, Gieger C. IgG glycosylation and DNA methylation are interconnected with smoking. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:637-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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9
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Patel S. A critical review on serine protease: Key immune manipulator and pathology mediator. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2017; 45:579-591. [PMID: 28236540 PMCID: PMC7126602 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic activity is fundamental to survival, so it is not surprising that all living organisms have proteases, especially seine protease. This enzyme in its numerous isoforms and homologues, constitutes the quintessential offence and defence factors, in the form of surface proteins, secreted molecules, gut digestive enzymes, venom in specialised glands or plant latex, among other manifestations. Occurring as trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, collagenase, thrombin, subtilisin etc., it mediates a diverse array of functions, including pathological roles as inflammatory, coagulatory to haemorrhagic. This review emphasizes that despite the superficial differences in mechanisms, most health issues, be they infectious, allergic, metabolic, or neural have a common conduit. This enzyme, in its various glycosylated forms leads to signal misinterpretations, wreaking havoc. However, organisms are endowed with serine protease inhibitors which might restrain this ubiquitous yet deleterious enzyme. Hence, serine proteases-driven pathogenesis and antagonising role of inhibitors is the focal point of this critical review.
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10
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Maratha A, Colhoun HO, Knerr I, Coss KP, Doran P, Treacy EP. Classical Galactosaemia and CDG, the N-Glycosylation Interface. A Review. JIMD Rep 2016; 34:33-42. [PMID: 27502837 PMCID: PMC5509556 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2016_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical galactosaemia is a rare disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency (EC 2.7.7.12). The disease is life threatening if left untreated in neonates and the only available treatment option is a long-term galactose restricted diet. While this is lifesaving in the neonate, complications persist in treated individuals, and the cause of these, despite early initiation of treatment, and shared GALT genotypes remain poorly understood. Systemic abnormal glycosylation has been proposed to contribute substantially to the ongoing pathophysiology. The gross N-glycosylation assembly defects observed in the untreated neonate correct over time with treatment. However, N-glycosylation processing defects persist in treated children and adults.Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a large group of over 100 inherited disorders affecting largely N- and O-glycosylation.In this review, we compare the clinical features observed in galactosaemia with a number of predominant CDG conditions.We also summarize the N-glycosylation abnormalities, which we have described in galactosaemia adult and paediatric patients, using an automated high-throughput HILIC-UPLC analysis of galactose incorporation into serum IgG with analysis of the corresponding N-glycan gene expression patterns and the affected pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Maratha
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
- University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ina Knerr
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen P Coss
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Peter Doran
- University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eileen P Treacy
- National Centre for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.
- University College Dublin Clinical Research Centre, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland.
- Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin, Ireland.
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11
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Lauc G, Vojta A, Zoldoš V. Epigenetic regulation of glycosylation is the quantum mechanics of biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1840:65-70. [PMID: 23999089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most proteins are glycosylated, with glycans being integral structural and functional components of a glycoprotein. In contrast to polypeptides, which are fully encoded by the corresponding gene, glycans result from a dynamic interaction between the environment and a network of hundreds of genes. SCOPE OF REVIEW Recent developments in glycomics, genomics and epigenomics are discussed in the context of an evolutionary advantage for higher eukaryotes over microorganisms, conferred by the complexity and adaptability which glycosylation adds to their proteome. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Inter-individual variation of glycome composition in human population is large; glycome composition is affected by both genes and environment; epigenetic regulation of "glyco-genes" has been demonstrated; and several mechanisms for transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic marks have been documented. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Epigenetic recording of acquired characteristics and their transgenerational inheritance could be important mechanisms used by higher organisms to compete or collaborate with microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Lauc
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; Genos Glycobiology Laboratory, Hondlova 2/11, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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12
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Horvat T, Deželjin M, Redžić I, Barišić D, Herak Bosnar M, Lauc G, Zoldoš V. Reversibility of membrane N-glycome of HeLa cells upon treatment with epigenetic inhibitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54672. [PMID: 23336012 PMCID: PMC3545996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycans are essential regulators of protein function and are now in the focus of research in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. There are numerous modes of regulating their biosynthesis, including epigenetic mechanisms implicated in the expression of glyco-genes. Since N-glycans located at the cell membrane define intercellular communication as well as a cellular response to a given environment, we developed a method to preferentially analyze this fraction of glycans. The method is based on incorporation of living cells into polyacrylamide gels, partial denaturation of membrane proteins with 3 M urea and subsequent release of N-glycans with PNGase F followed by HPLC analysis. Using this newly developed method, we revealed multiple effects of epigenetic inhibitors Trichostatin A, sodium butyrate and zebularine on the composition of N-glycans in human cells. The induced changes were found to be reversible after inhibitor removal. Given that many epigenetic inhibitors are currently explored as a therapeutic strategy in treatment of cancer, wherein surface glycans play an important role, the presented work contributes to our understanding of their efficiency in altering the N-glycan profile of cancer cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irma Redžić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Darko Barišić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Glycobiology Laboratory, Genos Ltd, Zagreb, Croatia
- Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- * E-mail: (VZ); (GL)
| | - Vlatka Zoldoš
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- * E-mail: (VZ); (GL)
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13
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Zoldoš V, Horvat T, Novokmet M, Cuenin C, Mužinić A, Pučić M, Huffman JE, Gornik O, Polašek O, Campbell H, Hayward C, Wright AF, Rudan I, Owen K, McCarthy MI, Herceg Z, Lauc G. Epigenetic silencing of HNF1A associates with changes in the composition of the human plasma N-glycome. Epigenetics 2012; 7:164-72. [PMID: 22395466 DOI: 10.4161/epi.7.2.18918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a ubiquitous modification that affects the structure and function of proteins. Our recent genome wide association study identified transcription factor HNF1A as an important regulator of plasma protein glycosylation. To evaluate the potential impact of epigenetic regulation of HNF1A on protein glycosylation we analyzed CpG methylation in 810 individuals. The association between methylation of four CpG sites and the composition of plasma and IgG glycomes was analyzed. Several statistically significant associations were observed between HNF1A methylation and plasma glycans, while there were no significant associations with IgG glycans. The most consistent association with HNF1A methylation was observed with the increase in the proportion of highly branched glycans in the plasma N-glycome. The hypothesis that inactivation of HNF1A promotes branching of glycans was supported by the analysis of plasma N-glycomes in 61 patients with inactivating mutations in HNF1A, where the increase in plasma glycan branching was also observed. This study represents the first demonstration of epigenetic regulation of plasma glycome composition, suggesting a potential mechanism by which epigenetic deregulation of the glycome may contribute to disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlatka Zoldoš
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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14
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Simon MC, Kusch J. Communicative functions of GPI-anchored surface proteins in unicellular eukaryotes. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 39:70-8. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.691459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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15
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Gornik O, Pavić T, Lauc G. Alternative glycosylation modulates function of IgG and other proteins - implications on evolution and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:1318-26. [PMID: 22183029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly all membrane and secreted proteins, as well as numerous intracellular proteins are glycosylated. However, contrary to proteins which are defined by their individual genetic templates, glycans are encoded in a complex dynamic network of hundreds of genes which participate in the complex biosynthetic pathway of protein glycosylation. SCOPE OF REVIEW This review summarizes present knowledge about the importance of alternative glycosylation of IgG and other proteins. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Numerous proteins depend on correct glycosylation for proper function. Very good example for this is the alternative glycosylation of IgG whose effector functions can be completely changed by the addition or removal of a single monosaccharide residue from its glycans. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The change in the structure of a protein requires mutations in DNA and subsequent selection in the next generation, while even slight alterations in activity or intracellular localization of one or more biosynthetic enzymes are sufficient for the creation of novel glycan structures, which can then perform new functions. Glycome composition varies significantly between individuals, which makes them slightly or even significantly different in their ability to execute specific molecular pathways with numerous implications for development and progression of various diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gornik
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Zagreb, Croatia
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Horvat T, Mužinić A, Barišić D, Bosnar MH, Zoldoš V. Epigenetic modulation of the HeLa cell membrane N-glycome. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:1412-9. [PMID: 22192783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic changes play a role in all major events during tumorigenesis and changes in glycan structures are hallmarks of virtually every cancer. Also, proper N-glycosylation of membrane receptors is important in cell to cell and cell-environment communication. To study how modulation of epigenetic information can affect N-glycan expression we analyzed effects of epigenetic inhibitors on HeLa cell membrane N-glycome. METHODS HeLa cells were treated with DNA methylation (zebularin and 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine) and histone deacetylation (trichostatin A and Na-butyrate) inhibitors. The effects on HeLa cell membrane N-glycome were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction high performance liquid chromatography (HILIC). RESULTS Each of the four epigenetic inhibitors induced changes in the expression of HeLa cell membrane N-glycans that were seen either as an increase or a decrease of individual glycans in the total N-glycome. Compared to DNA methylation inhibitors, histone deacetylation inhibitors showed more moderate changes, probably due to their higher gene target selectivity. CONCLUSIONS The results clearly show that composition of HeLa cell membrane N-glycome can be specifically altered by epigenetic inhibitors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Glycans on the cell membrane are essential elements of tumor cell's metastatic potential and are also an entry point for nearly all pathogenic microorganisms. Since epigenetic inhibitors used in this work are registered drugs, our results provide a new line of research in the application of these drugs as anticancer and antimicrobial agents. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Glycoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Horvat
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Horvatovac 102a, Zagreb, Croatia
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Evolutional and clinical implications of the epigenetic regulation of protein glycosylation. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:425-32. [PMID: 22704355 PMCID: PMC3365393 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein N glycosylation is an ancient posttranslational modification that enriches protein structure and function. The addition of one or more complex oligosaccharides (glycans) to the backbones of the majority of eukaryotic proteins makes the glycoproteome several orders of magnitude more complex than the proteome itself. Contrary to polypeptides, which are defined by a sequence of nucleotides in the corresponding genes, glycan parts of glycoproteins are synthesized by the activity of hundreds of factors forming a complex dynamic network. These are defined by both the DNA sequence and the modes of regulating gene expression levels of all the genes involved in N glycosylation. Due to the absence of a direct genetic template, glycans are particularly versatile and apparently a large part of human variation derives from differences in protein glycosylation. However, composition of the individual glycome is temporally very constant, indicating the existence of stable regulatory mechanisms. Studies of epigenetic mechanisms involved in protein glycosylation are still scarce, but the results suggest that they might not only be important for the maintenance of a particular glycophenotype through cell division and potentially across generations but also for the introduction of changes during the adaptive evolution.
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