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Luo RY, Pfaffroth C, Yang S, Hoang K, Yeung PSW, Zehnder JL, Shi RZ. Study of β 1-transferrin and β 2-transferrin using microprobe-capture in-emitter elution and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14974. [PMID: 37696850 PMCID: PMC10495423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak can be diagnosed in clinical laboratories by detecting a diagnostic marker β2-transferrin (β2-Tf) in secretion samples. β2-Tf and the typical transferrin (Tf) proteoform in serum, β1-transferrin (β1-Tf), are Tf glycoforms. An innovative affinity capture technique for sample preparation, called microprobe-capture in-emitter elution (MPIE), was incorporated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) to study the Tf glycoforms and the primary structures of β1-Tf and β2-Tf. To implement MPIE, an analyte is first captured on the surface of a microprobe, and subsequently eluted from the microprobe inside an electrospray emitter. The capture process is monitored in real-time via next-generation biolayer interferometry (BLI). When electrospray is established from the emitter to a mass spectrometer, the analyte is immediately ionized via electrospray ionization (ESI) for HR-MS analysis. Serum, CSF, and secretion samples were analyzed using MPIE-ESI-MS. Based on the MPIE-ESI-MS results, the primary structures of β1-Tf and β2-Tf were elucidated. As Tf glycoforms, β1-Tf and β2-Tf share the amino acid sequence but contain varying N-glycans: (1) β1-Tf, the major serum-type Tf, has two G2S2 N-glycans on Asn413 and Asn611; and (2) β2-Tf, the major brain-type Tf, has an M5 N-glycan on Asn413 and a G0FB N-glycan on Asn611. The resolving power of the innovative MPIE-ESI-MS method was demonstrated in the study of β2-Tf as well as β1-Tf. Knowing the N-glycan structures on β2-Tf allows for the design of more novel test methods for β2-Tf in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Yiqi Luo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, 3375 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Christopher Pfaffroth
- Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, 3375 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Samuel Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Hoang
- Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, 3375 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Priscilla S-W Yeung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, 3375 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - James L Zehnder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, 3375 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Run-Zhang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Clinical Laboratories, Stanford Health Care, 3375 Hillview Ave, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
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2
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Casetta B, Malvagia S, Funghini S, Martinelli D, Dionisi-Vici C, Barone R, Fiumara A, Donati MA, Guerrini R, la Marca G. A new strategy implementing mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of congenital disorders of N-glycosylation (CDG). Clin Chem Lab Med 2020; 59:165-171. [PMID: 32776892 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Congenital disorders of N-glycosylation (CDG) are a large group of rare metabolic disorders caused by defects in the most common post-translational modification of proteins. CDGs are often difficult to diagnose as they are manifested with non-specific symptoms and signs. Analysis of serum transferrin (TRF) isoforms, as the classical procedure used to identify a CDG patient, enables to predict pathological steps in the N-linked glycosylation process. Methods We devised a new strategy based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for the analysis of TRF isoforms by combining a simple and fast sample preparation with a specific chromatographic cleanup/separation step followed by mass-spectrometric measurement. Single TRF isoform masses were obtained through reconstruction of multiply charged electrospray data collected by quadrupole-MS technology. Hereby, we report the first analyzed serum samples obtained from 20 CDG patients and 100 controls. Results The ratio of desialylated isoforms to total TRF was calculated for patients and controls. CDG-Type I patients showed higher amounts of bi-sialo isoform (range: 6.7-29.6%) compared to controls (<5.5%, mean percentage 3.9%). CDG-Type II pattern showed an increased peak of tri-sialo isoforms. The mean percentage of tri-sialo-TRF was 9.3% (range: 2.9-12.9%) in controls, which was lower than that obtained from two patients with COG5-CDG and MAN1B1-CDG (18.5 and 24.5%). Intraday and between-day imprecisions were less than 9 and 16%, respectively, for bi-sialo- and less than 3 and 6% for tri-sialo-TRF. Conclusions This LC-MS-based approach provides a simple, sensitive and fast analytical tool for characterizing CDG disorders in a routine clinical biochemistry while improving diagnostic accuracy and speeding clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Casetta
- Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Sabrina Malvagia
- Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Funghini
- Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Diego Martinelli
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Specialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Dionisi-Vici
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Pediatric Specialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Barone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Agata Fiumara
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Referral Center for Inherited Metabolic Disease, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Alice Donati
- Metabolic and Neuromuscular Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giancarlo la Marca
- Newborn Screening, Biochemistry and Pharmacology Laboratory, Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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3
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Caslavska J, Schild C, Thormann W. High-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometry for distinction of undersialylated and hypoglycosylated transferrin glycoforms in body fluids. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:241-257. [PMID: 31605446 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis is used to distinguish transferrin glycoforms present in human serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and serum treated with neuraminidase and N-glycosidase F. The obtained data are compared to mass spectrometry data from the literature. The main focus is on the analysis of the various asialo-transferrin, monosialo-transferrin, and disialo-transferrin molecules found in these samples. The features of capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometry are reviewed and highlighted in the context of the analysis of undersialylated and hypoglycosylated transferrin molecules. High-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis represents an effective tool to assess the diversity of transferrin patterns whereas mass spectrometry is the method of choice to elucidate structural identification about the glycoforms. Hypoglycosylated transferrin glycoforms present in sera of alcohol abusers and normal subjects are structurally identical to those in sera of patients with a congenital disorder of glycosylation type I. Asialo-transferrin, monosialo-transferrin and disialo-transferrin observed in sera of patients with a type II congenital disorder of glycosylation or a hemolytic uremic syndrome, in cerebrospinal fluid and after treatment of serum with neuraminidase are undersialylated transferrin glycoforms with two N-glycans of varying structure. Undersialylated disialo-transferrin is also observed in sera with high levels of trisialo-transferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christof Schild
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Tobler M, Caslavska J, Burda P, Thormann W. High-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis for transferrin glycoform analysis associated with congenital disorders of glycosylation. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:2808-2818. [PMID: 29701302 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis is used to assess the transferrin profile in serum of patients with eight different congenital disorders of glycosylation that represent type I, type II, and mixed type I/II disorders. Capillary zone electrophoresis data are compared to patterns obtained by gel isoelectric focusing. The high-resolution capillary zone electrophoresis method is shown to represent an effective tool to assess the diversity of transferrin patterns. Hypoglycosylated disialo-, monosialo-, and asialo-transferrin in type I cases can be distinguished from the corresponding underdesialylated transferrin glycoforms present in type II disorders. The latter can be separated from and detected ahead of their corresponding hypoglycosylated forms of type I patients. Both types of glycoforms are detected in sera of mixed type I/II patients. The assay has the potential to be used as screening method for congenital disorders of glycosylation. It can be run with a few microliters of serum when microvials are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha Tobler
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patricie Burda
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Caslavska J, Thormann W. Monitoring of transferrin isoforms in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:303-322. [PMID: 28885776 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Work dealing with the monitoring of transferrin isoforms in human serum and other body fluids by capillary electrophoresis is reviewed. It comprises capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing efforts that led to the exploration and use of assays for the determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin as a marker for excessive alcohol intake, genetic variants of transferrin, congenital disorders of glycosylation and β-2-transferrin, which is a marker for cerebrospinal fluid leakage. This paper provides insight into the development, specifications, strengths, weaknesses, and routine use of the currently known capillary electrophoresis based assays suitable to detect transferrin isoforms in body fluids. The achievements reached so far indicate that capillary zone electrophoresis is an attractive technology to monitor the molecular forms of transferrin in biological specimens as the assays do not require an elaborate sample pretreatment and thus can be fully automated for high-throughput analyses on multicapillary instruments. Assays based on capillary isoelectric focusing are less attractive. They require immunoextraction of transferrin from the biological matrix and mobilization after focusing if instrumentation with a whole-column imaging detector is not available. Interactions of the carrier ampholytes with the iron of transferrin may prevent iron saturation and thus provide more complicated isoform patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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6
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Caslavska J, Lanz C, Burda P, Tobler M, Thormann W. Analysis of genetic variants of transferrin in human serum after desialylation by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary isoelectric focusing. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:2488-2497. [PMID: 28371325 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis analysis of transferrin in human serum is used to assess genetic variants after desialylation with neuraminidase and iron saturation to reduce the complexity of the transferrin pattern and thus facilitate the recognition of transferrin polymorphisms. Asialo-transferrin forms are analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis using assay conditions as for the monitoring of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin or by capillary isoelectric focusing in a pH 5-8 gradient which requires immunoextraction of transferrin prior to analysis. With the carrier ampholytes used, peaks for iron saturated and iron depleted transferrin are monitored which indicates complexation of iron ions by carrier ampholytes. For BC, CD, and BD genetic variants, the expected peaks for B, C, and D forms of transferrin were detected with both methods. Monitoring of CC patterns revealed three cases, namely those producing double peaks in both methods, a double peak in capillary isoelectric focusing only and a double peak in capillary zone electrophoresis only. For all samples analyzed, data obtained by capillary isoelectric focusing could be confirmed with gel isoelectric focusing. The two capillary electrophoresis methods are shown to represent effective tools to assess unusual transferrin patterns, including genetic variants with dissimilar abundances of the two forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Caslavska
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Lanz
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patricie Burda
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Micha Tobler
- Division of Metabolism, University Children's Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Thormann
- Clinical Pharmacology Laboratory, Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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Bioanalytical procedures and developments in the determination of alcohol biomarkers in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:229-51. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is a global problem, and consequently its evaluation is of great clinical and forensic interest. Alcohol biomarkers have been the focus of several research works in the past decades, with new compounds being studied in more recent years. The main objective of this review is to discuss topics for an analyst to consider when evaluating alcohol consumption through the analysis of alcohol biomarkers in biological specimens. For this, existing alcohol biomarkers will be reviewed, including carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, 5-hydroxytryptophol, ethanol, hemoglobin-associated acetaldehyde, fatty acid ethyl esters, ethyl glucuronide, ethyl sulfate and phosphatidylethanol. Additionally, their potential will be discussed, as well as analytical considerations, main challenges, limitations, data interpretation and existing methodologies for their determination in biological specimens.
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8
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Dunston CR, Choudhury K, Griffiths HR. Terminal galactose residues on transferrin are increased in midlife adults compared to young adults. Proteomics 2012; 12:3147-53. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Bianchi V, Raspagni A, Arfini C, Vidali M. High performance liquid chromatography evaluation of serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin and more sialylated transferrin glycoforms in children. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2012; 72:274-80. [PMID: 22339393 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2012.660537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The evaluation of the age-specific distribution of transferrin glycoforms in paediatric patients may help in defining reference intervals which are critical for an improved and earlier diagnosis. DESIGN AND METHODS Serum samples from 224 children (age: 2 months-14 years) were analyzed by HPLC (Bio-Rad CDT/HPLC kit) and glycoforms expressed as percentage of the total area of transferrin (Tf). RESULTS Asialo- and Monosialo-Tf were not detectable in any patient. Medians (IQR) were respectively 0.92% (0.80-1.04%) for Disialo-Tf; 3.47% (2.69-4.18%) for Trisialo-Tf; 82.54% (81.32-83.53%) for Tetrasialo-Tf; 12.73% (11.91-14.09%) for Pentasialo-Tf. Statistically significant differences in Trisialo-Tf (p < 0.0005), Tetrasialo-Tf (p = 0.001), Pentasialo-Tf (p < 0.0005), but not in Disialo-Tf, were observed between the age groups. CONCLUSIONS Age-specific Disialo-Tf cut-offs are not necessary. In children 1.3% and 6.4% may be suggested as upper limits of normal range to detect increases of Disialo- and Trisialo-Tf. The presence of Asialo- and Monosialo-Tf should be considered an abnormal finding and prompt further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Bianchi
- Reference Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pathology, SS. Antonio e Biagio e C. Arrigo Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
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Sturiale L, Barone R, Garozzo D. The impact of mass spectrometry in the diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation. J Inherit Metab Dis 2011; 34:891-9. [PMID: 21384227 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-011-9306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Contribution of mass spectrometry (MS) in the diagnosis and characterization of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) has long been known. CDG type I diseases are characterized by the under-occupancy of protein N-glycosylation sites. Electrospray (ESI) MS and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MS are effective for underglycosylation analyses of intact serum Transferrin (Tf) in CDG-I patients by mass determination of individual component glycoforms. Thus, high-throughput methods developed to speed-up analytical times found increasing application in clinical testing for CDG detection. ESI MS recognizable glycoform profiles of serum Tf have been reported in CDG-I different from PMM2-CDG and in individual CDG-II defects. MALDI MS analysis of acidic and neutral N-linked glycans released from total plasma or targeted glycoproteins, is the mainstream tool to explore abnormal oligosaccharide structure and changes in the relative amount of individual oligosaccharides in CDG-II patients. Here we briefly review state-of-the-art and updates of MS-based applications for the diagnosis of CDG with special emphasis to detectable glycosylation profiles reported in different CDG types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sturiale
- CNR - Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Via P. Gaifami 18, 95126, Catania, Italy
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11
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Luo LZ, Jin HW, Huang HQ. Application of capillary isoelectric focusing and peptide mass fingerprinting in carbohydrate-deficient transferrin detection. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2011; 25:1391-1398. [PMID: 21504004 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a specific biomarker of alcohol abuse and is widely used in clinical diagnosis to detect and follow up excessive alcohol consumption. However, false %CDT results still exist in CDT detection, because of interference from genetic variants and the lack of standardization in CDT analysis. Therefore, it is still very important to find a method with high sensitivity and high accuracy for CDT detection. Here, we compared the detection sensitivity and accuracy of pI values based methods [isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (IEF-PAGE) and capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF)] with hydrophobic characteristic based methods [reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)] on CDT detection. Moreover, we investigated the potential of peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF), a method based on the mass spectrometry to identify human transferrin (HTf) variants including CDT isoforms and genetic variants, based on their specific peptide masses. Results indicated that PMF can identify HTf variants including CDT isoforms and genetic variants based on their specific peptides, and CIEF showed higher sensitivity detection of HTf variants than RP-HPLC and IEF-PAGE did. Accordingly, we suggest that PMF is suitable for identifying CDT with high accuracy, and CIEF has potential for detection of CDT and genetic variants with high sensitivity; moreover, they are both worth further investigation in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Zhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of MOE for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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12
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Bianchi V, Ivaldi A, Raspagni A, Arfini C, Vidali M. Use of Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin (CDT) and a Combination of GGT and CDT (GGT-CDT) to Assess Heavy Alcohol Consumption in Traffic Medicine. Alcohol Alcohol 2010; 45:247-51. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agq006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Paesold-Burda P, Maag C, Troxler H, Foulquier F, Kleinert P, Schnabel S, Baumgartner M, Hennet T. Deficiency in COG5 causes a moderate form of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4350-6. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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Murko S, Milačič R, Kralj B, Ščančar J. Convective Interaction Media Monolithic Chromatography with ICPMS and Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography−Electrospray Ionization MS Detection: A Powerful Tool for Speciation of Aluminum in Human Serum at Normal Concentration Levels. Anal Chem 2009; 81:4929-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9006232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Murko
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bogdan Kralj
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Barone R, Sturiale L, Garozzo D. Mass spectrometry in the characterization of human genetic N-glycosylation defects. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2009; 28:517-542. [PMID: 18844296 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Human genetic diseases that affect N-glycosylation result from the defective synthesis of the N-linked sugar moiety (glycan) of glycoproteins. The role of glycans for proper protein folding and biological functions is illustrated in the variety and severity of clinical manifestations shared by congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). This family of inherited metabolic disorders includes defects in the assembly of the oligosaccharide precursor that lead to an under-occupancy of N-glycosylation sites (CDG-I), and defects of glycan remodeling (CDG-II). Mass spectrometry constitutes a key tool for characterization of CDG-I defects by mass resolution of native protein glycoforms that differ for glycosylation-site occupancy. Glycan MS analyses in CDG-II is mandatory to detect whenever possible a repertoire of structures to pinpoint candidate enzymes and genes responsible for the abnormal N-glycan synthesis. In this manuscript, we review the MS applications in the area of CDG and related disorders with a special emphasis on those techniques that have been already applied or might become functional for diagnosis, characterization, and treatment monitoring in some specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Barone
- Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, CNR, Catania, Italy
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16
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The potential of mass spectrometry to study iron-containing proteins used in clinical diagnosis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 634:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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del Castillo Busto ME, Meija J, Montes-Bayón M, Sanz-Medel A. Diophantine analysis complements electrospray-Q-TOF data for structure elucidation of transferrin glycoforms used for clinical diagnosis in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Proteomics 2009; 9:1109-13. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200701182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Marti U, Joneli J, Caslavska J, Thormann W. Determination of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin in human serum by two capillary zone electrophoresis methods and a direct immunoassay: Comparison of patient data. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3079-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Oberrauch W, Bergman AC, Helander A. HPLC and mass spectrometric characterization of a candidate reference material for the alcohol biomarker carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT). Clin Chim Acta 2008; 395:142-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Sturiale L, Barone R, Palmigiano A, Ndosimao CN, Briones P, Adamowicz M, Jaeken J, Garozzo D. Multiplexed glycoproteomic analysis of glycosylation disorders by sequential yolk immunoglobulins immunoseparation and MALDI-TOF MS. Proteomics 2008; 8:3822-32. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Faid V, Chirat F, Seta N, Foulquier F, Morelle W. A rapid mass spectrometric strategy for the characterization of N- and O-glycan chains in the diagnosis of defects in glycan biosynthesis. Proteomics 2007; 7:1800-13. [PMID: 17520685 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins is a very complex process which involves numerous factors such as enzymes or transporters. A defect in one of these factors in glycan biosynthetic pathways leads to dramatic disorders named congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). CDG can affect the biosynthesis of not only protein N-glycans but also O-glycans. The structural analysis of glycans on serum glycoproteins is essential to solving the defect. For this reason, we propose in this paper a strategy for the simultaneous characterization of both N- and O-glycan chains isolated from the serum glycoproteins. The serum (20 microL) is used for the characterization of N-glycans which are released by enzymatic digestion with PNGase F. O-glycans are chemically released by reductive elimination from whole serum glycoproteins using 10 microL of the serum. Using strategies based on mass spectrometric analysis, the structures of N- and O-glycan chains are defined. These strategies were applied on the sera from one patient with CDG type IIa, and one patient with a mild form of congenital disorder of glycosylation type II (CDG-II) that is caused by a deficiency in the Cog1 subunit of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valegh Faid
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS/USTL 8576, Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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22
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Gloerich J, Wevers RA, Smeitink JAM, van Engelen BG, van den Heuvel LP. Proteomics approaches to study genetic and metabolic disorders. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:506-12. [PMID: 17269707 DOI: 10.1021/pr060487w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several proteomics approaches to study different aspects of genetic and metabolic diseases are presented. The choice of technique is strongly dependent on the biological question to be addressed and the availability and amount of sample. In general, there are three approaches that may be used to study genetic and metabolic diseases: protein profiling of complex biological samples, identification of affected proteins, or a functional proteomics approach to study protein interactions and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolein Gloerich
- Laboratory for Pediatrics and Neurology, Nijmegen Centre for Mitochondrial Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Neuromuscular Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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23
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Kleinert P, Kuster T, Arnold D, Jaeken J, Heizmann CW, Troxler H. Effect of glycosylation on the protein pattern in 2-D-gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 2007; 7:15-22. [PMID: 17152094 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Single proteins, when analyzed with 2-D-PAGE, often show multiple spots due to PTMs. In gels of human body fluids, the spot patterns facilitate the assignment and identification of the proteins. We analyzed serums from patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) in which glycoproteins are strongly impacted and exhibit highly distinguishable spot patterns compared to healthy controls. We detected a typical protein pattern for alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and transferrin (Trf) that are markers for CDG. AGP contains five glycosylation sites which results in a complex microheterogeneity of the glycoprotein. On the other hand, in Trf, a glycoprotein with only two glycosylation sites, mainly biantennary complex-type-N-linked glycans are bound. We used 2-D-PAGE, MALDI-TOF-MS, and ESI-MS for the analysis of these glycoproteins and their corresponding glycans. In AGP, the heterogenic glycosylation of the different glycosylation sites is responsible for the complex spot pattern. In contrast to AGP, the protein spots of Trf cannot be explained by glycosylation. We found strong evidence that oxidation of cysteine is responsible for the spot pattern. This study contradicts the commonly accepted assumption that the multiple protein spots of Trf observed in 2-D-PAGE are due, as in AGP, to the glycosylation of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kleinert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Cindrić M, Bindila L, Cepo T, Peter-Katalinić J. Mass Spectrometry-Based Glycoproteomic Approach Involving Lysine Derivatization for Structural Characterization of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:3066-76. [PMID: 17081058 DOI: 10.1021/pr060177d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Lysine-containing peptides comprising glycosylation sites derived from recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) by trypsin or Lys-C and PNGase F dual digestion were derivatized with 2-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole and its deuterated analogues. In the same reaction, under reducing conditions (beta-mercaptoethanol), cysteines were converted into methyl-cysteines and lysines into Lys-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole. Both modifications on cysteines and lysines simplified the CID-MS/MS spectra, while preserving the structural information by yielding y-series ions and improved the mass spectral signal intensity up to 25 times. Moreover, by this approach, the N-glycan occupation sites were unambiguously determined. O-Glycosylation sites as well as O-glycan structures were determined by a LC-MS/MS experiment carried out on dually digested rHuEPO. N-Glycan mixture purified on a graphitized carbon column using a newly developed method that extracted only sialylated carbohydrates was analyzed first using MALDI-TOF in negative linear ion mode with low mass accuracy but without interferences and metastabile ions and then a reflectron with high mass accuracy. After defining the precursor ions, we performed the nanoESI QTOF MS/MS analysis on N-glycans, mainly targeting the distinction between carbohydrates with sialylated antennae and those lacking sialic acid moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cindrić
- Pliva-Research & Development Ltd., Prilaz baruna Filipovića 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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25
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Bortolotti F, De Paoli G, Tagliaro F. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of alcohol abuse: a critical review of the literature 2001-2005. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 841:96-109. [PMID: 16725384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of alcohol abuse based on objective data is a necessary requirement in both clinical and forensic environments. Among the different biomarkers of chronic alcohol abuse, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is world wide recognized as the most reliable indicator. However, several problems about the real meaning of CDT and the reliability of its use for the diagnosis of alcohol abuses are still open, as reported by numerous research articles and reviews. The present article presents a critical review of the literature on CDT appeared in the period from 2001 to 2005 (included). The article is organized in the following sections: (1) introduction, (2) definition and structure of human serum CDT, (3) pathomechanisms of the ethanol-induced CDT increase, (4) preanalysis, (5) analysis, (6) data interpretation, (7) review papers, (8) conclusions. As many as 127 papers appeared in the international literature and retrieved by the search engines PubMed and Scopus are quoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bortolotti
- University of Verona, Department Medicine/Public Health, Chair of Forensic Medicine, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, I-37134 Verona, Italy
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26
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Mills K, Mills P, Jackson M, Worthington V, Beesley C, Mann A, Clayton P, Grunewald S, Keir G, Young L, Langridge J, Mian N, Winchester B. Diagnosis of congenital disorders of glycosylation type-I using protein chip technology. Proteomics 2006; 6:2295-304. [PMID: 16552784 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A method for the diagnosis of the congenital disorders of glycosylation type I (CDG-I) by SELDI-TOF-MS of serum transferrin immunocaptured on protein chip arrays is described. The underglycosylation of glycoproteins in CDG-I produces glycoforms of transferrin with masses lower than that of the normal fully glycosylated transferrin. Immobilisation of antitransferrin antibodies on reactive-surface protein chip arrays (RS100) selectively enriched transferrin by at least 100-fold and allowed the detection of patterns of transferrin glycoforms by SELDI-TOF-MS using approximately 0.3 microL of serum/plasma. Abnormal patterns of immunocaptured transferrin were detected in patients with known defects in glycosylation (CDG-Ia, CDG-Ib, CDG-Ic, CDG-If and CDG-Ih) and in patients in whom the basic defect has not yet been identified (CDG-Ix). The correction of the N-glycosylation defect in a patient with CDG-Ib after mannose therapy was readily detected. A patient who had an abnormal transferrin profile by IEF but a normal profile by SELDI-TOF-MS analysis was shown to have an amino acid polymorphism by sequencing transferrin by quadrupole-TOF MS. Complete agreement was obtained between analysis of immunocaptured transferrin by SELDI-TOF-MS and the IEF profile of transferrin, the clinical severity of the disease and the levels of aspartylglucosaminidase activity (a surrogate marker for the diagnosis of CDG-I). SELDI-TOF-MS of transferrin immunocaptured on protein chip arrays is a highly sensitive diagnostic method for CDG-I, which could be fully automated using microtitre plates and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Mills
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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27
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Collins AE, Ferriero DM. The expanding spectrum of congenital disorders of glycosylation. J Pediatr 2005; 147:728-30. [PMID: 16356420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2005.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Arizaga Rodríguez S, Blanco González E, Alvarez Llamas G, Montes-Bayón M, Sanz-Medel A. Detection of transferrin isoforms in human serum: comparison of UV and ICP–MS detection after CZE and HPLC separations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:390-7. [PMID: 16041604 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two methods for separation of transferrin (Tf) sialoforms, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with conventional UV absorbance detection, have been investigated and compared. First, conditions affecting the separation of the Tf isoforms by capillary zone electrophoresis and HPLC were carefully optimized. The use of 15 mmol L(-1) borate buffer (pH 8.4) containing 3 mmol L(-1) diaminobutane (DAB) as additive enabled good separation of the Tf isoforms by CE (75 cm x 50 microm i.d. fused silica capillary) at 25 kV. In HPLC, a gradient of ammonium acetate (from 0 to 250 mmol L(-1) in 45 min) buffered at pH 6 (Tris-HCl) proved suitable for separation of Tf isoforms on a Mono-Q HR 5/5 anion-exchange column. On-line specific detection of the iron associated with the different Tf isoforms, after Fe saturation, by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was studied in detail to compare its analytical performance with UV detection. For both CE and HPLC an octapole reaction system (ORS) ICP-MS instrument was used to minimize polyatomic interferences on the (56)Fe major isotope. Limits of detection of the different isoforms were in the range of 0.02-0.04 micromol L(-1) Tf for HPLC-ICP (ORS)-MS. This hybrid technique proved more selective and reliable detection of transferrin isoforms with 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 sialic acid residues (S(2), S(3), S(4), S(5), and S(6)) in real serum samples. Interesting results from iron speciation of Tf in serum from healthy individuals and from pregnant women are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Arizaga Rodríguez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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29
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del Castillo Busto ME, Montes-Bayón M, Blanco-González E, Meija J, Sanz-Medel A. Strategies To Study Human Serum Transferrin Isoforms Using Integrated Liquid Chromatography ICPMS, MALDI-TOF, and ESI-Q-TOF Detection: Application to Chronic Alcohol Abuse. Anal Chem 2005; 77:5615-21. [PMID: 16131073 DOI: 10.1021/ac050574s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the distribution of sialoforms of human serum transferrin (Tf) in correlation with pathological states, which are associated with abnormalities in glycosylation, is of great clinical interest. In such studies, the methodologies of analysis are required to be sensitive and selective for observing small variations among isoforms and able to characterize the molecular structure of such forms. Thus, the present work describes, in the first part, the separation of transferrin isoforms, after iron saturation of the protein, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the on-line specific atomic detection of the iron present on each of the separated isoforms by on-line coupling the HPLC system to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICPMS). This allowed low detection levels for the different isoforms (L.D. 0.03 microMTf). After screening of the isoforms containing iron by ICPMS, structural characterization of each isoform can be independently carried out. Thus, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF) are compared in the second part of this study. The different atomic and molecular MS methods revealed the presence of elevated carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) isoforms in human serum samples from chronic alcohol consumption patients. MALDI-TOF appeared to be sensitive to concentration levels of the analytes, and the observed mass accuracy was highly compromised by the protein heterogeneity (peak width at half-maximum approximately 2000 Da for every fraction). On the other hand, ESI-Q-TOF allowed good mass accuracy (m < or = 0.05%) and peak width of 45 Da in the deconvoluted spectra; while ICPMS detection could be preferable for sensitive protein isoforms determinations, ESI-Q-TOF turns out to be an excellent "fingerprinting" technique for alcoholism diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Estela del Castillo Busto
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry. University of Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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