1
|
Faulin TDES, Kazuma SM, Tripodi GL, Cavalcante MF, Wakasuqui F, Oliveira CLP, Degenhardt MFDS, Michaloski J, Giordano RJ, Ketelhuth DFJ, Abdalla DSP. Proinflammatory Action of a New Electronegative Low-Density Lipoprotein Epitope. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080386. [PMID: 31434316 PMCID: PMC6723646 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The electronegative low-density lipoprotein, LDL (-), is an endogenously modified LDL subfraction with cytotoxic and proinflammatory actions on endothelial cells, monocytes, and macrophages contributing to the progression of atherosclerosis. In this study, epitopes of LDL (-) were mapped using a phage display library of peptides and monoclonal antibodies reactive to this modified lipoprotein. Two different peptide libraries (X6 and CX8C for 6- and 8-amino acid-long peptides, respectively) were used in the mapping. Among all tested peptides, two circular peptides, P1A3 and P2C7, were selected based on their high affinities for the monoclonal antibodies. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis confirmed their structures as circular rings. P1A3 or P2C7 were quickly internalized by bone marrow-derived murine macrophages as shown by confocal microscopy. P2C7 increased the expression of TNFα, IL-1 β and iNOS as well as the secretion of TNFα, CCL2, and nitric oxide by murine macrophages, similar to the responses induced by LDL (-), although less intense. In contrast, P1A3 did not show pro-inflammatory effects. We identified a mimetic epitope associated with LDL (-), the P2C7 circular peptide, that activates macrophages. Our data suggest that this conformational epitope represents an important danger-associated molecular pattern of LDL (-) that triggers proinflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanize do Espirito Santo Faulin
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Soraya Megumi Kazuma
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Luis Tripodi
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Marcela Frota Cavalcante
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe Wakasuqui
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jussara Michaloski
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Giordano
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Francisco Jacon Ketelhuth
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Dulcineia Saes Parra Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rizzetto F, Mafra D, Barra AB, Pires de Melo G, Abdalla DSP, Leite M. One-Year Conservative Care Using Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation Is Associated with a Decrease in Electronegative LDL in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients: A Pilot Study. Cardiorenal Med 2017; 7:334-341. [PMID: 29118772 DOI: 10.1159/000478733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients develop metabolic acidosis when approaching stages 3 and 4, a period in which accelerated atherogenesis may ensue. Studies in vitro show that low pH may increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, suggesting a role for chronic metabolic acidosis in atherosclerosis. The present study attempted to evaluate the effects of conservative care using oral sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation on the electronegative LDL [LDL(-)], a minimally oxidized LDL, plasma levels in CKD patients. Methods Thirty-one CKD patients were followed by a multidisciplinary team during 15 months of care in which 1.0 mmol/kg/day oral NaHCO3 supplementation was first given in the third month. Blood samples were collected 3 months before the initiation of oral NaHCO3 supplementation (T1), at the time of the beginning of supplementation (T2), and thereafter, each 4 months (T3, T4 and T5) until month 15 of care. Blood parameters and LDL(-) were measured from these collections. Results After 12 months of conservative care, creatinine clearance (MDRD) was kept stable, and serum bicarbonate (HCO3-) increased from 20.5 ± 2.9 to 22.6 ± 1.1 mM (p < 0.003). LDL(-) plasma levels declined from 4.5 ± 3.3 to 2.1 ± 0.9 U/L (p < 0.007) after reaching mean serum HCO3- levels of 22.6 ± 1.1 mM. Conclusions Conservative care using oral NaHCO3 supplementation was able to stabilize renal function and decrease serum levels of LDL(-), a modified proatherogenic lipoprotein, only when mean serum HCO3- levels approached 22 mM. This study constitutes evidence that alkali therapy, in addition to its beneficial effect on renal disease progression, might serve as a preventive strategy to attenuate atherogenesis in CKD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Rizzetto
- Division of Nutrition, Federal Hospital of Lagoa (FHL), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Graduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Federal Fluminense University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Barra
- Division of Nephrology, Federal Hospital of Lagoa (FHL), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maurilo Leite
- Division of Nephrology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Alves MC, de Morais CC, Augusto EM, Abdalla DSP, Horst MA, Cominetti C. Polymorphisms in PPARG and APOE: relationships with lipid profile of adolescents with cardiovascular risk factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-017-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
4
|
Effects of proanthocyanidin on oxidative stress biomarkers and adipokines in army cadets: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:893-900. [PMID: 26704712 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1137-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relatively recent advent of polyphenol supplement for exercise studies has been tested in a variety of forms and doses. However, the dose-response on adipokines and oxidative stress biomarker effect remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of intense, long-duration (48-h) exercise, and a single dose of proanthocyanidin, on plasma leptin, adiponectin, and electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) concentrations. METHODS Fifty-four healthy male army cadets (22 ± 2 years) participated in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study and were distributed between control (CG; n = 27) and supplemented groups (SG; n = 27). Immediately before the start of the exercise, both CG and SG groups received a capsule containing starch (200 mg) or proanthocyanidin (dry Vitis vinifera extract, 200 mg), respectively. Following a 12-h fasting period, the plasma adiponectin, leptin, and LDL(-) concentrations were measured prior to the start of the exercise after 24 and 48 h of military training, and after 24 h of rest. The effects of the proanthocyanidin (supplement), exercise (time), and their interaction were investigated using factorial two-way ANOVA. RESULTS Plasma leptin concentration was only influenced by exercise (p = 0.001). Plasma adiponectin concentration was influenced by exercise (p = 0.037), and by the exercise x supplement interaction (p = 0.033). LDL(-) was influenced by the supplement (p = 0.001), exercise (p = 0.001), and their interaction (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A single dose of proanthocyanidin (200 mg) was able to reduce LDL(-) concentration and increase plasma adiponectin concentration after 24 h of rest in SG group, indicating its potential protective action.
Collapse
|
5
|
Ivanova EA, Bobryshev YV, Orekhov AN. LDL electronegativity index: a potential novel index for predicting cardiovascular disease. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2015; 11:525-32. [PMID: 26357481 PMCID: PMC4559248 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s74697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High cardiovascular risk conditions are frequently associated with altered plasma lipoprotein profile, such as elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and LDL cholesterol and decreased high-density lipoprotein. There is, however, accumulating evidence that specific subclasses of LDL may play an important role in cardiovascular disease development, and their relative concentration can be regarded as a more relevant risk factor. LDL particles undergo multiple modifications in plasma that can lead to the increase of their negative charge. The resulting electronegative LDL [LDL(–)] subfraction has been demonstrated to be especially atherogenic, and became a subject of numerous recent studies. In this review, we discuss the physicochemical properties of LDL(–), methods of its detection, atherogenic activity, and relevance of the LDL electronegativity index as a potential independent predictor of cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Ivanova
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Growth and Regeneration, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia ; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia ; Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Association of oxidative stress biomarkers with adiposity and clinical staging in women with breast cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr 2015; 69:1256-61. [PMID: 26039316 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Breast cancer is a disease characterised by both oxidative reactions and inflammation. However, few studies have focused on the oxidative and inflammatory biomarkers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between oxidative stress markers and adiposity and clinical staging, as well as the association between the oxidative and the antioxidant biomarkers of women with breast cancer. SUBJECTS/METHODS A total of 135 cases of breast cancer occurring in 2011 and 2012 were assessed. After exclusions, 101 pre- and post-menopausal women with clinical staging I to IV were eligible to participate in the study. The anthropometric evaluation was performed by collecting data on waist circumference, body mass index and body composition. The socioeconomic and clinical profiles were determined using a standard questionnaire. For the oxidative biomarkers, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), oxidative DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), low-density lipoprotein(-) (LDL(-)), autoantibody anti-LDL(-) and liposoluble antioxidants (α-tocopherol, retinol and β-carotene) were analysed. The data were analysed using differences in the mean values, correlation tests and multiple linear regression. RESULTS The antioxidant levels were higher in postmenopausal women with clinical staging I and II and negative lymph nodes. The TBARS level was associated with clinical staging. Adiposity was associated with levels of retinol and 8-OHdG, whereas LDL(-), 8-OHdG and TBARS were correlated with liposoluble antioxidants after adjusting for the confounders. CONCLUSIONS The adiposity and clinical staging of patients were associated with oxidative stress. The oxidative and antioxidant biomarkers showed a negative correlation in patients with breast cancer.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sena-Evangelista KCM, Pedrosa LFC, Paiva MSMO, Dias PCS, Ferreira DQC, Cozzolino SMF, Faulin TES, Abdalla DSP. The hypolipidemic and pleiotropic effects of rosuvastatin are not enhanced by its association with zinc and selenium supplementation in coronary artery disease patients: a double blind randomized controlled study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119830. [PMID: 25785441 PMCID: PMC4365008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Statins treatment may modify the levels of zinc and selenium, minerals that can improve vascular function and reduce oxidative damage and inflammation in atherosclerotic patients. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rosuvastatin, alone or associated with zinc and selenium supplementation, on lipid profile, antioxidant enzymes and mineral status in coronary artery disease patients. Material and Methods A double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed in which patients (n = 76) were treated with 10 mg rosuvastatin over 4 months associated or not with zinc (30 mg/d) and selenium (150 μg/d) supplementation. The following parameters were analyzed before and after the intervention: anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), electronegative low density lipoprotein (LDL(-)) concentrations, activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), zinc and selenium concentrations in blood plasma and erythocytes. Significance was determined using an α of 5% (two-tailed). Results We found that rosuvastatin therapy was efficient in reducing total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and hs-CRP independently of mineral supplementation. Neither treatment was associated with significant changes in LDL(-). Similarly, the antioxidant enzymes GPx and SOD activity were unchanged by treatments. Neither treatment was associated with significant differences in concentrations of zinc or selenium in blood plasma and erythocytes of studied groups. Conclusion Rosuvastatin treatment did not affect zinc and selenium levels in coronary artery disease patients. The zinc and selenium supplementation at doses used in this study did not change lipid profile or SOD and GPx activity in patients receiving rosuvastatin. Further studies should be focused on testing alternative doses and supplements in different populations to contribute for a consensus on the ideal choice of antioxidants to be used as possible complementary therapies in atherosclerotic patients. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01547377
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tanize Espírito Santo Faulin
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulcinéia Saes Parra Abdalla
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kazuma SM, Cavalcante MF, Telles AER, Maranhão AQ, Abdalla DSP. Cloning and expression of an anti-LDL(-) single-chain variable fragment, and its inhibitory effect on experimental atherosclerosis. MAbs 2013; 5:763-75. [PMID: 23924793 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.25859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo modified forms of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are important for the formation of foam cells and as mediators of the immuno-inflammatory process involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Electronegative LDL, LDL(-), is a LDL subfraction with pro-inflammatory properties that is present in human blood. To investigate possible atheroprotective effects, an anti-LDL(-) single-chain variable fragment (scFv) was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and its activity was evaluated in vitro against macrophages and in experimental atherosclerosis in Ldlr(-/-) mice. The recombinant 2C7 scFv was produced in a yield of 9.5 mg of protein/L. The specificity and affinity of purified 2C7 scFv against LDL(-) was confirmed by ELISA. To assess the activity of 2C7 scFv on foam cell formation, RAW 264.7 macrophages were exposed to LDL(-) in the presence or absence of 2C7 scFv. The 2C7 scFv inhibited the uptake of LDL(-) by macrophages in a dose-dependent manner, and internalization of LDL(-) by these cells was found to be mediated by the CD36 and CD14 receptor. In addition, compared with untreated cells, lipid accumulation in macrophages was decreased, and the expression of Cd36, Tlr-4 and Cox-2 was downregulated in macrophages treated with 2C7 scFv. Importantly, compared with untreated mice, the treatment of Ldlr(-/-) mice with 2C7 scFv decreased the atherosclerotic lesion area at the aortic sinus. In conclusion, our data show that 2C7 scFv inhibits foam cell formation and atherosclerotic plaque development by modulating the expression of genes relevant to atherogenesis. These results encourage further use of this antibody fragment in the development of new therapeutic strategies that neutralize the pro-atherogenic effects of LDL(-).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya M Kazuma
- Department of Clinical Analysis; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Sao Paulo; Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sánchez-Quesada JL, Estruch M, Benítez S, Ordóñez-Llanos J. Electronegative LDL: a useful biomarker of cardiovascular risk? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
10
|
Lobo JC, Farage NE, Abdalla DSP, Velarde LGC, Torres JPM, Mafra D. Association between circulating electronegative low-density lipoproteins and serum ferritin in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. J Ren Nutr 2012; 22:350-6. [PMID: 21741859 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron supplementation is a common recommendation to chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). However, iron excess is closely associated with lipid peroxidation and, it is well known that electronegative low-density lipoproteins (LDL[-]) are present at higher plasma concentrations in diseases with high cardiovascular risk such as chronic kidney disease. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether ferritin levels are associated with LDL(-) levels in HD patients. DESIGN This was a cross-sectional study. SETTING This study was conducted from a private clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PATIENTS The study included 27 HD patients and 15 healthy subjects. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Twenty-seven HD patients (14 men, 58.6 ± 10 years, 62.2 ± 51.4 months on dialysis, and body mass index: 24.4 ± 4.2 kg/m(2)) were studied and compared with 15 healthy individuals (6 men, 53.8 ± 15.4 years, body mass index: 24.5 ± 4.3 kg/m(2)). Serum LDL(-) levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method; ferritin levels by commercially available kits, and tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 were determined with a multiplex assay kit manufactured by R&D Systems. RESULTS The HD patients presented higher LDL(-) and tumor necrosis factor-α levels (0.15 ± 0.13 U/L and 5.9 ± 2.3 pg/mL, respectively) than healthy subjects (0.07 ± 0.05 U/L and 2.3 ± 1.3 pg/mL, respectively) (P = .0001). The mean ferritin level in HD patients was 1,117.5 ± 610.4 ng/mL, and 90% of patients showed ferritin levels exceeding 500 ng/mL. We found a positive correlation between LDL(-) and ferritin in the patients (r = 0.48; P = .01), and ferritin was a significant contributor to LDL(-) concentrations independent of inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Excess body iron stores for HD patients was associated with signs of increased oxidative stress, as reflected by increased LDL(-) levels in HD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Calixto Lobo
- Institute of Biophysic Carlos Chagas Filho, Health Science Centre, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro-Rj, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faulin TDES, Cavalcante MF, Abdalla DSP. Role of electronegative LDL and its associated antibodies in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
12
|
Electronegative low-density lipoprotein is associated with dense low-density lipoprotein in subjects with different levels of cardiovascular risk. Lipids 2010; 45:619-25. [PMID: 20574778 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3439-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemias and physicochemical changes in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are very important factors for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, pathophysiological properties of electronegative low-density lipoprotein [LDL(-)] remain a controversial issue. Our objective was to investigate LDL(-) content in LDL and its subfractions (phenotypes A and B) of subjects with different cardiovascular risk. Seventy-three subjects were randomized into three groups: normolipidemic (N; n = 30) and hypercholesterolemic (HC; n = 33) subjects and patients with CAD (n = 10). After fasting, blood samples were collected and total, dense and light LDL were isolated. LDL(-) content in total LDL and its subfractions was determined by ELISA. LDL(-) content in total LDL was lower in the N group as compared to the HC (P < 0.001) and CAD (P = 0.006) groups. In the total sample and in those of the N, HC, and CAD groups, LDL(-) content in dense LDL was higher than in light LDL (P = 0.001, 0.001, 0.001, and 0.033, respectively) The impact of LDL(-) on cardiovascular risk was reinforced when LDL(-) content in LDL showed itself to have a positive association with total cholesterol (beta = 0.003; P < 0.001), LDL-C (beta = 0.003; p < 0.001), and non-HDL-C (beta = 0.003; P < 0.001) and a negative association with HDL-C (beta = -0.32; P = 0.04). Therefore, LDL(-) is an important biomarker that showed association with the lipid profile and the level of cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
|