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Syarifah S, Rambe AS, Putra A, Ichwan M, Pane YS, Muhar AM, Khatib A, Munir D, Rusda M, Amin MM. Water Extract Have Superior Cytotoxic Effect Than Ethanolic Extract of Clinacanthus Nutans Leaves in Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Acta Inform Med 2023; 32:4-10. [PMID: 38585603 PMCID: PMC10997169 DOI: 10.5455/aim.2024.32.4-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid development of medical technology in managing breast cancer patients still cannot solve the problem of recurrence and resistance. One of the causes of recurrence and molecular resistance is the presence of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). Clinacanthus nutans (C.nutans) is a plant found in Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. This plant is believed to have anticancer activity in community. Objective Our study aimed to assess phytochemical of C.nutans leaves, isolate breast cancer stem cells and determine the cytotoxic effects of the ethanolic extract and water extract of C.nutans leaves on breast cancer stem cells at 24, 48, and 72 h of observation. Methods We underwent the cytotoxic test by using MTT assay and isolated breast cancer stem cells by using MACS and validated them by mammosphere test. Results We found alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins in simplicia and all extracts. BCSCs was valid with the diameter of the mammosphere BCSCs was > 60 μm. The IC50 values of 100%, 60%, 40%, 20% EE, and WE of C.nutans leaves were 227.30; 46.05; 31.12; 98.54, and 16.16 μg/ml respectively in the first 24 hours. In administering WE of C.nutans leaves, BCSCs viability was decreased at 24,48 and 72 hours of observation, namely 69.29±26%; 75.82 ± 21.02% and 38.94±9.34 % (p < 0.0001). Conclusion The WE of C.nutans leaves had more substantial cytotoxic potential against BCSCs than the EE. The capability of WE C.nutans leaves to suppress BCSC's viability was time-dependent. The anticancer activity were believed originate from alkaloid and flavonoid group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Syarifah
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Aldy S. Rambe
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Agung Putra
- Department of Postgraduate Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - M. Ichwan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Master Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan,Indonesia
| | - Yunita Sari Pane
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Adi Muradi Muhar
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Alfi Khatib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kuliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Delfitri Munir
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Pusat Unggulan IPTEK Tissue Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - M. Rusda
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetric & Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Mustafa M. Amin
- Philosophy Doctor in Medicine Programme, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Nordin FJ, Pearanpan L, Chan KM, Kumolosasi E, Yong YK, Shaari K, Rajab NF. Immunomodulatory potential of Clinacanthus nutans extracts in the co-culture of triple-negative breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, and THP-1 macrophages. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256012. [PMID: 34379689 PMCID: PMC8357171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer is the main type of breast carcinoma that causes mortality among women because of the limited treatment options and high recurrence. Chronic inflammation has been linked with the tumor microenvironment (TME) in breast cancer progression. Clinacanthus nutans (CN) has gained much attention because of its anticancer properties, but its mechanism remains unclear. We aimed to study the qualitative phytochemical content and elucidate the cytotoxicity effects of CN on human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), MDA-MB-231 and human macrophage-like cells such as THP-1 by using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. As highly metastatic cells, MDA-MB-231 cells can migrate to the distal position, the effect of CN on migration were also elucidated using the scratch assay. The CN effects on ameliorating chronic inflammation in TME were studied following the co-culture of MDA-MB-231/THP-1 macrophages. The cytokine expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined using ELISA assays. The results showed that both ethanolic and aqueous CN extracts contained alkaloid, phenol and tannin, flavonoid, terpenoid, glycoside and steroid. However, saponin was only found in the aqueous extract of CN. CN was not cytotoxic to both MDA-MB-231 and THP-1 cells. The ability of MDA-MB-231 to migrate was also not halted by CN treatment. However, CN ethanol extract decreased IL-6 at 25 μg/mL (p = 0.02) and 100 μg/mL (p = 0.03) but CN aqueous extract increased IL-6 expression at 50 μg/mL (p = 0.08) and 100 μg/mL (p = 0.02). IL-1β showed decreased expression after treated with CN ethanol and CN aqueous both at 25 μg/mL (p = 0.03). TNF-α were significantly decreased after CN ethanol treatment at concentration 25- (p = 0.001), 50- (p = 0.000) and 100 μg/mL (p = 0.000). CN aqueous extract slightly inhibited TNF-α at all 25–50- and 100 μg/mL (p = 0.001, p = 0.000, p = 0.000, respectively). Overall, CN acts by ameliorating the pro-inflammatory condition in the TME and may be a potential strategy for its anticancer mechanism on highly metastatic breast cancer condition. The major pathways that link both cancer and inflammation were NF-κB and STATs thus further study on the upstream and downstream pathways is needed to fully understand the mechanism of CN extracts in cooling the inflamed TME in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariza Juliana Nordin
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lishantini Pearanpan
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Meng Chan
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Endang Kumolosasi
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Keong Yong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khozirah Shaari
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadilah Rajab
- Biomedical Science Program, Center for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
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Recent Advancement in Anticancer Activity of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm. f.) Lindau. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:5560502. [PMID: 34135980 PMCID: PMC8175158 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5560502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinacanthus nutans is a traditional medicinal herb that is applied for the therapy of snake bites, skin infection, herpes infection, burns, scalds, dysentery, and diabetes. Clinacanthus nutans is also used to treat several cancers, including breast, cervical, colon, gastric, head and neck, liver, lung, pancreatic, and skin cancers, as well as lymphoma and leukemia; however, the underlying mechanisms of its anticancer activity remained undetermined. We searched PubMed and Google with key words “Clinacanthus nutans and cancer” and collected recent papers of Clinacanthus nutans with anticancer activity. We focused on the preparation, effects, and action mechanisms of Clinacanthus nutans extracts on various types of cancers. We hope that this mini review can help update our knowledge about active components, effects, and molecular mechanisms of extracts from this promising herb Clinacanthus nutans for ongoing studies and speed up its clinical application in the future.
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Haron NH, Md Toha Z, Abas R, Hamdan MR, Azman N, Khairuddean M, Arsad H. In Vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Clinacanthus nutans Leaf Extracts Against HeLa Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:601-609. [PMID: 30806066 PMCID: PMC6897000 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.2.601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the antiproliferative activity of extracts of Clinacanthus nutans leaves against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells. Methods: C. nutans leaves were subjected to extraction using 80% methanol or water. The methanol extract was further extracted to obtain hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), and aqueous fractions. The antiproliferative activity of the extracts against HeLa cells was determined. The most cytotoxic extract was furthered analyzed by apoptosis and cell cycle assays, and the phytochemical constituents were screened by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: All of the extracts were antiproliferative against HeLa cells, and the DCM fraction had the lowest IC50 value of 70 µg/mL at 48 h. Microscopic studies showed that HeLa cells exposed to the DCM fraction exhibited marked morphological features of apoptosis. The flow cytometry study also confirmed that the DCM fraction induced apoptosis in HeLa cells, with cell cycle arrest at the S phase. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of at least 28 compounds in the DCM fraction, most of which were fatty acids. Conclusion: The DCM fraction obtained using the extraction method described herein had a lower IC50 value than those reported in previous studies that characterized the anticancer activity of C. nutans against HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor Hasyimah Haron
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200 Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia.
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