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Rastegari B, Ghamar Talepoor A, Khosropanah S, Doroudchi M. In Vitro Targeted Delivery of Simvastatin and Niacin to Macrophages Using Mannan-Grafted Magnetite Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:658-674. [PMID: 38222576 PMCID: PMC10785661 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of mortality worldwide, involves various subsets of macrophages that contribute to its initiation and progression. Current treatment approaches focus on systemic, long-term administration of cholesterol-lowering antioxidants such as statins and certain vitamins, which unfortunately come with prolonged side effects. To overcome these drawbacks, a mannose-containing magnetic nanoparticle (NP) is introduced as a drug delivery system to specifically target macrophages in vitro using simvastatin or niacin and a combinational therapy approach that reduces local inflammation while avoiding unwanted side effects. The synthesized NPs exhibited superparamagnetic behavior, neutrally charged thin coating with a hydrodynamic size of 77.23 ± 13.90 nm, and a metallic core ranging from 15 to 25 nm. Efficient loading of niacin (87.21%) and simvastatin (75.36%) on the NPs was achieved at respective weights of 20.13 and 5.03 (w/w). In the presence of a mannan hydrolyzing enzyme, 79.51% of simvastatin and 67.23% of niacin were released from the NPs within 90 min, with a leakage rate below 19.22%. Additionally, the coated NPs showed no destructive effect on J774A macrophages up to a concentration of 200 μg/mL. Simvastatin-loaded NPs exhibited a minimal increase in IL-6 expression. The low dosage of simvastatin decreased both IL-6 and ARG1 expressions, while niacin and combined simvastatin/niacin increased the level of ARG1 expression significantly. Toxicity evaluations on human umbilical vein endothelial cells and murine liver cells revealed that free simvastatin administration caused significant toxicity, whereas the encapsulated forms of simvastatin, niacin, and a combination of simvastatin/niacin at equivalent concentrations exhibited no significant toxicity. Hence, the controlled release of the encapsulated form of simvastatin and niacin resulted in the effective modulation of macrophage polarization. The delivery system showed suitability for targeting macrophages to atherosclerotic plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Rastegari
- Diagnostic
Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical
Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71439-14693, Iran
- Department
of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department
of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
- Immunology
Center for Excellence, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Shahdad Khosropanah
- Department
of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department
of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
- Immunology
Center for Excellence, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45794, Iran
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Besseris GJ. Synchronous screening-and-optimization of nano-engineered blood pressure-drop using rapid robust non-linear Taguchi profiling. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Magnetic Accumulation of SPIONs under Arterial Flow Conditions: Effect of Serum and Red Blood Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142588. [PMID: 31315293 PMCID: PMC6681042 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic drug targeting utilizes an external magnetic field to target superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and their cargo to the diseased vasculature regions. In the arteries, the flow conditions affect the behavior of magnetic particles and the efficacy of their accumulation. In order to estimate the magnetic capture of SPIONs in more physiological-like settings, we previously established an ex vivo model based on human umbilical cord arteries. The artery model was employed in our present studies in order to analyze the effects of the blood components on the efficacy of magnetic targeting, utilizing 2 types of SPIONs with different physicochemical characteristics. In the presence of freshly isolated human plasma or whole blood, a strong increase in iron content measured by AES was observed for both particle types along the artery wall, in parallel with clotting activation due to endogenous thrombin generation in plasma. Subsequent studies therefore utilized SPION suspensions in serum and washed red blood cells (RBCs) at hematocrit 50%. Interestingly, in contrast to cell culture medium suspensions, magnetic accumulation of circulating SPION-3 under the external magnet was achieved in the presence of RBCs. Taken together, our data shows that the presence of blood components affects, but does not prevent, the magnetic accumulation of circulating SPIONs.
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Matuszak J, Dörfler P, Lyer S, Unterweger H, Juenet M, Chauvierre C, Alaarg A, Franke D, Almer G, Texier I, Metselaar JM, Prassl R, Alexiou C, Mangge H, Letourneur D, Cicha I. Comparative analysis of nanosystems’ effects on human endothelial and monocytic cell functions. Nanotoxicology 2018; 12:957-974. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1502375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Matuszak
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Dörfler
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Maya Juenet
- INSERM, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, X Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- INSERM, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, X Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Amr Alaarg
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gunter Almer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabelle Texier
- Grenoble Alpes Université, CEA-LETI MINATEC Campus, Grenoble, France
| | - Josbert M. Metselaar
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH University Clinic Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Didier Letourneur
- INSERM, U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, X Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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5
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Matus MF, Vilos C, Cisterna BA, Fuentes E, Palomo I. Nanotechnology and primary hemostasis: Differential effects of nanoparticles on platelet responses. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 101:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Cicha I, Singh R, Garlichs CD, Alexiou C. Nano-biomaterials for cardiovascular applications: Clinical perspective. J Control Release 2016; 229:23-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Matuszak J, Baumgartner J, Zaloga J, Juenet M, da Silva AE, Franke D, Almer G, Texier I, Faivre D, Metselaar JM, Navarro FP, Chauvierre C, Prassl R, Dézsi L, Urbanics R, Alexiou C, Mangge H, Szebeni J, Letourneur D, Cicha I. Nanoparticles for intravascular applications: physicochemical characterization and cytotoxicity testing. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:597-616. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: We report the physicochemical analysis of nanosystems intended for cardiovascular applications and their toxicological characterization in static and dynamic cell culture conditions. Methods: Size, polydispersity and ζ-potential were determined in 10 nanoparticle systems including liposomes, lipid nanoparticles, polymeric and iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanoparticle effects on primary human endothelial cell viability were monitored using real-time cell analysis and live-cell microscopy in static conditions, and in a flow model of arterial bifurcations. Results & conclusions: The majority of tested nanosystems were well tolerated by endothelial cells up to the concentration of 100 μg/ml in static, and up to 400 μg/ml in dynamic conditions. Pilot experiments in a pig model showed that intravenous administration of liposomal nanoparticles did not evoke the hypersensitivity reaction. These findings are of importance for future clinical use of nanosystems intended for intravascular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Matuszak
- Cardiovascular Nanomedicine Unit, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstr. 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Baumgartner
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jan Zaloga
- Cardiovascular Nanomedicine Unit, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstr. 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maya Juenet
- Inserm U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, X. Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Acarília Eduardo da Silva
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gunter Almer
- Clinical Institute of Medical & Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Isabelle Texier
- CEA-LETI MINATEC/DTBS, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Damien Faivre
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids & Interfaces, Science Park Golm, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Josbert M Metselaar
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic & Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, X. Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ruth Prassl
- Institute of Biophysics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - László Dézsi
- Nanomedicine Research & Education Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Christoph Alexiou
- Cardiovascular Nanomedicine Unit, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstr. 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Mangge
- Clinical Institute of Medical & Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - János Szebeni
- Nanomedicine Research & Education Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SeroScience Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm U1148, LVTS, Paris Diderot University, Paris 13 University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, X. Bichat Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Cardiovascular Nanomedicine Unit, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstr. 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Lyer S, Tietze R, Unterweger H, Zaloga J, Singh R, Matuszak J, Poettler M, Friedrich RP, Duerr S, Cicha I, Janko C, Alexiou C. Nanomedical innovation: the SEON-concept for an improved cancer therapy with magnetic nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:3287-304. [PMID: 26472623 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine offers tremendous opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic tools. During the last decades, extensive knowledge was gained about stabilizing and the coating of nanoparticles, their functionalization for drug binding and drug release and possible strategies for therapies and diagnostics of different diseases. Most recently, more and more emphasis has been placed on nanotoxicology and nanosafety aspects. The section of experimental oncology and nanomedicine developed a concept for translating this knowledge into clinical application of magnetic drug targeting for the treatment of cancer and other diseases using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. This approach includes reproducible synthesis, detailed characterization, nanotoxicological testing, evaluation in ex vivo models, preclinical animal studies and production of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles according to good manufacturing practice regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Lyer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Zaloga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raminder Singh
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Matuszak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marina Poettler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf P Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Duerr
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Phoniatrics & Pediatric Audiology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, Bohlenplatz 21, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Janko
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Section of Experimental Oncology & Nanomedicine (SEON), Head & Neck Surgery, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung-Professorship, University Hospital Erlangen, Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Matuszak J, Dörfler P, Zaloga J, Unterweger H, Lyer S, Dietel B, Alexiou C, Cicha I. Shell matters: Magnetic targeting of SPIONs and in vitro effects on endothelial and monocytic cell function. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 61:259-77. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-151998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Matuszak
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Dörfler
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Zaloga
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Unterweger
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Lyer
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Dietel
- Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iwona Cicha
- Section of Experimental Oncology und Nanomedicine (SEON), ENT-Department, Erlangen, Germany
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Nanoparticles in endothelial theranostics. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:751-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Juenet M, Varna M, Aid-Launais R, Chauvierre C, Letourneur D. Nanomedicine for the molecular diagnosis of cardiovascular pathologies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:476-84. [PMID: 26129770 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Predicting acute clinical events caused by atherosclerotic plaque rupture remains a clinical challenge. Anatomic mapping of the vascular tree provided by standard imaging technologies is not always sufficient for a robust diagnosis. Yet biological mechanisms leading to unstable plaques have been identified and corresponding biomarkers have been described. Nanosystems charged with contrast agents and targeted towards these specific biomarkers have been developed for several types of imaging modalities. The first systems that have reached the clinic are ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Their potential relies on their passive accumulation by predominant physiological mechanisms in rupture-prone plaques. Active targeting strategies are under development to improve their specificity and set up other types of nanoplatforms. Preclinical results show a huge potential of nanomedicine for cardiovascular diagnosis, as long as the safety of these nanosystems in the body is studied in depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Juenet
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Varna
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Rachida Aid-Launais
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
| | - Cédric Chauvierre
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France.
| | - Didier Letourneur
- Inserm, U1148, Cardiovascular Bio-Engineering, X. Bichat Hospital, 75018, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Institut Galilée, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75018, Paris, France
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12
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The Healthcare Ecosystem and Biomedical Research Funding. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b18615-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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