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Di Gesù CM, Buffington SA. The early life exposome and autism risk: a role for the maternal microbiome? Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2385117. [PMID: 39120056 PMCID: PMC11318715 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2385117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are highly heritable, heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by clinical presentation of atypical social, communicative, and repetitive behaviors. Over the past 25 years, hundreds of ASD risk genes have been identified. Many converge on key molecular pathways, from translational control to those regulating synaptic structure and function. Despite these advances, therapeutic approaches remain elusive. Emerging data unearthing the relationship between genetics, microbes, and immunity in ASD suggest an integrative physiology approach could be paramount to delivering therapeutic breakthroughs. Indeed, the advent of large-scale multi-OMIC data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation is yielding an increasingly mechanistic understanding of ASD and underlying risk factors, revealing how genetic susceptibility interacts with microbial genetics, metabolism, epigenetic (re)programming, and immunity to influence neurodevelopment and behavioral outcomes. It is now possible to foresee exciting advancements in the treatment of some forms of ASD that could markedly improve quality of life and productivity for autistic individuals. Here, we highlight recent work revealing how gene X maternal exposome interactions influence risk for ASD, with emphasis on the intrauterine environment and fetal neurodevelopment, host-microbe interactions, and the evolving therapeutic landscape for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Di Gesù
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shelly A. Buffington
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Fan M, Dong L, Meng Y, Wang Y, Zhen J, Qiu J. Leptin Promotes HTR-8/SVneo Cell Invasion via the Crosstalk between MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT Pathways. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7052176. [PMID: 36457544 PMCID: PMC9708374 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7052176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The process of placental invasion is essential for a successful pregnancy. Leptin is involved in trophoblast invasiveness, and its dysregulation is connected with a series of diseases, including preeclampsia. However, the knowledge of the precise mechanisms in leptin-induced trophoblast invasiveness is still limited. According to the present research, transwell assay suggested that leptin is a dose- and time-dependent regulator in inducing HTR-8/SVneo cell invasion. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining revealed that leptin-induced MMP9 expression is essential in the invasion process of HTR-8/SVneo cells. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that leptin activated β-catenin via the crosstalk between the MTA1/WNT and PI3K/AKT pathways. Besides, we showed that downregulating the key molecules in the signaling pathways by siRNA can inhibit leptin-induced MMP9 expression and further suppress invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells. In conclusion, our study revealed a new regulatory mechanism of leptin-induced HTR-8/SVneo cell invasiveness and will provide novel insights into the causes and potential therapeutic targets for diseases related to dysregulation of trophoblast invasion in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yanping Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021 Shandong, China
| | - Jianqing Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
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3
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Barragán-Zúñiga LJ, Marchat LA, Carrasco-Wong I, Blanco-Castaneda R, Salas-Pacheco JM, Simental-Mendia LE, Correa-Ramírez MM, Sosa-Macías M, Gutiérrez J, Galaviz-Hernandez C. Evaluation of the PLAC8 Gene in Mexican Women With and Without Preeclampsia and Obesity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:795309. [PMID: 35252239 PMCID: PMC8893357 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.795309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a leading cause of maternal-fetal mortality worldwide, and obesity is an important risk factor. Genes associated with pathophysiological events common to preeclampsia and obesity, such as PLAC8, remain to be studied; therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate this gene in the placentas of women affected with preeclampsia and healthy pregnant women. This case-controlled study included 71 healthy and 64 preeclampsia pregnancies. Gene expression was evaluated in primary human cytotrophoblasts (PHCT) from six normal and six preeclampsia pregnancies, and protein expression was verified in placentas from five healthy and six preeclampsia pregnancies. The whole coding and 5′ regions of the PLAC8 gene were sequenced from healthy (n = 10) and preeclamptic (n = 10) pregnancies. The presence of the observed nucleotide variations was analyzed by RT-PCR in the total population. Statistical analyses were performed accordingly. Obesity was associated with severe preeclampsia (SPE) (OR = 3.34; CI 95% 1.3–8.2, p < 0.01). Significantly higher mRNA and protein expression was observed in preeclamptic vs. healthy placentas (p < 0.05). After sequencing, a single nucleotide variation was identified in 10 cases and one control (p < 0.01), which was then evaluated in the total population showing no association with preeclampsia. This preliminary study confirms the association of SPE with obesity and suggests higher expression of PLAC8 mRNA and protein in placentas from preeclampsia. No differences in nucleotide variations between cases and controls of the whole population were observed. Further research is required to evaluate the implications of higher gene/protein expression in preeclampsia and the causes of such variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jazel Barragán-Zúñiga
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Academia De Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacira el Desarrollo Integral Regional Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares en Trastornos del Embarazo, Chillán, Chile
| | - Laurence A. Marchat
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular II, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ivo Carrasco-Wong
- Cellular Signaling and Differentiation Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Blanco-Castaneda
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Academia De Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacira el Desarrollo Integral Regional Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares en Trastornos del Embarazo, Chillán, Chile
| | - José M. Salas-Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Mauricio Correa-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Academia de Entomología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacira el Desarrollo Integral Regional Durango, Durango, Mexico
| | - Martha Sosa-Macías
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Academia De Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacira el Desarrollo Integral Regional Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares en Trastornos del Embarazo, Chillán, Chile
| | - Jaime Gutiérrez
- Cellular Signaling and Differentiation Laboratory, School of Medical Technology, Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Jaime Gutiérrez
| | - Carlos Galaviz-Hernandez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Academia De Genómica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigacira el Desarrollo Integral Regional Durango, Durango, Mexico
- Red Iberoamericana de Alteraciones Vasculares en Trastornos del Embarazo, Chillán, Chile
- Carlos Galaviz-Hernandez ;
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Kargasheh FB, Ansaripour S, Borumandnia N, Moradi N, Zandieh Z, Maleki M, Mokhtar S, Karimi A, Fatemi F, Kheirollahi A, Vatannejad A. Association of leptin G2548A and leptin receptor Q223R polymorphisms and their serum levels with infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255920. [PMID: 34407095 PMCID: PMC8372961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokine leptin plays a crucial role in metabolic and reproductive functions. Leptin receptor has a soluble form that binds to leptin, thus modulating its level in the circulation. It has been indicated that the levels of leptin and leptin receptor and also LEP rs7799039 and LEPR rs1137101 polymorphisms are associated with metabolic disorders. In the present study, we assessed the levels of leptin and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and also the frequency of rs7799039 and rs1137101 polymorphisms in healthy fertile women and patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), inclusive of PCOS-infertile and PCOS-recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) subjects. METHODS A total of 324 PCOS patients- including 199 infertile cases and 125 patients with a history of RPL- and 144 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Biochemical parameters and plasma leptin and sOB-R levels were measured by ELISA and the genotypes of rs7799039 and rs1137101 polymorphisms were determined using PCR- RFLP. RESULTS Plasma leptin and sOB-R levels were significantly higher and lower in PCOS, PCOS-infertile and PCOS RPL groups, respectively. The GG genotype frequencies of rs7799039 and rs1137101 polymorphisms were significantly different between PCOS-infertile women and non-PCOS subjects (P = 0.043, OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.22-0.97, and P = 0.01, OR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.12-0.75, respectively). Increased LEP levels were associated with the risk of PCOS and RPL in women with PCOS (P = 0.039, OR = 1.203, 95%CI = [1.009-1.435] and P = 0.012, OR = 1.267, 95% CI = [1.054-1.522], respectively). CONCLUSION Polymorphisms rs7799039 and rs1137101 and circulating leptin and sOB-R levels were associated with infertility in Iranian women with PCOS. Further studies are needed to reveal the role of leptin in PCOS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soheila Ansaripour
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Borumandnia
- Urology and Nephrology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nariman Moradi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zahra Zandieh
- Shahid Akbar Abadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Monireh Maleki
- Department of Biology, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Mokhtar
- Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Karimi
- Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Fatemi
- Avicenna Infertility Clinic, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asma Kheirollahi
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Vatannejad
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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de Knegt VE, Hedley PL, Kanters JK, Thagaard IN, Krebs L, Christiansen M, Lausten-Thomsen U. The Role of Leptin in Fetal Growth during Pre-Eclampsia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094569. [PMID: 33925454 PMCID: PMC8123779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is secreted by the placenta and has a multi-facetted role in the regulation of functions related to pregnancy. Metabolic disorders and insufficient homeostatic compensatory mechanisms involving leptin during pregnancy play a decisive role in the development of pre-eclampsia (PE) and give rise to compromised intrauterine growth conditions and aberrant birth weight of offspring. This review was compiled to elucidate the metabolic background of PE and its relationship with adverse intrauterine growth conditions through the examination of leptin as well as to describe possible mechanisms linking leptin to fetal growth restriction. This review illustrates that leptin in PE is dysregulated in maternal, fetal, and placental compartments. There is no single set of unifying mechanisms within the spectrum of PE, and regulatory mechanisms involving leptin are specific to each situation. We conclude that dysregulated leptin is involved in fetal growth at many levels through complex interactions with parallel pregnancy systems and probably throughout the entirety of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E. de Knegt
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Danish National Biobank and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.L.H.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-50469429
| | - Paula L. Hedley
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Danish National Biobank and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.L.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Jørgen K. Kanters
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Ida N. Thagaard
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Slagelse, Ingemannsvej 18, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | - Lone Krebs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark;
| | - Michael Christiansen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Danish National Biobank and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institute, Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (P.L.H.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lausten-Thomsen
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
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Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak A, Malinowska M, Kloska A, Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka J, Gujski M, Bojar I, Raczkiewicz D, Jakiel G. Global Changes of 5-mC/5h-mC Ratio and Methylation of Adiponectin and Leptin Gene in Placenta Depending on Mode of Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3195. [PMID: 33801130 PMCID: PMC8004251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It was suggested that the epigenetic alterations of the placenta are associated with obesity, as well as the delivery mode. This study aimed to assess the effect of maternal outcome and delivery procedure on global placental DNA methylation status, as well as selected 5'-Cytosine-phosphate-Guanine-3' (CpG) sites in ADIPOQ and LEP genes. Global DNA methylation profile in the placenta was assessed using the 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) ratio evaluated with the ELISA, followed by target gene methylation patterns at selected gene regions which were determined using methylation-specific qPCR in 70 placentas from healthy, pregnant women with single pregnancy. We found no statistically significant differences in 5-mC/5-hmC ratio between intrapartum cesarean sections (CS) and vaginal deliveries (p = 0.214), as well as between elective cesarean sections and vaginal deliveries (p = 0.221). In intrapartum cesarean sections, the ADIPOQ demethylation index was significantly higher (the average: 1.75) compared to elective cesarean section (the average: 1.23, p = 0.010) and vaginal deliveries (the average: 1.23, p = 0.011). The LEP demethylation index did not significantly differ among elective CS, intrapartum CS, and vaginal delivery groups. The demethylation index of ADIPOQ correlated negatively with LEP in the placenta in the vaginal delivery group (r = -0.456, p = 0.017), but not with the global methylation. The methylation of a singular locus might be different depending on the mode of delivery and uterine contractions. Further studies should be conducted with locus-specific analysis of the whole genome to detect the methylation index of specific genes involved in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Słabuszewska-Jóźwiak
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Żelazna 90, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marcelina Malinowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (A.K.); (J.J.-B.)
| | - Anna Kloska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (A.K.); (J.J.-B.)
| | - Joanna Jakóbkiewicz-Banecka
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.M.); (A.K.); (J.J.-B.)
| | - Mariusz Gujski
- Department of Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Nielubowicza 5, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Iwona Bojar
- Department of Women’s Health, Institute of Rural Health in Lublin, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Dorota Raczkiewicz
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Kleczewska 61/63, 01-826 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Jakiel
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Żelazna 90, 01-004 Warsaw, Poland;
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Pheiffer C, Dias S, Jack B, Malaza N, Adam S. Adiponectin as a Potential Biomarker for Pregnancy Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1326. [PMID: 33572712 PMCID: PMC7866110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, mainly attributed to its insulin-sensitizing properties. Accumulating studies have reported that adiponectin concentrations are decreased during metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, with an emerging body of evidence providing support for its use as a biomarker for pregnancy complications. The identification of maternal factors that could predict the outcome of compromised pregnancies could act as valuable tools that allow the early recognition of high-risk pregnancies, facilitating close follow-up and prevention of pregnancy complications in mother and child. In this review we consider the role of adiponectin as a potential biomarker of disorders associated with pregnancy. We discuss common disorders associated with pregnancy (gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, preterm birth and abnormal intrauterine growth) and highlight studies that have investigated the potential of adiponectin to serve as biomarkers for these disorders. We conclude the review by recommending strategies to consider for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (S.D.); (B.J.); (N.M.)
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, P.O. Box 19063, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Stephanie Dias
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (S.D.); (B.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Babalwa Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (S.D.); (B.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Nompumelelo Malaza
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform (BRIP), South African Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa; (S.D.); (B.J.); (N.M.)
- Department of Reproductive Biology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Sumaiya Adam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X169, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
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Abstract
Background: Although pregestational obesity has been associated with increased risk of adverse fetal outcome, the mechanisms behind are not known. We aimed to investigate the influence of the maternal metabolic state on fetal outcome in rats exposed to either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a control diet (CD). We also investigated the impact of serum collected from HFD/CD pregnant rats on CD embryonic development in whole-embryo cultures. Material and methods: On gestational day 0, 9, 10, or 20 maternal plasma/serum samples were collected as pregnancies were terminated for the estimations of maternal metabolic state and embryo-fetal development. We measured embryonic gene expression of ROS scavenger enzymes as well as genes involved in inflammation in maternal adipose tissue. Results: In HFD maternal plasma/serum, concentrations of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, branched-chain amino acids, and leptin were increased, whereas those of triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids were decreased. Gene expression of CuZnSOD, IL-6, IL-10, and resistin was increased in HFD maternal adipose tissue, whereas that of CuZnSOD and MnSOD was decreased in HFD-exposed embryos. HFD caused retention of most fatty acids in the maternal liver as well. Conclusion: HFD alters the maternal metabolic state, increases fetal resorptions in vivo, and increases the rate of fetal/embryonic malformations both in vivo and in vitro. These findings suggest that metabolic disturbances in HFD pregnant rats have profound adverse developmental effects in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parri Wentzel
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- CONTACT Parri Wentzel Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, PO Box 571, Biomedical Center, SE-751 23Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf J. Eriksson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilio Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry, CEU San Pablo University, Madrid, Spain
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Nogues P, Dos Santos E, Jammes H, Berveiller P, Arnould L, Vialard F, Dieudonné MN. Maternal obesity influences expression and DNA methylation of the adiponectin and leptin systems in human third-trimester placenta. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:20. [PMID: 30732639 PMCID: PMC6367801 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that obesity is associated with dysregulation of the ratio between the two major adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Furthermore, it was recently reported that maternal obesity has a significant impact on placental development. Leptin and adiponectin are present at the fetal-maternal interface and are involved in the development of a functional placenta. However, less is known about leptin and adiponectin's involvement in the placental alterations described in obese women. Hence, the objective of the present study was to characterize the placental expression and DNA methylation of these two adipokine systems (ligands and receptors) in obese women. RESULTS Biopsies were collected from the fetal and maternal sides of third-trimester placenta in obese and non-obese (control) women. In both groups, leptin levels were higher on the fetal side than the maternal side, suggesting that this cytokine has a pivotal role in fetal growth. Secondly, maternal obesity (in the absence of gestational diabetes) was associated with (i) elevated DNA methylation of the leptin promoter on fetal side only, (ii) hypomethylation of the adiponectin promoter on the maternal side only, (iii) significantly low levels of leptin receptor protein (albeit in the absence of differences in mRNA levels and promoter DNA methylation), (iv) significantly low levels of adiponectin receptor 1 mRNA expression on the maternal side only, and (v) elevated DNA methylation of the adiponectin receptor 2 promoter on the maternal side only. CONCLUSION Our present results showed that maternal obesity is associated with the downregulation of both leptin/adiponectin systems in term placenta, and thus a loss of the beneficial effects of these two adipokines on placental development. Maternal obesity was also associated with epigenetic changes in leptin and adiponectin systems; this highlighted the molecular mechanisms involved in the placenta's adaptation to a harmful maternal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Nogues
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Esther Dos Santos
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Service de Biologie Médicale, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Hélène Jammes
- UMR BDR, INRA, ENVA, Université Paris Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Paul Berveiller
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Lucie Arnould
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - François Vialard
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.,Département de Biologie de la Reproduction, Cytogénétique, Centre Hospitalier de Poissy-Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Poissy, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Dieudonné
- GIG-EA 7404, Université de Versailles-St Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, Unité de Formation et de Recherche des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, 2 avenue de la Source de la Bièvre, F-78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
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Crean-Tate KK, Reizes O. Leptin Regulation of Cancer Stem Cells in Breast and Gynecologic Cancer. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3069-3080. [PMID: 29955847 PMCID: PMC6669812 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that obesity increases the incidence and worsens the prognosis of women's cancer. For breast cancer, women with obesity exhibit more than a twofold increase in the odds of being diagnosed with cancer, with a greater risk of advanced stage at diagnosis, and ≤40% greater risk of recurrence and death than their normal-weight counterparts. These findings are similar in gynecologic cancers, where women who are obese with a body mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m2 have up to six times greater risk of developing endometrial cancer and a 9.2% increase in mortality with every 10% increase in BMI. Likewise, patients with obesity exhibit a twofold higher risk of premenopausal ovarian cancer, and patients who are obese with advanced stage ovarian cancer have shown a shorter time to recurrence and poorer overall survival. Obesity is accompanied by changes in expression of adipose factors that act on local tissues and systemically. Once obesity was recognized as a factor in cancer incidence and progression, the adipose cytokine (adipokine) leptin became the focus of intense investigation as a putative link, with nearly 3000 publications on the topic. Leptin has been shown to increase cell proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, promote angiogenesis, and increase therapeutic resistance. These characteristics are associated with a subset of cells in both liquid and solid tumors known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), or tumor initiating cells. We will review the literature discussing leptin's role in breast and gynecologic cancer, focusing on its role in CSCs, and consider goals for targeting future therapy in this arena to disrupt tumor initiation and progression in women's cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie K Crean-Tate
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women’s Health Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Ofer Reizes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, Ohio
- Correspondence: Ofer Reizes, PhD, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NC10, Cleveland, Ohio 44195. E-mail:
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Thomas AE, Inagadapa PJN, Jeyapal S, Merugu NM, Kalashikam RR, Manchala R. Maternal Magnesium Restriction Elevates Glucocorticoid Stress and Inflammation in the Placenta and Fetus of WNIN Rat Dams. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 181:281-287. [PMID: 28551889 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1058-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium plays a major role in many vital functions in the body. We reported earlier that maternal magnesium restriction altered body composition, fat metabolism, and insulin resistance in WNIN rat offspring and was associated with increased glucocorticoid stress in the offspring in their later life. We hypothesize that increased glucocorticoid stress and inflammation which originate in Mg restricted rat dams is transmitted through placenta to the fetus and underlie the metabolic disturbances in the later life of the offspring. Female weanling WNIN rats received ad libitum, a control diet (MgC) or the same with 62% restriction of Mg (MgR) for 3 months, and their plasma magnesium, inflammatory cytokines, and corticosterone were determined (n = 6 per group) before mating. Following mating with control males, placentae, and fetuses were collected on gestational day 15 (GD 15) from MgC and MgR dams (eight dams from each group and three samples from each dam) and used to determine the levels of inflammatory cytokines, corticosterone, and expression of relevant genes. MgR placentae and fetuses had higher (than MgC) levels of corticosterone and proinflammatory cytokines. Expression of Hsd11b1 was increased (sixfold, p < 0.05), while that of Hsd11b2 was decreased (0.4-fold, p < 0.05) in MgR (than MgC) placenta, whereas expression of Hsd11b1was increased (3.4-fold, p < 0.05) in MgR fetus. Chronic dietary magnesium restriction in WNIN female rats increased their levels of corticosterone, leptin, and proinflammatory cytokines which appeared to be transmitted through placenta to the fetus and could thus be associated with increased stress, altered body composition, fat metabolism, and insulin resistance in the later life of the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Elizabeth Thomas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Padmavathi J N Inagadapa
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Sugeetha Jeyapal
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Naga Muralidhar Merugu
- Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajender Rao Kalashikam
- Molecular Genetics, National Centre for Laboratory Animal Sciences, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Raghunath Manchala
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
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12
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Schanton M, Maymó JL, Pérez-Pérez A, Sánchez-Margalet V, Varone CL. Involvement of leptin in the molecular physiology of the placenta. Reproduction 2017; 155:R1-R12. [PMID: 29018059 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a homeostatic regulator in the placenta where it promotes proliferation, protein synthesis and the expression of tolerogenic maternal response molecules such as HLA-G. Leptin also exerts an anti-apoptotic action in placenta controlling the expression of p53 master cell cycle regulator under different stress conditions. On the other hand, leptin is an integrative target of different placental stimuli. The expression of leptin in placenta is regulated by hCG, insulin, steroids, hypoxia and many other growth hormones, suggesting that it might have an important endocrine function in the trophoblastic cells. The leptin expression is induced involving the cAMP/PKA or cAMP/Epac pathways which have profound actions upon human trophoblast function. The activation of PI3K and MAPK pathways also participates in the leptin expression. Estrogens play a central role during pregnancy, particularly 17β-estradiol upregulates the leptin expression in placental cells through genomic and non-genomic actions. The leptin promoter analysis reveals specific elements that are active in placental cells. The transcription factors CREB, AP1, Sp1, NFκB and the coactivator CBP are involved in the placental leptin expression. Moreover, placental leptin promoter is a target of epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation that regulates not only the leptin expression in placenta during pregnancy but also determines the predisposition of acquiring adult metabolism diseases. Taken together, all these results allow a better understanding of leptin function and regulatory mechanisms of leptin expression in human placental trophoblasts, and support the importance of leptin during pregnancy and in programming adult health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Schanton
- Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos AiresCONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julieta L Maymó
- Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos AiresCONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Pérez-Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología MolecularHospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología MolecularHospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, España
| | - Cecilia L Varone
- Departamento de Química BiológicaUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Buenos Aires, Argentina .,Universidad de Buenos AiresCONICET, Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Gallo L, Barrett H, Dekker Nitert M. Review: Placental transport and metabolism of energy substrates in maternal obesity and diabetes. Placenta 2017; 54:59-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Howell KR, Powell TL. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reproduction 2016; 153:R97-R108. [PMID: 27864335 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions, and pregnancies in obese mothers have increased risk for complications including gestational diabetes, hypertensive disorders, pre-term birth and caesarian section. Children born to obese mothers are at increased risk of obesity and metabolic disease and are susceptible to develop neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders. Changes in placental function not only play a critical role in the development of pregnancy complications but may also be involved in linking maternal obesity to long-term health risks in the infant. Maternal adipokines, i.e., interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), leptin and adiponectin link maternal nutritional status and adipose tissue metabolism to placental function. Adipokines and metabolic hormones have direct impact on placental function by modulating placental nutrient transport. Nutrient delivery to the fetus is regulated by a complex interaction including insulin signaling, cytokine profile and insulin responsiveness, which is modulated by adiponectin and IL-1β. In addition, obese pregnant women are at risk for hypertension and preeclampsia with reduced placental vascularity and blood flow, which would restrict placental nutrient delivery to the developing fetus. These sometimes opposing signals regulating placental function may contribute to the diversity of short and long-term outcomes observed in pregnant obese women. This review focuses on the changes in adipokines and obesity-related metabolic hormones, how these factors influence placental function and fetal development to contribute to long-term metabolic and behavioral consequences of children born to obese mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy R Howell
- Departments of PsychiatryObstetrics/Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Departments of PsychiatryObstetrics/Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Luna RL, Vasconcelos AG, Nunes AKS, de Oliveira WH, Barbosa KPDS, Peixoto CA. Effects of Sildenafil Citrate and Heparin Treatments on Placental Cell Morphology in a Murine Model of Pregnancy Loss. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 201:193-202. [PMID: 26978649 DOI: 10.1159/000444123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections during pregnancy are well established as models for pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction (FGR), thrombophilia, preterm labor and abortion. Indeed, inflammation, as induced by LPS injection has been described as a pivotal factor in cases of miscarriage related to placental tissue damage. The phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor sildenafil (Viagra®) is currently used to treat FGR cases in women, while low-molecular weight heparin (Fragmin®) is a standard treatment for recurrent miscarriage (RM). However, the pathways and cellular dynamics involved in RM are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of sildenafil and dalteparin in a mouse model of LPS-induced abortion. Histopathology, ultrastructural analysis and immunofluorescence for P-selectin were studied in two different placental cell types: trophoblast cells and labyrinth endothelial cells. Treatment with sildenafil either alone or in combination with heparin showed the best response against LPS-induced injury during pregnancy. In conclusion, our results support the use of these drugs as future therapeutic agents that may protect the placenta against inflammatory injury in RM events. Analyses of the ultrastructure and placental immunophysiology are important to understand the mechanism underlying RM. These findings may spark future studies and aid in the development of new therapies in cases of RM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Leal Luna
- Ultrastructure Laboratory, Aggeu Magalhx00E3;es Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
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