1
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Ma S, Chen H, Liu S, Huang X, Mo T, Liu WQ, Zhang W, Ding W, Zhang Q. A gene-encoded aldehyde tag repurposed from RiPP cyclophane-forming pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 101:129653. [PMID: 38360420 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Gene-encoded aldehyde tag technology has been widely utilized in protein bioorthogonal chemistry and biotechnological application. Herein, we report utilization of the promiscuous rSAM cyclophane synthase SjiB involved in triceptide biosynthesis as a dedicated and highly efficient formylglycine synthase. The new aldehyde tag sequence in this system, YQSSI, is biosynthetically orthogonal to the known aldehyde tag (C/S)x(P/A)xR. The potential use of SjiB/YQSSI aldehyde tag system was further validated in fluorescent labelling of model proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suze Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Heng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shuxun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuedong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianlu Mo
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Wan-Qiu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Microbial Resources and Engineering of Gansu Province, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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2
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Wang S, Wang H, Drabek A, Smith WS, Liang F, Huang ZR. Unleashing the Potential: Designing Antibody-Targeted Lipid Nanoparticles for Industrial Applications with CMC Considerations and Clinical Outlook. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:4-17. [PMID: 38117251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-targeted lipid nanoparticles (Ab-LNPs) are rapidly gaining traction as multifaceted platforms in precision medicine, adept at delivering a diverse array of therapeutic agents, including nucleic acids and small molecules. This review provides an incisive overview of the latest developments in the field of Ab-LNP technology, with a special emphasis on pivotal design aspects such as antibody engineering, bioconjugation strategies, and advanced formulation techniques. Furthermore, it addresses critical chemistry, manufacturing, and controls (CMC) considerations and thoroughly examines the in vivo dynamics of Ab-LNPs, underscoring their promising potential for clinical application. By seamlessly blending scientific advancements with practical industrial perspectives, this review casts a spotlight on the burgeoning role of Ab-LNPs as an innovative and potent tool in the realm of targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Wang
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Andrew Drabek
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Wenwen Sha Smith
- FUSION BioVenture, 15 Presidential Way, Woburn, Massachusetts 01801, United States
| | - Feng Liang
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Zhaohua Richard Huang
- Sanofi, Genomic Medicine Unit, 225 Second Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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3
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Yu M, Wu M, Secundo F, Liu Z. Detection, production, modification, and application of arylsulfatases. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108207. [PMID: 37406746 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Arylsulfatase is a subset of sulfatase which catalyzes the hydrolysis of aryl sulfate ester. Arylsulfatase is widely distributed among microorganisms, mammals and green algae, but the arylsulfatase-encoding gene has not yet been found in the genomes of higher plants so far. Arylsulfatase plays an important role in the sulfur flows between nature and organisms. In this review, we present the maturation and catalytic mechanism of arylsulfatase, and the recent literature on the expression and production of arylsulfatase in wild-type and engineered microorganisms, as well as the modification of arylsulfatase by genetic engineering are summarized. We focus on arylsulfatases from microbial origin and give an overview of different assays and substrates used to determine the arylsulfatase activity. Furthermore, the researches about arylsulfatase application on the field of agar desulfation, soil sulfur cycle and soil evaluation are also discussed. Finally, the perspectives concerning the future research on arylsulfatase are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Yu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Meixian Wu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Zhen Liu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China.
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4
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Alexander AK, Elshahawi SI. Promiscuous Enzymes for Residue-Specific Peptide and Protein Late-Stage Functionalization. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300372. [PMID: 37338668 PMCID: PMC10496146 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of peptides and proteins holds significant promise for drug discovery and facilitates bioorthogonal chemistry. This selective functionalization leads to innovative advances in in vitro and in vivo biological research. However, it is a challenging endeavor to selectively target a certain amino acid or position in the presence of other residues containing reactive groups. Biocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for selective, efficient, and economical modifications of molecules. Enzymes that have the ability to modify multiple complex substrates or selectively install nonnative handles have wide applications. Herein, we highlight enzymes with broad substrate tolerance that have been demonstrated to modify a specific amino acid residue in simple or complex peptides and/or proteins at late-stage. The different substrates accepted by these enzymes are mentioned together with the reported downstream bioorthogonal reactions that have benefited from the enzymatic selective modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Alexander
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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5
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Maiti R, Patel B, Patel N, Patel M, Patel A, Dhanesha N. Antibody drug conjugates as targeted cancer therapy: past development, present challenges and future opportunities. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:361-388. [PMID: 37071273 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) are promising cancer therapeutics with minimal toxicity as compared to small cytotoxic molecules alone and have shown the evidence to overcome resistance against tumor and prevent relapse of cancer. The ADC has a potential to change the paradigm of cancer chemotherapeutic treatment. At present, 13 ADCs have been approved by USFDA for the treatment of various types of solid tumor and haematological malignancies. This review covers the three structural components of an ADC-antibody, linker, and cytotoxic payload-along with their respective structure, chemistry, mechanism of action, and influence on the activity of ADCs. It covers comprehensive insight on structural role of linker towards efficacy, stability & toxicity of ADCs, different types of linkers & various conjugation techniques. A brief overview of various analytical techniques used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of ADC is summarized. The current challenges of ADCs, such as heterogeneity, bystander effect, protein aggregation, inefficient internalization or poor penetration into tumor cells, narrow therapeutic index, emergence of resistance, etc., are outlined along with recent advances and future opportunities for the development of more promising next-generation ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritwik Maiti
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhumika Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India.
| | - Nrupesh Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, Gujarat, India
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Alkesh Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, CHARUSAT Campus, Changa, 388421, Gujarat, India
| | - Nirav Dhanesha
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71103, USA.
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6
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Jeon J, Subramani SV, Lee KZ, Jiang B, Zhang F. Microbial Synthesis of High-Molecular-Weight, Highly Repetitive Protein Polymers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6416. [PMID: 37047388 PMCID: PMC10094428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
High molecular weight (MW), highly repetitive protein polymers are attractive candidates to replace petroleum-derived materials as these protein-based materials (PBMs) are renewable, biodegradable, and have outstanding mechanical properties. However, their high MW and highly repetitive sequence features make them difficult to synthesize in fast-growing microbial cells in sufficient amounts for real applications. To overcome this challenge, various methods were developed to synthesize repetitive PBMs. Here, we review recent strategies in the construction of repetitive genes, expression of repetitive proteins from circular mRNAs, and synthesis of repetitive proteins by ligation and protein polymerization. We discuss the advantages and limitations of each method and highlight future directions that will lead to scalable production of highly repetitive PBMs for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juya Jeon
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; (J.J.); (S.V.S.); (K.Z.L.); (B.J.)
| | - Shri Venkatesh Subramani
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; (J.J.); (S.V.S.); (K.Z.L.); (B.J.)
| | - Kok Zhi Lee
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; (J.J.); (S.V.S.); (K.Z.L.); (B.J.)
| | - Bojing Jiang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; (J.J.); (S.V.S.); (K.Z.L.); (B.J.)
| | - Fuzhong Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA; (J.J.); (S.V.S.); (K.Z.L.); (B.J.)
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Division of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
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7
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Wu Y, Zhao C, Su Y, Shaik S, Lai W. Mechanistic Insight into Peptidyl-Cysteine Oxidation by the Copper-Dependent Formylglycine-Generating Enzyme. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212053. [PMID: 36545867 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The copper-dependent formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE) catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of specific peptidyl-cysteine residues to formylglycine. Our QM/MM calculations provide a very likely mechanism for this transformation. The reaction starts with dioxygen binding to the tris-thiolate CuI center to form a triplet CuII -superoxide complex. The rate-determining hydrogen atom abstraction involves a triplet-singlet crossing to form a CuII -OOH species that couples with the substrate radical, leading to a CuI -alkylperoxo intermediate. This is accompanied by proton transfer from the hydroperoxide to the S atom of the substrate via a nearby water molecule. The subsequent O-O bond cleavage is coupled with the C-S bond breaking that generates the formylglycine and a CuII -oxyl complex. Moreover, our results suggest that the aldehyde oxygen of the final product originates from O2 , which will be useful for future experimental work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Yanzhuang Su
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Wenzhen Lai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, 100872, China
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8
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Yates NDJ, Warnes ME, Breetveld R, Spicer CD, Signoret N, Fascione M. Preparation and Application of an Inexpensive α-Formylglycine Building Block Compatible with Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Org Lett 2023; 25:2001-2005. [PMID: 36662590 PMCID: PMC10071478 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c04059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
α-Formylglycine (fGly) is a rare residue located in the active site of sulfatases and serves as a precursor to pharmaceutically relevant motifs. The installation of fGly motifs into peptides is currently challenging due to degradation under the acidic and nucleophile-rich conditions accompanying resin cleavage during solid-phase peptide synthesis. We report the synthesis of acid- and nucleophile-tolerant α-formylglycine building blocks from vitamin C and use them to prepare callyaerin A, a macrocyclic peptide containing an fGly-derived motif.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Fascione
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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9
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Site-Specific Antibody Conjugation with Payloads beyond Cytotoxins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28030917. [PMID: 36770585 PMCID: PMC9921355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28030917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As antibody-drug conjugates have become a very important modality for cancer therapy, many site-specific conjugation approaches have been developed for generating homogenous molecules. The selective antibody coupling is achieved through antibody engineering by introducing specific amino acid or unnatural amino acid residues, peptides, and glycans. In addition to the use of synthetic cytotoxins, these novel methods have been applied for the conjugation of other payloads, including non-cytotoxic compounds, proteins/peptides, glycans, lipids, and nucleic acids. The non-cytotoxic compounds include polyethylene glycol, antibiotics, protein degraders (PROTAC and LYTAC), immunomodulating agents, enzyme inhibitors and protein ligands. Different small proteins or peptides have been selectively conjugated through unnatural amino acid using click chemistry, engineered C-terminal formylglycine for oxime or click chemistry, or specific ligation or transpeptidation with or without enzymes. Although the antibody protamine peptide fusions have been extensively used for siRNA coupling during early studies, direct conjugations through engineered cysteine or lysine residues have been demonstrated later. These site-specific antibody conjugates containing these payloads other than cytotoxic compounds can be used in proof-of-concept studies and in developing new therapeutics for unmet medical needs.
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10
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Li Q, Yin G, Wang J, Li L, Liang Q, Zhao X, Chen Y, Zheng X, Zhao X. An emerging paradigm to develop analytical methods based on immobilized transmembrane proteins and its applications in drug discovery. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Morgan HE, Turnbull WB, Webb ME. Challenges in the use of sortase and other peptide ligases for site-specific protein modification. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4121-4145. [PMID: 35510539 PMCID: PMC9126251 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific protein modification is a widely-used biochemical tool. However, there are many challenges associated with the development of protein modification techniques, in particular, achieving site-specificity, reaction efficiency and versatility. The engineering of peptide ligases and their substrates has been used to address these challenges. This review will focus on sortase, peptidyl asparaginyl ligases (PALs) and variants of subtilisin; detailing how their inherent specificity has been utilised for site-specific protein modification. The review will explore how the engineering of these enzymes and substrates has led to increased reaction efficiency mainly due to enhanced catalytic activity and reduction of reversibility. It will also describe how engineering peptide ligases to broaden their substrate scope is opening up new opportunities to expand the biochemical toolkit, particularly through the development of techniques to conjugate multiple substrates site-specifically onto a protein using orthogonal peptide ligases. We highlight chemical and biochemical strategies taken to optimise peptide and protein modification using peptide ligases.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly E Morgan
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - W Bruce Turnbull
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Michael E Webb
- School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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12
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Thooft K, Van Breedam W, Santens F, Wyseure E, Vanmarcke S, Devos S, Callewaert N, Madder A. GlyConnect-Ugi: site-selective, multi-component glycoprotein conjugations through GlycoDelete expressed glycans. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:464-471. [PMID: 34913461 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02299g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the GlyConnect-oxime (GC) protein conjugation strategy was developed to provide a site-selective glycan-based conjugation strategy as an extension to the in-house developed GlycoDelete (GD) technology. GD gives access to glycoproteins with single GlcNAc, LacNAc, or LacNAc-Sia type glycans on their N-glycosylation sites. We have previously shown that these glycans provide a unique handle for site-selective conjugation as they provide a short, homogeneous and hydrophilic link to the protein backbone. GC focused on the use of chemical and chemo-enzymatic pathways for conjugation of a single molecule of interest via oxime formation or reductive amination. In the current work, we explore multicomponent reactions (MCR), namely Ugi and Passerini reactions, for GlycoDelete glycan directed, site-specific protein conjugation (MC-GC). The use of the Ugi and Passerini multicomponent reactions holds the potential of introducing multiple groups of interest in a single reaction step while creating a hydrophilic peptide-like linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Thooft
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium. .,Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UGent, Technologiepark 75, B-9052 Zwijnaarde-Gent
| | - Wander Van Breedam
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UGent, Technologiepark 75, B-9052 Zwijnaarde-Gent
| | - Francis Santens
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UGent, Technologiepark 75, B-9052 Zwijnaarde-Gent
| | - Elise Wyseure
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UGent, Technologiepark 75, B-9052 Zwijnaarde-Gent
| | - Sandrine Vanmarcke
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UGent, Technologiepark 75, B-9052 Zwijnaarde-Gent
| | - Simon Devos
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UGent, Technologiepark 75, B-9052 Zwijnaarde-Gent
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, UGent, Technologiepark 75, B-9052 Zwijnaarde-Gent
| | - Annemieke Madder
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Belgium.
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13
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Sornay C, Vaur V, Wagner A, Chaubet G. An overview of chemo- and site-selectivity aspects in the chemical conjugation of proteins. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211563. [PMID: 35116160 PMCID: PMC8790347 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bioconjugation of proteins-that is, the creation of a covalent link between a protein and any other molecule-has been studied for decades, partly because of the numerous applications of protein conjugates, but also due to the technical challenge it represents. Indeed, proteins possess inner physico-chemical properties-they are sensitive and polynucleophilic macromolecules-that make them complex substrates in conjugation reactions. This complexity arises from the mild conditions imposed by their sensitivity but also from selectivity issues, viz the precise control of the conjugation site on the protein. After decades of research, strategies and reagents have been developed to address two aspects of this selectivity: chemoselectivity-harnessing the reacting chemical functionality-and site-selectivity-controlling the reacting amino acid residue-most notably thanks to the participation of synthetic chemistry in this effort. This review offers an overview of these chemical bioconjugation strategies, insisting on those employing native proteins as substrates, and shows that the field is active and exciting, especially for synthetic chemists seeking new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sornay
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
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14
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Strategies for targeting cell surface proteins using multivalent conjugates and chemical biology. Methods Cell Biol 2021. [PMID: 34752333 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Proper function of receptors on the cell surface is essential for homeostasis. Compounds that target cell surface receptors to address dysregulation have proven exceptionally successful as therapeutic agents; however, the development of compounds with the desired specificity for receptors, cells, and tissues of choice has proven difficult in some cases. The use of compounds that can engage more than one binding site at the cell surface offers a path toward improving biological specificity or pharmacological properties. In this chapter we summarize historical context for the development of such bivalent compounds. We focus on developments in chemical methods and biological engineering to provide bivalent compounds in which the high affinity and specificity of antibodies are leveraged to create multifunctional conjugates with new and useful properties. The development of methods to meld biological macromolecules with synthetic compounds will facilitate modulation of receptor biology in ways not previously possible.
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15
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Imiołek M, Isenegger PG, Ng WL, Khan A, Gouverneur V, Davis BG. Residue-Selective Protein C-Formylation via Sequential Difluoroalkylation-Hydrolysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:145-155. [PMID: 33532577 PMCID: PMC7845020 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The carbonyl group is now a widely useful, nonproteinogenic functional group in chemical biology, yet methods for its generation in proteins have relied upon either cotranslational incorporation of unnatural amino acids bearing carbonyls or oxidative conversion (chemical or enzymatic) of existing natural amino acids. If available, alternative strategies for directly adding the C=O group through C-C bond-forming C-carbonylation, particularly at currently inaccessible amino acid sites, would provide a powerful method for adding valuable reactivity and expanding possible function in proteins. Here, following a survey of methods for HCF2· generation, we show that reductive photoredox catalysis enables mild radical-mediated difluoromethylation-hydrolysis of native protein residues as an effective method for carbonylation. Inherent selectivity of HCF2· allowed preferential modification of Trp residues. The resulting C-2-difluoromethylated Trp undergoes Reimer-Tiemann-type dehalogenation providing highly effective spontaneous hydrolytic collapse in proteins to carbonylated HC(O)-Trp (C-formyl-Trp = CfW) residues. This new, unnatural protein residue CfW not only was found to be effective in bioconjugation, ligation, and labeling reactions but also displayed strong "red-shifting" of its absorption and fluorescent emission maxima, allowing direct use of Trp sites as UV-visualized fluorophores in proteins and even cells. In this way, this method for the effective generation of masked formyl-radical "HC(O)·" equivalents enables first examples of C-C bond-forming carbonylation in proteins, thereby expanding the chemical reactivity and spectroscopic function that may be selectively and post-translationally "edited" into biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Imiołek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Patrick G. Isenegger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aziz Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Véronique Gouverneur
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- The
Rosalind Franklin Institute, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- ,
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Hymel D, Liu F. Proximity‐driven, Regioselective Chemical Modification of Peptides and Proteins. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Hymel
- Discovery Chemistry Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle, Inc. 500 Fairview Ave Seattle WA 98109 USA
| | - Fa Liu
- Focus-X Therapeutics, Inc 3541 223rd Ave SE Sammamish WA 98075 USA
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Li D, Ren J, Ji F, Peng Q, Teng H, Jia L. Peptide Linker Affecting the Activity Retention Rate of VHH in Immunosorbents. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10121610. [PMID: 33261088 PMCID: PMC7760621 DOI: 10.3390/biom10121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
VHH-based immunosorbents are an emerging and promising tool for the removal of toxic substances from plasma. However, the small size of VHHs is a double-edged sword, bringing both benefits and drawbacks to the immunosorbent. The small size of the VHH allows a higher coupling density, while the closer distance to the resin might create steric hindrance for paratope access. The latter could be avoided by inserting a linker between the VHH and the gel attachment site. Here, we report an approach to improve the activity retention of the immobilized VHH by selecting suitable linkers between the VHH and the site-specific immobilization site on the resin. Seven peptide linkers differing in length and flexibility were fused to the VHH and contained the formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) recognition sequence. These constructs were expressed in the cytoplasm of bacteria and purified, the VHH production yield and affinity for its cognate antigen was measured. Furthermore, the fGly conversion, the immobilization of the aldehyde-containing nanobodies, the immobilization on resin and the antigen binding activity of the VHH-based immunoadsorbents was monitored. The VHH with longer and rigid, proline-rich linkers exhibited good expression yield of approximately 160 mg/L of culture, a fGly conversion of up to 100%, and the highest activity retention rate of more than 68%. This study unveiled two suitable linkers for the preparation of VHH-based immunosorbents that will assist the development of their clinical application.
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Wang W, Han N, Xu Y, Zhao Y, Shi L, Filmus J, Li F. Assembling custom side chains on proteoglycans to interrogate their function in living cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5915. [PMID: 33219207 PMCID: PMC7679400 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19765-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are composed of a core protein and one or more chains of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The highly heterogeneous GAG chains play an irreplaceable role in the functions of PGs. However, the lack of an approach to control the exact structure of GAG chains conjugated to PGs tremendously hinders functional studies of PGs. Herein, by using glypican-3 as a model, we establish an aldehyde tag-based approach to assemble PGs with specific GAG chains on the surface of living cells. We show that the engineered glypican-3 can regulate Wnt and Hedgehog signaling like the wild type. Furthermore, we also present a method for studying the interaction of PGs with their target glycoproteins by combining the assembly of PGs carrying specific GAG chains with metabolic glycan labeling, and most importantly, we obtain evidence of GPC3 directly interacting with Frizzled. In conclusion, this study provides a very useful platform for structural and functional studies of PGs with specific GAG chains. Currently, it is not possible to generate proteoglycans displaying glycosaminoglycan chains with specific structures. Here the authors show that by using an aldehyde tag-based methodology it is possible to insert these specific chains onto proteoglycans expressed on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuang Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Naihan Han
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Police College, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Xu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunxue Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Liran Shi
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fuchuan Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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Cheloha RW, Harmand TJ, Wijne C, Schwartz TU, Ploegh HL. Exploring cellular biochemistry with nanobodies. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15307-15327. [PMID: 32868455 PMCID: PMC7650250 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.012960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reagents that bind tightly and specifically to biomolecules of interest remain essential in the exploration of biology and in their ultimate application to medicine. Besides ligands for receptors of known specificity, agents commonly used for this purpose are monoclonal antibodies derived from mice, rabbits, and other animals. However, such antibodies can be expensive to produce, challenging to engineer, and are not necessarily stable in the context of the cellular cytoplasm, a reducing environment. Heavy chain-only antibodies, discovered in camelids, have been truncated to yield single-domain antibody fragments (VHHs or nanobodies) that overcome many of these shortcomings. Whereas they are known as crystallization chaperones for membrane proteins or as simple alternatives to conventional antibodies, nanobodies have been applied in settings where the use of standard antibodies or their derivatives would be impractical or impossible. We review recent examples in which the unique properties of nanobodies have been combined with complementary methods, such as chemical functionalization, to provide tools with unique and useful properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W Cheloha
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thibault J Harmand
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charlotte Wijne
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas U Schwartz
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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21
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Glutamine-walking: Creating reactive substrates for transglutaminase-mediated protein labeling. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 32943142 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemically modified proteins are increasingly being tested and approved as therapeutic products. Batch-to-batch homogeneity is crucial to ensure safety and quality of therapeutic products. Highly selective protein modification may be achieved using enzymatic routes. Microbial transglutaminase (mTG) is a robust, easy to use and well-established enzyme that is used at a very large scale in the food industry such that its efficacy and its safety for human consumption are well established. In the context of therapeutic protein modification, mTG should crosslink one or more glutamines on the target protein with an aminated moiety such as a solubilizer, a tracer or a cytotoxic moiety. mTG has the advantage of being unreactive toward the majority of surface-exposed glutamines on most proteins, reducing sample heterogeneity. The caveat is that there may be no reactive glutamine on the target protein, or else a reactive glutamine may be found in a location where its modification compromises function of the target protein. Here we describe the glutamine-walk (Gln-walk), a straightforward method to create a glutamine-substrate site that is reactive to mTG in a target protein. Iterative substitution of single amino acids to a glutamine is followed by facile identification of reactivity with mTG, where covalent labeling of the target with an aminated fluorophore allows visualization of the most reactive modified targets. The approach is empirical; knowledge of the target protein structure and functional regions facilitates application of the method.
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Peng Q, Zang B, Zhao W, Li D, Ren J, Ji F, Jia L. Efficient continuous-flow aldehyde tag conversion using immobilized formylglycine generating enzyme. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immobilized formylglycine generating enzyme for efficient aldehyde tag conversion under continuous flow conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Peng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Berlin Zang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Da Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Fangling Ji
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian
- P. R. China
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Ochtrop P, Ernst S, Itzen A, Hedberg C. Exploring the Substrate Scope of the Bacterial Phosphocholine Transferase AnkX for Versatile Protein Functionalization. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2336-2340. [PMID: 31054261 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific protein functionalization has become an indispensable tool in modern life sciences. Here, tag-based enzymatic protein functionalization techniques are among the most versatilely applicable approaches. However, many chemo-enzymatic functionalization strategies suffer from low substrate scopes of the enzymes utilized for functional labeling probes. We report on the wide substrate scope of the bacterial enzyme AnkX towards derivatized CDP-choline analogues and demonstrate that AnkX-catalyzed phosphocholination can be used for site-specific one- and two-step protein labeling with a broad array of different functionalities, displaying fast second-order transfer rates of 5×102 to 1.8×104 m-1 s-1 . Furthermore, we also present a strategy for the site-specific dual labeling of proteins of interest, based on the exploitation of AnkX and the delabeling function of the enzyme Lem3. Our results contribute to the wide field of protein functionalization, offering an attractive chemo-enzymatic tag-based modification strategy for in vitro labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Ochtrop
- Chemical Biology Center (KBC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 10, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Ernst
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Aymelt Itzen
- Department of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Hedberg
- Chemical Biology Center (KBC), Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 10, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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Abstract
Sulfur is present in the amino acids cysteine and methionine and in a large range of essential coenzymes and cofactors and is therefore essential for all organisms. It is also a constituent of sulfate esters in proteins, carbohydrates, and numerous cellular metabolites. The sulfation and desulfation reactions modifying a variety of different substrates are commonly known as sulfation pathways. Although relatively little is known about the function of most sulfated metabolites, the synthesis of activated sulfate used in sulfation pathways is essential in both animal and plant kingdoms. In humans, mutations in the genes encoding the sulfation pathway enzymes underlie a number of developmental aberrations, and in flies and worms, their loss-of-function is fatal. In plants, a lower capacity for synthesizing activated sulfate for sulfation reactions results in dwarfism, and a complete loss of activated sulfate synthesis is also lethal. Here, we review the similarities and differences in sulfation pathways and associated processes in animals and plants, and we point out how they diverge from bacteria and yeast. We highlight the open questions concerning localization, regulation, and importance of sulfation pathways in both kingdoms and the ways in which findings from these "red" and "green" experimental systems may help reciprocally address questions specific to each of the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süleyman Günal
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany
| | - Rebecca Hardman
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne 50674, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Wolf Mueller
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom.
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Miarzlou DA, Leisinger F, Joss D, Häussinger D, Seebeck FP. Structure of formylglycine-generating enzyme in complex with copper and a substrate reveals an acidic pocket for binding and activation of molecular oxygen. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7049-7058. [PMID: 31588272 PMCID: PMC6676471 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01723b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The formylglycine generating enzyme (FGE) catalyzes oxidative conversion of specific peptidyl-cysteine residues to formylglycine. FGE mediates O2-activation and hydrogen-atom abstraction in an active site that contains Cu(i) coordinated to two cysteine residues. Similar coordination geometries are common among copper-sensing transcription factors and copper-chaperone but are unprecedented among copper-dependent oxidases. To examine the mechanism of this unusual catalyst we determined the 1.04 Å structure of FGE from Thermomonospora curvata in complex with copper and a cysteine-containing peptide substrate. This structure unveils a network of four crystallographic waters and two active site residues that form a highly acidic O2-binding pocket juxtaposed to the trigonal planar tris-cysteine coordinated Cu(i) center. Comparison with structures of FGE in complex with Ag(i) and Cd(ii) combined with evidence from NMR spectroscopy and kinetic observations highlight several structural changes that are induced by substrate binding and prime the enzyme for O2-binding and subsequent activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzmitry A Miarzlou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland . ; Tel: +41 612071143
| | - Florian Leisinger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland . ; Tel: +41 612071143
| | - Daniel Joss
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland . ; Tel: +41 612071143
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland . ; Tel: +41 612071143
| | - Florian P Seebeck
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , Mattenstrasse 24a , Basel 4002 , Switzerland . ; Tel: +41 612071143
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Shemsi AM, Khanday FA, Qurashi A, Khalil A, Guerriero G, Siddiqui KS. Site-directed chemically-modified magnetic enzymes: fabrication, improvements, biotechnological applications and future prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:357-381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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