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Boshielo PMM, Jansen van Rensburg A, Viljoen C, Botha T, de Villiers CEE, Ramagole D, Seyani L, Janse van Rensburg DCC. Illness is more prevalent than injury in trail runners participating in a mountainous ultra trail race. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38872606 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2024.2367401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trail running is a popular off-road sport involving running in natural environments over various terrains, often in remote locations. This study aims to investigate the epidemiology and risk factors of injuries and illnesses, i.e. medical encounters, on race day among trail runners in a high-altitude ultra trail race. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study on an ultra trail race (38 km, 65 km and 100 km) in South Africa, included participants 18 years or older. Of the 331 race participants, 285(86.1%) consented to participate in the study. Data collection included demographic details, injuries (body region, specific body area, tissue type, pathology) and illnesses (organ system, symptom cluster, etiology). Risk factor analysis includes sex, age, weight, height, race distance, illness and injury history, training and running experience. Frequency (n, %), prevalence (%) and odds ratios (OR; 95%CI) are reported. RESULTS Eighty-nine (31.2%) individuals reported 131 medical encounters [49 injuries (37.4%); 82 illnesses (62.6%)]. Injuries were sustained by 14.7% of athletes, and 22.5% reported illnesses. For injuries, the lower limb was mainly involved (n = 41; 83.7%). Most injuries affected the foot (n = 18; 36.7%), ankle (n = 10; 20.4%) and knee (n = 7; 14.3%). Tissue types mainly involved skin (n = 21; 42.8%), ligament (n = 7; 14.3%) and muscle (n = 7; 14.3%). Multiple (n = 45; 54.9%) and gastrointestinal (n = 17; 20.7%) organ systems were mainly involved in illnesses. Only 100 km runners reported dehydration (n = 28; 31.5%), and one in every six of these runners (n = 5; 17.9%) did not finish. Runners reporting fatigue (n = 21; 23.6%) had a high (n = 8; 38.1%) did not finish rate. Two in every five participants (n = 36; 40.4%) with a medical encounter, did not finish. No medical encounter-associated risk factors were identified. CONCLUSIONS Illnesses were more common than injuries during the mountainous ultra trail race. Sustaining a medical encounter increased the chance of not completing the race. Further research on the epidemiology of race day medical encounters in trail running is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carel Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tanita Botha
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Dimakatso Ramagole
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Limbikani Seyani
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dina C Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Chair, Medical Advisory Panel, World Netball, Manchester, UK
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2
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Drozda D, Thompson Z, Vincent KR, Nixon RM, Bolling J, Vincent HK. Gait signatures of endurance runners with low back pain: A case controlled cross sectional study. Gait Posture 2024; 113:184-190. [PMID: 38905854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is an understudied condition among runners, and it is unclear what biomechanical features could be targeted for gait retraining to mitigate pain. RESEARCH QUESTION How do running biomechanics differ between healthy individuals and those with running-related LBP? METHODS This was a case-controlled, comparative study design of community runners: running-related LBP (n=52) and healthy controls (n=52). All runners completed running history forms and performed a 3-dimensional gait analysis. Kinematic data were collected using a motion capture system and normalized to a gait cycle, while participants ran on a level grade at self-selected speed on an instrumented treadmill. Current running volume, temporal-spatial, kinetic and kinematic features were compared between groups. RESULTS The LBP group had 39.5 % lower weekly distance and 15.4 % fewer were currently training for a race (all p<.05). Runners with LBP demonstrated lower cadence (166±10 step/min vs. 171±9 step/min; p=.05), greater center of gravity lateral displacement (1.4±0.5 cm vs. 1.2 ±.3 cm; p=.044) and greater stride width variability (1.3±0.4 cm versus 1.0 ± 0.04 cm; p=.008). Runners with LBP had a greater Vertical Average Loading Rate ([VALR] 67.7±22.2 bodyweights [BW]/s vs. 62.2±21.5 BW/s; p=.022), and higher joint moments (N*m/(kg*m)) at the knee in the sagittal plane (2.13±0.50 vs. 1.87±0.56; p <.001), frontal plane (1.44±0.39 vs. 1.29±0.29; p=.013), and at the hip in the frontal plane (2.04±0.51 vs. 1.84±0.41; p=.024). No differences were found between groups in the pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle joint excursions in any plane of motion during a typical gait cycle. SIGNIFICANCE These collective motion signature may reflect challenges with control of motion and VALR in the presence of back pain. Cadence training to increase step rate, coupled with core/hip muscle activation, may be an important strategy to reduce motion variability, impact loading rate and pain symptoms while running.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Drozda
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Zane Thompson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kevin R Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Ryan M Nixon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jamie Bolling
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Heather K Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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3
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Zemková E, Amiri B, Horníková H, Zapletalová L. Potential neurophysiological and biomechanical risk factors for sport-related back problems: A scoping review. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:123-138. [PMID: 38708324 PMCID: PMC11067771 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This scoping review aims (1) to map the literature dealing with neurophysiological and biomechanical aspects of back problems in athletes in order to identify valid risk-factors for their prevention, plus (2) to identify gaps in the existing research and propose suggestions for future studies. A literature search conducted with Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE and Cochrane Library was completed by Elsevier, SpringerLink and Google Scholar. The main neurophysiological risk factors identified leading to back problems in athletes are neuromuscular imbalance, increased muscle fatigability, muscle dysfunction and impaired motor control, whilst biomechanical risk factors include maladaptive spinal, spinopelvic and lower limb kinematics, side-to-side imbalances in axial strength and hip rotation range of motion, spinal overloading and deficits in movement pattern. However, most studies focused on back pain in the lumbar region, whereas less attention has been paid to thoracic and cervical spine problems. The range of sports where this topic has been studied is relatively small. There is a lack of research in sports in which the core muscles are highly involved in specific movements such as lifting weights or trunk rotations. A limited number of studies include female athletes and master athletes of both genders. In addition to chronic back pain patients, it is equally important to conduct research on healthy athletes with a predisposition to spine problems. Investigators should focus their empirical work on identifying modifiable risk factors, predict which athletes are at risk for back problems, and develop personalized sport-specific assessment tools and targeted prevention strategies for them. This review was registered using the Open Science Framework Registries (https://osf.io/ha5n7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Zemková
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Banafsheh Amiri
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Henrieta Horníková
- Department of Track and Field and Sport Conditioning, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Comenius University in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Zapletalová
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Slovakia
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4
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Viljoen C, du Toit E, van Niekerk T, Mashaba S, Ndaba Z, Verster M, Bellingan A, Ramagole D, Jansen van Rensburg A, Botha T, Janse van Rensburg DC. Training for shorter ultra-trail races results in a higher injury rate, a more diverse injury profile, and more severe injuries: 2022 Mac ultra races. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 65:7-13. [PMID: 37976906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine and compare the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and injury severity among race entrants training towards different ultra-trail race distances. DESIGN Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING The six months training period before the 2022 Mac Ultra races (46 km, 80 km, 161 km and 322 km). PARTICIPANTS Of the 245 race entrants, 162 (66% of Mac ultra-trail runners) consented to analyse their data. OUTCOME MEASURES Injury rate (injuries per 1000 h of running), point prevalence (% of currently injured participants), injury severity (time loss), and the frequency (n, %) of injuries reported during pre-race medical screening in the six months before the race. Using inferential statistics, we compared the injury rates between the different race distance categories (46 km, 80 km, 161 km, 322 km). All tests were performed at a 5% level of significance. RESULTS We reported a statistically significantly higher injury rate among 46 km study participants (3.09 injuries per 1000 h) compared to the injury rates reported among 80 km (0.68 injuries per 1000 h; p = 0.001) and 161 km (1.09 injuries per 1000 h; p = 0.028) participants. The lower limb (89%) was the most injured anatomical region, with only 46 km study participants reporting upper limb, trunk, and head injuries (11%). Muscle/tendon was the most reported injured tissue type (56%), with muscle injuries (31%) the most reported pathology type. Shorter distance ultra-trail runners reported the highest injury severity. CONCLUSION Ultra-trail runners training towards shorter ultra-trail distance races presented with a higher injury rate, more diverse injury profile, and a higher injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Eileen du Toit
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tyla van Niekerk
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sylvester Mashaba
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Zinhle Ndaba
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michelle Verster
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andre Bellingan
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Ramagole
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Audrey Jansen van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/RensburgAudrey
| | - Tanita Botha
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dina C Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa. https://twitter.com/ChristaJVR
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5
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Musculoeskeletal injuries and illnesses in the Spanish team the month prior to the WMTRC 2022. APUNTS SPORTS MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apunsm.2023.100405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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6
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Schrøder Jakobsen L, Madeleine P, Pavailler S, Lefebvre F, Giandolini M. The effects of unstable surface conditions on lower limb biomechanical parameters during running. J Biomech 2022; 141:111214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Development of a trail running injury screening instrument: A multiple methods approach. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 56:60-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Hamill J, Hercksen J, Salzano M, Udofa A, Trudeau MB. The prevalence of injuries in trail running: influence of trails, terrains and footwear. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2022.2048901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hamill
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Salzano
- Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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9
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Viljoen C, Janse van Rensburg DCC, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E, Silva B, Scheer V, Besomi M, Gajardo-Burgos R, Matos S, Schoeman M, Jansen van Rensburg A, van Dyk N, Scheepers S, Botha T. Trail running injury risk factors: a living systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2022; 56:577-587. [PMID: 35022162 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2021-104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and frequently update the available evidence on injury risk factors and epidemiology of injury in trail running. DESIGN Living systematic review. Updated searches will be done every 6 months for a minimum period of 5 years. DATA SOURCES Eight electronic databases were searched from inception to 18 March 2021. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Studies that investigated injury risk factors and/or reported the epidemiology of injury in trail running. RESULTS Nineteen eligible studies were included, of which 10 studies investigated injury risk factors among 2 785 participants. Significant intrinsic factors associated with injury are: more running experience, level A runner and higher total propensity to sports accident questionnaire (PAD-22) score. Previous history of cramping and postrace biomarkers of muscle damage is associated with cramping. Younger age and low skin phototypes are associated with sunburn. Significant extrinsic factors associated with injury are neglecting warm-up, no specialised running plan, training on asphalt, double training sessions per day and physical labour occupations. A slower race finishing time is associated with cramping, while more than 3 hours of training per day, shade as the primary mode of sun protection and being single are associated with sunburn. An injury incidence range 0.7-61.2 injuries/1000 hours of running and prevalence range 1.3% to 90% were reported. The lower limb was the most reported region of injury, specifically involving blisters of the foot/toe. CONCLUSION Limited studies investigated injury risk factors in trail running. Our review found eight intrinsic and nine extrinsic injury risk factors. This review highlighted areas for future research that may aid in designing injury risk management strategies for safer trail running participation.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021240832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa .,Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dina C Christa Janse van Rensburg
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Medical Board Member, World Netball, Manchester, UK
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Silva
- School of Sports and Leisure, Department of Sports Science, Tourism and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Science, Health Science and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Tras-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation (USSF), Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Manuela Besomi
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rubén Gajardo-Burgos
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Instituto de Aparato Locomotor y Rehabilitación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sérgio Matos
- School of Sports and Leisure, Department of Sports Science, Tourism and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Melgaço, Portugal.,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Marlene Schoeman
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nicol van Dyk
- High Performance Unit, Irish Rugby Football Union, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Scheepers
- Department of Library Services, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tanita Botha
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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10
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Vincent HK, Brownstein M, Vincent KR. Injury Prevention, Safe Training Techniques, Rehabilitation, and Return to Sport in Trail Runners. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e151-e162. [PMID: 35141547 PMCID: PMC8811510 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This current concept, narrative review provides the latest integrated evidence of the musculoskeletal injuries involved with trail running and therapeutic strategies to prevent injury and promote safe participation. Running activities that comprise any form of off-road running (trail running, orienteering, short-long distance, different terrain, and climate) are relevant to this review. Literature searches were conducted to 1) identify types and mechanisms of acute and chronic/overuse musculoskeletal injuries in trail runners, 2) injury prevention techniques most relevant to running trails, 3) safe methods of participation and rehabilitation timelines in the sport. The majority of acute and chronic trail running-related musculoskeletal injuries in trail running occur in the lower leg, primarily in the knee and ankle. More than 70% are due to overuse, and ankle sprains are the most common acute injury. Key mechanisms underlying injury and injury progression include inadequate neuromotor control-balance-coordination, running through fatigue, and abnormal kinematics on variable terrain. Complete kinetic chain prehabilitation programs consisting of dynamic flexibility, neuromotor strength and balance, and plyometrics exercise can foster stable, controlled movement on trails. Patient education about early musculoskeletal pain symptoms and training adjustment can help prevent injury from progressing to serious overuse injuries. Real-time adjustments to cadence, step length, and knee flexion on the trail may also mitigate impact-related risk for injury. After injury occurs, rehabilitation will involve similar exercise components, but it will also incorporate rest and active rest based on the type of injury. Multicomponent prehabilitation can help prevent musculoskeletal injuries in trail runners through movement control and fatigue resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather K Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Michael Brownstein
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
| | - Kevin R Vincent
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A
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11
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Viljoen CT, Janse van Rensburg DC, Verhagen E, van Mechelen W, Korkie E, Botha T. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Risk Factors for Running-Related Injuries among South African Trail Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312620. [PMID: 34886345 PMCID: PMC8656810 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Trail running involves running on varying natural terrains, often including large elevation gains/losses. Trail running has a high risk of injury, and runners often participate in remote regions where medical support is challenging. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology, clinical characteristic, and associated injury risk factors among trail runners. A modified Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Questionnaire for Health Problems (OSTRC-H) was used biweekly to collect running-related injury (RRI) and training history data prospectively, among 152 participants (males n = 120, females n = 32) over 30 weeks. We report an overall injury rate of 19.6 RRIs per 1000 h and an RRI mean prevalence of 12.3%. The leading anatomical site of RRIs was the lower limb (82.9%), affecting the knee (29.8%), shin/lower leg (18.0%), and the foot/toes (13.7%). A history of previous RRI in the past 12 months (p = 0.0032) and having a chronic disease (p = 0.0188) are independent risk factors for RRIs among trail runners. Two in three trail runners sustain an RRI mainly affecting the knee, shin/lower leg, and foot/toes. A history of previous RRI in the past 12 months and a having chronic disease is independently associated with RRI among trail runners. These results could be used to develop future RRI prevention strategies, combined with clinical knowledge and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel T. Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.V.); (W.v.M.)
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Pretoria 0186, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dina C. Janse van Rensburg
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), Pretoria 0186, South Africa;
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.V.); (W.v.M.)
| | - Willem van Mechelen
- Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.V.); (W.v.M.)
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine (ESSM), Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Sciences, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elzette Korkie
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Tanita Botha
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
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12
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Maselli F, Rossettini G, Storari L, Barbari V, Viceconti A, Geri T, Testa M. Knowledge and management of low back pain as running-related injuries among Italian physical therapists: findings from a national survey. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2021; 49:278-288. [PMID: 32997551 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2020.1816124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the beliefs, knowledge, attitudes, behavior, and the clinical management procedures of the Italian physical therapists specialized in orthopedic manipulative physical therapy (OMPT) toward running and its correlation with low back pain (LBP).Design: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in 2019, according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES) and Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.Setting: Italy.Participants: One thousand two hundred and eighteen Italian OMPTs. METHODS Survey Monkey software was used to administer the survey. The questionnaire was self-reported and included 26 questions. Descriptive statistics were used and related to the effective respondents for each question. RESULTS One thousand two hundred and eighteen questionnaires (60.9%) were included in the analysis. A considerable cohort of OMPTs working in private practice clinical settings (n = 845; 69.4%; 95% CI 66.7-71.9) has indicated running not to be a relevant risk factor for the onset of LBP (n = 806; 66.2%; 95% CI 63.4-68.8). Moreover, most of the participants (n = 679; 55.7%; 95% CI 52.9-58.5) adopted a combination of manual therapy techniques and therapeutic exercise for the management of runners with LBP. CONCLUSIONS Widespread knowledge of clinical and theoretical management of LBP in runners-patients has emerged among Italian OMPTs. The OMPTs' academic background agrees with the recent literature and therefore highlights the paucity of studies related to LBP as running-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Maselli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Savona, Italy.,Sovrintendenza Sanitaria Regionale Puglia INAIL, Bari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossettini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Savona, Italy.,Private Practice, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Storari
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Savona, Italy.,Private Practice, Italy
| | - Valerio Barbari
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Savona, Italy.,Private Practice, Italy
| | - Antonello Viceconti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Savona, Italy.,Private Practice, Italy
| | - Tommaso Geri
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Savona, Italy.,Private Practice, Italy
| | - Marco Testa
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Savona, Italy
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Viljoen CT, Sewry N, Schwellnus MP, Janse van Rensburg DC, Swanevelder S, Jordaan E. Independent Risk Factors Predicting Gradual Onset Injury in 2824 Trail Running Race Entrants: SAFER XVIII Study. Wilderness Environ Med 2021; 32:293-301. [PMID: 34266742 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trail running is characterized by elevation changes, with uneven and varying running surfaces. Risk factors that may predict gradual-onset running-related injuries (GORRIs) in short-distance trail running have not been explored. The objective was to determine risk factors that predict GORRIs in trail running race entrants who entered mass community-based trail running events. METHODS In this descriptive cross-sectional study, data were collected prospectively from a prerace medical screening questionnaire over 4 trail run events held annually. Using a Poisson regression model, runner demographics, race distance, running training/racing variables, history of chronic diseases (number of chronic diseases reported as a cumulative "chronic disease composite score"), and allergies were investigated to determine factors predicting self-reported GORRI history in the previous 12 mo. RESULTS This study included 2824 race entrants (80% of entrants). The retrospective annual incidence for GORRIs was 13%. Independent risk factors predicting GORRIs were longer race distance (P<0.0001), increasing chronic disease composite score (P=0.0012), and a history of allergies (P=0.0056). The lower limb (94%) was the main anatomic region of GORRIs, and soft tissue injuries accounted for most (83%) GORRIs. Common specific GORRIs were iliotibial band syndrome (22%), Achilles tendon injury (10%), and hamstring injury (9%). CONCLUSIONS Independent risk factors predicting GORRIs among trail running entrants included longer race distance, a higher chronic disease composite score, and a history of allergies. This study has highlighted trail running race entrants at risk for sustaining GORRIs who could be targeted for future injury prevention interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carel T Viljoen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Nicola Sewry
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Martin P Schwellnus
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre, Pretoria, South Africa; Sport and Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dina C Janse van Rensburg
- Sport, Exercise Medicine and Lifestyle Institute (SEMLI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sonja Swanevelder
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Esme Jordaan
- Biostatistics Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Statistics and Population Studies Department, University of the Western Cape, Western Cape, South Africa
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14
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Scheer V, Krabak BJ. Musculoskeletal Injuries in Ultra-Endurance Running: A Scoping Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:664071. [PMID: 33868030 PMCID: PMC8044296 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.664071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultra-endurance running (UER) has seen an important increase in participation over the last few decades. Long hours of UER can lead to excessive stress on the body, resulting in musculoskeletal injuries (MSKI). UER is not a uniform sport and events can differ considerably in distance (over 42.195 km), time (e.g., events over 6 h) and multi-day or multi-stage events on various surfaces (e.g., track, on-road, off-road). The aims of this scoping review were therefore: (1) to examine the current evidence of MSKI, providing a synthesis of the most common MSKI by anatomical region and specific diagnosis; (2) categorize MSKI by type of UER activity (competition: time-limited; multi-stage; continuous UER events and training); (3) describe knowledge gaps in the literature and provide advice on potential further research. Our electronic literature search (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) identified a total of 13 studies (9 in competition, and 4 in training). Anatomical site, diagnosis and rate of injuries differ between competition and training as well as between different UER types. MSKI are observed in 18% of multi-stage events (0.7-1.8 injuries/runner and 7.2 injuries/1000 h). Most MSKI involve the lower leg (35.0%), ankle (16.8%), knee (13.1%) and foot (12.6%), with main diagnosis of medial tibial stress syndrome (30.1%) and patella femoral pain syndrome (PFPS; 7.2%). Single, continuous UER events differ between a 1005 km road race with almost all of the injuries due to overuse, with the main anatomical site of the knee (31%), ankle (28%) and lower leg (14%) and main diagnosis of PFPS (15.6%), compared to a 65 km trail race, with 32.8% of MSKI, mainly on the foot [plantar fasciitis (28.6%)], ankle [sprain (28.6%)] and knee. Timed-UER events (injury rate of 2.1 injuries/athlete) observed most injuries on the ankle (36%) and knee (19%), with the main diagnosis of tendinitis of the foot dorsiflexors (30%). Injuries during training most commonly affect, the back (42%), and knee (40%) and bone stress injuries (22%). Main diagnoses include ankle sprain (18%), iliotibial band injury (16%) and Achilles tendinopathy (11%). Future considerations include examining MSKI in different UER events, environments and surfaces, and on larger study populations. Establishing risk factors, examining sex differences and using a standard reporting system of MSKI in UER are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Scheer
- Ultra Sports Science Foundation, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Brian J Krabak
- University of Washington and Seattle Children's Sports Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Maselli F, Esculier JF, Storari L, Mourad F, Rossettini G, Barbari V, Pennella D, Cataldi F, Viceconti A, Geri T, Testa M. Low back pain among Italian runners: A cross-sectional survey. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 48:136-145. [PMID: 33434869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low Back Pain (LBP) is commonly reported as a very frequent disorder in sports, but its prevalence in runners remains unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of LBP in a wide sample of Italian runners. DESIGN A cross-sectional online survey. SETTING A national survey, according to the CHERRIES and STROBE guidelines, was performed in 2019. PARTICIPANTS 2539 Italian runners. METHODS A sample of Italian runners registered with national running associations was recruited. The survey was conducted using an online survey development platform. The questionnaire was self-reported and included 38 questions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Descriptive statistics and frequencies were used to analyze results. Relationships between demographics, daily habits and running characteristics and the responses given was calculated with Cramer's V. Only correlation values higher >0.60 were deemed of interest. RESULTS 2539 questionnaires (63.5%) were valid for analysis. In total, 22.6% of runners reported having experienced LBP in the past year. Most participants (77.0%) reporting episodes of LBP believed it was not caused by running. No significant correlations (Cramer's V < 0.60) were found between LBP and demographics, training characteristics or lifestyle habits. CONCLUSION The prevalence of LBP among Italian runners was 22,57%. LBP was not associated with training, equipment or lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Maselli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy; Sovrintendenza Sanitaria Regionale Puglia INAIL, Bari, Italy.
| | - J F Esculier
- The Running Clinic, Lac Beauport, QC, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - L Storari
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - F Mourad
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Rossettini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - V Barbari
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - D Pennella
- Department of Medicine and Health Science "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise C/da Tappino c/o Cardarelli Hospital, Campobasso, Italy
| | - F Cataldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Viceconti
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - T Geri
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - M Testa
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
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16
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Hsu CL, Yang CH, Wang JH, Liang CC. Common Running Musculoskeletal Injuries and Associated Factors among Recreational Gorge Marathon Runners: An Investigation from 2013 to 2018 Taroko Gorge Marathons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17218101. [PMID: 33153163 PMCID: PMC7663022 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Many studies exist on the incidence and related risk factors of running injuries, such as those obtained during marathons. However, in gorge-terrain marathons, an insufficient number of reports exist in the relevant literature. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the incidence of musculoskeletal injuries occurring in participants in the 2013 to 2018 Taroko Gorge Marathons in Taiwan and the distribution of running injuries and related influencing factors. A total of 718 runners who entered the physiotherapy station presented with records of treatment and injuries and filled out a running-related injury and self-training questionnaire for further statistical analysis. The association between risk factors and injury were evaluated by logistic regression. The injured areas on the lower extremities after the gorge marathon were as follows: 28% in the knees, 20% in the posterior calves, 13% in the thighs, 10% in the ankles, and 8% in the feet. The analysis of injury-related risk factors showed that male athletes demonstrated a higher risk of thigh injury than female athletes (OR = 2.42, p = 0.002). Underweight runners exhibited a higher risk of thigh injury (OR = 3.35, p = 0.006). We conclude that in the gorge marathon the rates of knee, calf, thigh, and foot injuries are significantly increased. Medical professionals, coaches, and runners may use the findings of this study to reduce the potential risk of running injuries in marathons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Li Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (C.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chich-Haung Yang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Sports Medicine Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-8565301 (ext. 2496)
| | - Jen-Hung Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Chao Liang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan; (C.-L.H.); (C.-C.L.)
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17
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Matos S, Silva B, Clemente FM, Pereira J. Running-related injuries in Portuguese trail runners: a retrospective cohort study. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:420-427. [PMID: 33092325 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11304-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to characterize trail running injuries within a cohort of Portuguese male and female recreational trail running athletes. METHODS The study was retrospective (12 months), with data collected through an online survey. A total of 719 athletes participated (529 male and 190 female, average age: 38.01±7.78 years). A valid questionnaire was used to collect: 1) demographic information; 2) general information; 3) training typology; 4) physical information; 5) injuries (body location, number, type, reason, treatment, time without practice); and 6) general information concerning the effects of injuries on respondents' daily lives. RESULTS The results revealed that 87.8% of the sample contracted an injury resulting from this practice, with the toenails (24.8%), knees (17.5%), and ankles (14.5%) being the most-often reported locations of injuries and blisters (20%), irritation (chafing) (14%), superficial wounds (12%), sprains (11%), and iliotibial band syndrome (7%) being the most common injuries. The result of 10.0 injuries per 1000 h was found, with a negative and medium correlation (r=-0.344; P=0.000) between total exposure time and injuries per 1000 h. It was also found that those who do not perform warm-up have a significantly increased injury rate (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The gathered evidence demonstrated a large number of dermatological and musculoskeletal injuries, and these tended to have higher incidences in athletes with less exposure time and who devalue warm-up exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Matos
- High School Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal - .,Research and Training Unit on Height Work and Outdoor Activities, Melgaço, Portugal - .,Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain -
| | - Bruno Silva
- High School Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Faculty of Education and Sport Sciences, University of Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain.,Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Melgaço, Portugal
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- High School Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Instituto de Telecomunicações, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Joel Pereira
- High School Sport and Leisure, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Research and Training Unit on Height Work and Outdoor Activities, Melgaço, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Science, Health and Human Development, CIDESD, Melgaço, Portugal
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18
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Matos S, Clemente FM, Silva R, Cancela Carral JM. Variations of Workload Indices Prior to Injuries: A Study in Trail Runners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4037. [PMID: 32517064 PMCID: PMC7312824 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the variations of weekly workload indices of internal and external load measures across the three weeks prior to injury occurrences in trail runners. Twenty-five trail runners (age: 36.23 ± 8.30 years old; body mass: 67.24 ± 5.97 kg; height: 172.12 ± 5.12 cm) were monitored daily for 52 weeks using global positioning systems (GPSs) to determine the total distance covered. Additionally, a rate of perceived exertion (RPE) scale was applied to determine session-RPE (sRPE: RPE multiplied by training time). The accumulated load (AL), acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR), training monotony (TM), and training strain (TS) indices were calculated weekly for each runner. During the period of analysis, the injury occurrences were recorded. The differences were observed in AL and ACWR for sRPE and training time were significantly greater during the injury week when compared to the previous weeks. Similar evidence was found in TM and TS indices for sRPE, training time, and total distance. Furthermore, no meaningful differences were observed in AL and ACWR for total distance in the weeks prior to injury occurrence. Nevertheless, significant between-subjects variability was found, and this should be carefully considered. For that reason, an individualized analysis of the workload dynamics is recommended, avoiding greater spikes in load by aiming to keep a progressive increment of load without consequences for injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Matos
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (R.S.)
- Faculty of Educational Sciences and Sports Sciences, University of Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain;
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (R.S.)
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Silva
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal; (F.M.C.); (R.S.)
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19
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Maselli F, Storari L, Barbari V, Colombi A, Turolla A, Gianola S, Rossettini G, Testa M. Prevalence and incidence of low back pain among runners: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:343. [PMID: 32493481 PMCID: PMC7271446 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03357-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Running is one of the most popular sports worldwide. Despite low back pain (LBP) represents the most common musculoskeletal disorder in population and in sports, there is currently sparse evidence about prevalence, incidence and risk factors for LBP among runners. The aims of this systematic review were to investigate among runners: prevalence and incidence of LBP and specific risk factors for the onset of LBP. Methods A systematic review has been conducted according to the guidelines of the PRISMA statement. The research was conducted in the following databases from their inception to 31st of July 2019: PubMed; CINAHL; Google Scholar; Ovid; PsycINFO; PSYNDEX; Embase; SPORTDiscus; Scientific Electronic Library Online; Cochrane Library and Web of Science. The checklists of The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools were used to investigate the risk of bias of the included studies. Results Nineteen studies were included and the interrater agreement for full-text selection was good (K = 0.78; 0.61–0.80 IC 95%). Overall, low values of prevalence (0.7–20.2%) and incidence (0.3–22%) of LBP among runners were reported. Most reported risk factors were: running for more than 6 years; body mass index > 24; higher physical height; not performing traditional aerobics activity weekly; restricted range of motion of hip flexion; difference between leg-length; poor hamstrings and back flexibility. Conclusions: Prevalence and incidence of LBP among runners are low compared to the others running related injuries and to general, or specific population of athletes. View the low level of incidence and prevalence of LBP, running could be interpreted as a protective factor against the onset of LBP. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42018102001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Maselli
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova - Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy. .,Sovrintendenza Sanitaria Regionale Puglia INAIL, Bari, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Storari
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova - Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Valerio Barbari
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova - Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Andrea Colombi
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova - Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Andrea Turolla
- IRCCS, San Camillo, Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technologies, Rehabilitation Research Unit, Venice, Italy
| | - Silvia Gianola
- IRCCS, Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, Milano, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossettini
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova - Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
| | - Marco Testa
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova - Campus of Savona, Savona, Italy
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20
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Svenningsen FP, Pavailler S, Giandolini M, Horvais N, Madeleine P. A narrative review of potential measures of dynamic stability to be used during outdoor locomotion on different surfaces. Sports Biomech 2019; 19:120-140. [PMID: 31456487 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1642953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic stability of locomotion plays an important role in running injuries, particularly during trail running where ankle injuries occur frequently. Several studies have investigated dynamic stability of locomotion using wearable accelerometer measurements. However, no study has reviewed how dynamic stability of locomotion is quantified using accelerometry. Therefore, the present review aims to synthetise the methods and findings of studies investigating stability related parameters measured by accelerometry, during locomotion on various surfaces, and among asymptomatic participants. A systematic search of studies associated with locomotion was conducted. Only studies including assessment of dynamic stability parameters based on accelerometry, including at least one group of asymptomatic participants, and conditions that occur during trail running were considered relevant for this review. Consequently, all retrieved studies used a non-obstructive portable accelerometer or an inertial measurement unit. Fifteen studies used a single tri-axial accelerometer placed above the lumbar region allowing outdoor recordings. From trunk accelerations, a combination of index of cycle repeatability and signal dispersion can adequately be used to assess dynamic stability. However, as most studies included indoor conditions, studies addressing the biomechanics of trail running in outdoor conditions are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik P Svenningsen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,AmerSports Innovation and Sport Science Laboratory, Salomon Simplified Stock Company, Annecy, France
| | - Sébastien Pavailler
- AmerSports Innovation and Sport Science Laboratory, Salomon Simplified Stock Company, Annecy, France
| | - Marlène Giandolini
- AmerSports Innovation and Sport Science Laboratory, Salomon Simplified Stock Company, Annecy, France
| | - Nicolas Horvais
- AmerSports Innovation and Sport Science Laboratory, Salomon Simplified Stock Company, Annecy, France
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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