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Inoue M, Nakajima S, Inada N, Oi H, Sato N, Miyazaki Y, Takashina H, Tagaya H, Adachi Y, Kuga H. Development of the Parenting Behavior Checklist to Promote Preschoolers' Sleep (PCPP). Behav Sleep Med 2024; 22:275-284. [PMID: 37545146 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2023.2241590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To develop the Parenting Behavior Checklist to Promote Preschoolers' sleep (PCPP), quantify sleep-promoting parenting behaviors for children, and examine the scale's reliability and validity. METHODS The PCPP was developed based on the recommendations of the ABCs of SLEEPING for children's sleep, which is strongly supported by research evidence. Its validity and reliability were evaluated using data from 140 participants. Structural validity was estimated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and internal consistency was evaluated by Cronbach's α. Hypothesis testing was evaluated by analyzing the correlations between each factor of the Japanese Sleep Questionnaire for Preschoolers (JSQ-P) and the PCPP. RESULTS Regarding structural validity, EFA was conducted because CFA showed a poor model fit. The PCPP comprised one factor and six items. The JSQ-P subfactors of insomnia or circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, undesirable morning symptoms and behaviors, and insufficient sleep were moderately negatively correlated with the PCPP; the subfactor of undesirable daytime behaviors related to sleep problems was weakly negatively correlated with the PCPP. Thus, the sleep-promoting parenting behaviors listed in the PCPP were associated with better sleep in children. CONCLUSIONS The PCPP showed sufficient reliability and validity. Future studies should use the scale to examine more effective interventions regarding sleep-promoting parental behaviors for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Inoue
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shun Nakajima
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Psychology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Inada
- Faculty of Liberal Arts, Department of Psychology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Psychology and Sociology, Taisho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Oi
- National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Sato
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Miyazaki
- National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hikari Takashina
- National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokuni Tagaya
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kitasato University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Hironori Kuga
- National Center for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Marakovitz SE, Sheldrick RC, Copeland WE, Restrepo B, Hastedt I, Carpenter KLH, McGinnis EW, Egger HL. Associations of preschool reactive bed-sharing with sociodemographic factors, sleep disturbance, and psychopathology. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:62. [PMID: 37198711 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00607-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To advance understanding of early childhood bed-sharing and its clinical significance, we examined reactive bed-sharing rates, sociodemographic correlates, persistence, and concurrent and longitudinal associations with sleep disturbances and psychopathology. METHODS Data from a representative cohort of 917 children (mean age 3.8 years) recruited from primary pediatric clinics in a Southeastern city for a preschool anxiety study were used. Sociodemographics and diagnostic classifications for sleep disturbances and psychopathology were obtained using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (PAPA), a structured diagnostic interview administered to caregivers. A subsample of 187 children was re-assessed approximately 24.7 months after the initial PAPA interview. RESULTS Reactive bed-sharing was reported by 38.4% of parents, 22.9% nightly and 15.5% weekly, and declined with age. At follow-up, 48.9% of nightly bed-sharers and 88.7% of weekly bed-sharers were no longer bed-sharing. Sociodemographics associated with nightly bed-sharing were Black and (combined) American Indian, Alaska Native and Asian race and ethnicity, low income and parent education less than high school. Concurrently, bed-sharing nightly was associated with separation anxiety and sleep terrors; bed-sharing weekly was associated with sleep terrors and difficulty staying asleep. No longitudinal associations were found between reactive bed-sharing and sleep disturbances or psychopathology after controlling for sociodemographics, baseline status of the outcome and time between interviews. CONCLUSIONS Reactive bed-sharing is relatively common among preschoolers, varies significantly by sociodemographic factors, declines during the preschool years and is more persistent among nightly than weekly bed-sharers. Reactive bed-sharing may be an indicator of sleep disturbances and/or anxiety but there is no evidence that bed-sharing is an antecedent or consequence of sleep disturbances or psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Marakovitz
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Christopher Sheldrick
- Department of Health Law, Policy & Management, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William E Copeland
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, University of Vermont, 1 S. Prospect Street, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA.
| | | | - Ingrid Hastedt
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly L H Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ellen W McGinnis
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth and Families, University of Vermont, 1 S. Prospect Street, Burlington, VT, 05401, USA
| | - Helen L Egger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hassenfeld Children's Hopsital at NYU Langone, New York, NY, USA
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Chen Z, Dai Y, Liu X, Liu J. Early Childhood Co-Sleeping Predicts Behavior Problems in Preadolescence: A Prospective Cohort Study. Behav Sleep Med 2021; 19:563-576. [PMID: 32946284 PMCID: PMC10117418 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2020.1818564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Co-sleeping is common practice around the globe. The relationship between early childhood co-sleeping and adolescent behavior problems remains uncertain. We aim to identify whether early childhood co-sleeping can predict behavior problems in preadolescence. PARTICIPANTS A cohort of 1,656 Chinese preschool children were followed up in adolescence. METHODS Prospective cohort study design involving two waves of data collection from the China Jintan Cohort (1,656 children aged 3-5 years). Co-sleeping history was collected at 3-5-years-old via parent-reported questionnaire at wave I data collection. Behavior problems were measured twice in childhood and preadolescence, respectively. Adolescent behavior problems were measured by integrating data from self-report, parent-report and teacher-report using the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment. Predictions were assessed using the general linear model with mixed effects on the inverse probability weight propensity-matched sample. RESULTS 1,656 children comprising 55.6% boys aged 4.9 ± 0.6 were initially enrolled in the first wave of data collection. In the second wave of data collection, 1,274 children were 10.99 ± 0.74 (76.9%) aged 10-13 years were retained. Early childhood co-sleeping is significantly associated with increased behavior problems in childhood (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.22-2.06, ps<0.03) and preadolescence (OR 1.40-2.27, ps<0.02). Moreover, co-sleeping history significantly predicted multiscale increase in internal (OR 1.63-2.61, ps<0.02) and external behavior problems in adolescence. CONCLUSIONS Early childhood co-sleeping is associated with multiple behavioral problems reported by parents, teachers, and children themselves. Early childhood co-sleeping predicts preadolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior after controlling for baseline behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehang Chen
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Surgery, Cardiovascular Division, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ying Dai
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xianchen Liu
- Kelin Health Research, Montgomery, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jianghong Liu
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Carrillo-Díaz M, Ortega-Martínez AR, Ruiz-Guillén A, Romero-Maroto M, González-Olmo MJ. The impact of co-sleeping less than 6 months on children's anxiety, oral habits, and malocclusion in a Spanish sample between 2 and 5 years old: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Orthod 2021; 44:110-115. [PMID: 34089051 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Families often use co-sleeping to mitigate potential physiological and emotional effects on infants. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the early termination of co-sleeping is associated with high levels of anxiety, non-nutritive sucking habits for self-comfort, and increased malocclusion. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on the parents of 215 children [aged 2-5 years (3.94 ± 0.89)], who were divided according to the duration of co-sleeping (≤6 months or >6 months). The parents completed a questionnaire about co-sleeping, sucking, breastfeeding habits, and anxiety. Finally, a clinical examination was carried out to diagnose malocclusion according to the World Health Organization (WHO) index, and the aesthetic component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN-AC) was recorded. RESULTS Children that co-slept for 6 months or less had an increased incidence of pacifier use (P < 0.05), finger sucking (P < 0.01), and atypical swallowing (P < 0.05). Lower anxiety levels were found in the group with a longer duration of co-sleeping (P < 0.01). In the assessment of malocclusions, the group that co-slept for ≤6 months had higher IOTN scores (P < 0.01) and WHO indices (P < 0.05); in addition, there were differences in anterior open bite (P < 0.05), posterior crossbite (P < 0.01), skeletal Class II (P < 0.01), canine Class II (P < 0.05), and overjet (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A co-sleeping duration of >6 months appears to be a protective factor associated with less anxiety, fewer negative sucking habits, and a decreased incidence of malocclusions in co-sleeping children.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carrillo-Díaz
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ana Ruiz-Guillén
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Romero-Maroto
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Orthodontic Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José González-Olmo
- Department of Nursing and Dentistry, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.,Orthodontic Department, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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Bastida-Pozuelo MF, Meltzer LJ, Sánchez-Ortuño MM. Cosleeping and Behavioral Sleep Problems in School-aged Children with Neurodevelopmental and Mental Health Disorders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018; 32:483-487. [PMID: 29784234 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the presence of sleep-related complaints and their relationship to cosleeping in a sample of 57 children with mental health disorders. Information about the practice of cosleeping was collected through an interview and behavioral sleep problems were evaluated with a subset of items from the Spanish version of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Controlling for age, cosleepers scored higher on insomnia, daytime sleepiness and poor sleep scheduling, compared to solitary sleepers. Therefore, mental health professionals should explore the child's sleep environment and, when necessary, use appropriate interventions to address such problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa J Meltzer
- Division of Pediatric Behavioral Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
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Mother-child bed-sharing trajectories and psychiatric disorders at the age of 6 years. J Affect Disord 2017; 208:163-169. [PMID: 27788379 PMCID: PMC5159994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the effect of bed-sharing with the mother over the child mental health. METHODS Population-based birth cohort conducted in Pelotas, Brazil. Children were enrolled at birth (n=4231) and followed-up at 3 months and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 years of age. Bed-sharing was defined as "habitual sharing of the bed between the child and the mother, for sleeping, for part of the night or the whole night". Trajectories of bed sharing between 3 months and 6 years of age were calculated. Mental health was assessed at the age of 6 years using the Development and Well-Being Assessment instrument that generates psychiatric diagnosis according to ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals were obtained by multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS 3583 children were analyzed. Four trajectories were identified: non bed-sharers (44.4%), early-only (36.2%), late-onset (12.0%), and persistent bed-sharers (7.4%). In the adjusted analyses persistent bed-sharers were at increased odds of presenting any psychiatric disorder (OR=1.7; 1.2-2.5) and internalizing problems (OR=2.1; 1.4-3.1), as compared to non bed-sharers. Among the early-only bed-sharers OR for any psychiatric disorder was 1.4 (1.1-1.8) and for internalizing problems 1.6 (1.2-2.1). LIMITATIONS Although the effect of bed-sharing was adjusted for several covariates including the family socio-economic status, maternal mental health and excessive crying, there was no information on maternal personal reasons for bed-sharing. Mothers that bed-share intentionally and those that bed-share in reaction to a child sleep problem may have a different interpretation of their children behavior that may bias the study results. CONCLUSION Bed-sharing is a common practice in our setting and is associated with impaired child mental health at the age of six years.
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Parent-child bed-sharing: The good, the bad, and the burden of evidence. Sleep Med Rev 2016; 32:4-27. [PMID: 27107752 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The practice of parent and child sharing a sleeping surface, or 'bed-sharing', is one of the most controversial topics in parenting research. The lay literature has popularized and polarized this debate, offering on one hand claims of dangers, and on the other, of benefits - both physical and psychological - associated with bed-sharing. To address the scientific evidence behind such claims, we systematically reviewed 659 published papers (peer-reviewed, editorial pieces, and commentaries) on the topic of parent-child bed-sharing. Our review offers a narrative walkthrough of the many subdomains of bed-sharing research, including its many correlates (e.g., socioeconomic and cultural factors) and purported risks or outcomes (e.g., sudden infant death syndrome, sleep problems). We found general design limitations and a lack of convincing evidence in the literature, which preclude making strong generalizations. A heat-map based on 98 eligible studies aids the reader to visualize world-wide prevalence in bed-sharing and highlights the need for further research in societies where bed-sharing is the norm. We urge for multiple subfields - anthropology, psychology/psychiatry, and pediatrics - to come together with the aim of understanding infant sleep and how nightly proximity to the parents influences children's social, emotional, and physical development.
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