Adolescent characteristics and parenting style as the determinant factors of bullying in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study

Empathy's Crucial Role: Unraveling Impact on Students Bullying Behavior - A Scoping Review

Bullying behavior among students is a serious problem in the educational context and has an impact on victims and perpetrators. Bullying has serious impacts, both emotionally and psychologically, especially for victims who are vulnerable to stress, depression, and even in extreme cases, can lead to suicidal tendencies. Empathy is a key factor in responding to bullying situations. So empathy is an important aspect in reducing bullying behavior. The aim of this research is to explore the role of empathy in bullying behavior in students. The scoping review method was used in this research. The keywords used are empathy, bullying, and students. Search for articles in three databases, namely CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria in the article search were samples are students (elementary schools students until high schools students) English language, discussion of empathy, publication of articles in the last 10 years (2014-2023), and original research. Grey literature excluded in this scoping review. Data analysis using thematic analysis. The authors found 13 articles that discussed the influence of empathy on bullying behavior in students. Findings from the articles analyzed highlight the complexity of the interactions between affective and cognitive empathy and students behavior in the context of bullying. Students with high levels of empathy tend to be more active in defending victims of bullying, while low levels of empathy tend to reinforce bullying behavior or passive bystander attitudes. Intervention programs that include social and emotional skills training, awareness campaigns, and learning approaches that promote tolerance and respect for diversity can have the potential to reduce the incidence of bullying in students. Increasing understanding and empathetic responses can be an effective strategy in addressing bullying problems in schools and communities.

Parenting Style Frequency and Their Sociodemographic Determinants in Buraidah City, Qassim, Saudi Arabia

Background Three parenting styles still form the foundation for today's research into childhood development. The natural mode of parenting falls somewhere among Baumrind's parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive). Due to the lack of research that integrates the relationship between parenting styles and socioeconomic status in Saudi Arabia, we decided to study different types of parenting styles and their relationship with sociodemographic status. Objective This study aimed to estimate the frequency of parenting styles among adolescent children's parents in Buraidah City, Qassim, during the year 2021. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional community-based study was conducted among 496 parents. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The Parenting Style Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ) was used to identify the parenting style of each participant. Data were analyzed using the Epi Info software version 7.2.5 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA). Results Among the surveyed parents, there were 250 (50.4%) males, and the mean age was 36.7 (±10.6) years. The majority (390, 78.6%) live in a nuclear family with a family size ranging from four to six members (285, 57.5%). A total of 451 (90.9%) parents were educated in secondary school and above. In this study, the common parenting style was the authoritative style (380, 76.6%). The two sociodemographic factors found to be statistically correlated with authoritative style were big family size (P=0.014) and the husband's income (P=0.012). Conclusion The study revealed that the authoritative parenting style was the dominant type among younger parents. However, no factors affect the parents' style except family size and the husband's income. It is important to develop parenting education programs to provide parents with the necessary skills and abilities to deal with their children.

Dimensions of Parenting and Children's Bullying Victimization: A Look at the Racial/Ethnic and Grade Level Differences

The associations between the various dimensions of parenting and adolescent bullying have been widely studied, but it is unclear whether these associations vary by race/ethnicity and grade. The current study utilized the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children data in the United States for the investigation. The findings show that supportive parenting and permissive parenting were negatively associated with bullying victimization. However, controlling parenting and neglectful parenting were positively associated with bullying victimization. The results further revealed that the dimensions of parenting were similarly associated with bullying victimization across racial/ethnic groups. Parenting was also similarly associated with bullying victimization for both middle and high school students, except for supportive parenting, where middle school students with more parental support reported less bullying victimization. The implications of the findings are discussed.

Factors Related to Parental Involvement in the Prevention of Health Risk Behaviors among Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study in East Java Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Adolescent development is a period of searching for self-identity including behavioral changes. Parental involvement is needed to prevent health risk behavior in adolescents. AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors associated with parental involvement in the prevention of risky behavior in adolescents. METHODS: The research design used cross-sectional through online distribution (Zoho form). The population in this study were parents who had adolescents attending senior high school in East Java. Based on consecutive sampling for a period of three months, 704 samples were obtained. The independent variables include demographic data (education of father and mother, gender of the child, number of children, means of transportation, type of child’s education, and knowledge), while the dependent variable in this study was parental involvement. Data analysis used the Spearman rank correlation with a significance level of α = 0.05. RESULTS: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the number of children (p = 0.033), means of transportation (p = 0.000), and parental knowledge (p = 0.04), while the results of other factors were the father’s education (p = 0.92), the mother’s education (p = 0.35), gender of the child (p=0.64), and the type of education of the child (p = 0.66). CONCLUSION: Parental involvement in preventing health-risk behavior in adolescents can be increased through controlling the number of children, means of transportation used by children, and parents’ knowledge about the importance of preventing health-risk behaviors in adolescents.

Understanding the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Peer-Violence Perpetration, and Gender Norms Among Very Young Adolescents in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study

PURPOSE

This study assesses the role of gender norms on the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and peer-violence perpetration among very young adolescents in three urban poor cities of Indonesia.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bandar Lampung, Denpasar, and Semarang in Indonesia. A total of 2,974 participants (boys: 44.79%, girls: 55.21%) between 10 and 14 years were included in the analysis. Logistic regression, mediation, and moderation analyses were conducted stratified by sex.

RESULTS

Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys and girls included three (boys: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32-4.75; girls: aOR 1.82, 95% CI .95-3.52) and four or more (boys: aOR 6.75, 95% CI 3.86-11.80; girls: aOR 5.37, 95% CI 3.07-9.37) history of ACE. Risk factors of peer-violence perpetration among boys included having inequitable sexual double standard (SDS) indices (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09-1.95). SDS measures the perception boys are rewarded for romantic relationship engagement, whereas girls are stigmatized or disadvantaged for the experience. Other risk factors included lifetime tobacco use among boys and girls and lifetime alcohol use among boys. Protective factors included parental closeness among girls.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the research in three Indonesian communities, this study demonstrates that boys are disproportionately exposed to adversities including history of ACE, inequitable SDS, lifetime alcohol use and tobacco use in comparison to girls. Programs targeting ACE and gender norms which engage boys, girls, and families are more likely to be successful in reducing peer-violence perpetration and promoting gender equitable norms.

Health and behavioural outcomes of bullying victimisation among Indonesian adolescent students: findings from the 2015 Global School-based Student Health Survey

Bullying victimisation among adolescents is globally recognised as an important predictor for several adverse health and behavioural outcomes. Due to a paucity of studies in Indonesia, this study aimed to identify the adverse health and behavioural outcomes due to bullying victimisation among school-going adolescents and investigate the possible moderation by age and sex. This was an analysis of the second Global School-based Student Health Survey data of Indonesia conducted in 2015. The eligible samples were 9,601 adolescent students. The main independent variable was bullying victimisation status, while the dependent variables consisted of mental health problems, substance use, and other risk behaviours. Binary logistic regression controlling for some confounders was applied to identify the associations among sex-merged and sex-separated samples. Furthermore, adjusted margin probabilities of having adverse outcomes were calculated by bullying victimisation frequency and age. This study found that nearly 2 out of 10 adolescent students were bullied in the last 30 days. Bullying victimisation was associated with the odds of all adverse health and behavioural outcomes that include loneliness, anxiety, suicidal ideation, smoking cigarettes, alcohol use, truancy, physical fight, and sedentary behaviour. The associations were slightly larger among female than male students for some of the outcomes. The odds of these adverse outcomes increased with the rising frequency of bullying and by age. The findings suggest that bullying victimisation was associated with a number of adverse health and behavioural outcomes among Indonesian adolescent students. Implementation of anti-bullying interventions among students right from a young age is essential to prevent unexpected adverse outcomes and its detrimental consequences.