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Bai C, Tang X, Li Y, Arai T, Huang Q, Liu X. Acoustohydrodynamic micromixers: Basic mixing principles, programmable mixing prospectives, and biomedical applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:021505. [PMID: 38659428 PMCID: PMC11037935 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Acoustohydrodynamic micromixers offer excellent mixing efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and flexible controllability compared with conventional micromixers. There are two mechanisms in acoustic micromixers: indirect influence by induced streamlines, exemplified by sharp-edge micromixers, and direct influence by acoustic waves, represented by surface acoustic wave micromixers. The former utilizes sharp-edge structures, while the latter employs acoustic wave action to affect both the fluid and its particles. However, traditional micromixers with acoustic bubbles achieve significant mixing performance and numerous programmable mixing platforms provide excellent solutions with wide applicability. This review offers a comprehensive overview of various micromixers, elucidates their underlying principles, and explores their biomedical applications. In addition, advanced programmable micromixing with impressive versatility, convenience, and ability of cross-scale operations is introduced in detail. We believe this review will benefit the researchers in the biomedical field to know the micromixers and find a suitable micromixing method for their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Liu B, Qiao M, Zhang S, Yang J. A Bi-Directional Acoustic Micropump Driven by Oscillating Sharp-Edge Structures. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:860. [PMID: 37421093 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a bi-directional acoustic micropump driven by two groups of oscillating sharp-edge structures: one group of sharp-edge structures with inclined angles of 60° and a width of 40 μm, and another group with inclined angles of 45° and a width of 25 μm. One of the groups of sharp-edge structures will vibrate under the excitation of the acoustic wave generated with a piezoelectric transducer at its corresponding resonant frequency. When one group of sharp-edge structures vibrates, the microfluid flows from left to right. When the other group of sharp-edge structures vibrates, the microfluid flows in the opposite direction. Some gaps are designed between the sharp-edge structures and the upper surface and the bottom surface of the microchannels, which can reduce the damping between the sharp-edge structures and the microchannels. Actuated with an acoustic wave of a different frequency, the microfluid in the microchannel can be driven bidirectionally by the inclined sharp-edge structures. The experiments show that the acoustic micropump, driven by oscillating sharp-edge structures, can produce a stable flow rate of up to 125 μm/s from left to right, when the transducer was activated at 20.0 kHz. When the transducer was activated at 12.8 kHz, the acoustic micropump can produce a stable flow rate of up to 85 μm/s from right to left. This bi-directional acoustic micropump, driven by oscillating sharp-edge structures, is easy to operate and shows great potential in various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bendong Liu
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Meimei Qiao
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102208, China
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Kordzadeh-Kermani V, Dartoomi H, Azizi M, Ashrafizadeh SN, Madadelahi M. Investigating the Performance of the Multi-Lobed Leaf-Shaped Oscillatory Obstacles in Micromixers Using Bulk Acoustic Waves (BAW): Mixing and Chemical Reaction. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:795. [PMID: 37421028 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper mixing in microfluidic devices has been a concern since the early development stages. Acoustic micromixers (active micromixers) attract significant attention due to their high efficiency and ease of implementation. Finding the optimal geometries, structures, and characteristics of acoustic micromixers is still a challenging issue. In this study, we considered leaf-shaped obstacle(s) having a multi-lobed structure as the oscillatory part(s) of acoustic micromixers in a Y-junction microchannel. Four different types of leaf-shaped oscillatory obstacles, including 1, 2, 3, and 4-lobed structures, were defined, and their mixing performance for two fluid streams was evaluated numerically. The geometrical parameters of the leaf-shaped obstacle(s), including the number of lobes, lobes' length, lobes' inside angle, and lobes' pitch angle, were analyzed, and their optimum operational values were discovered. Additionally, the effects of the placement of oscillatory obstacles in three configurations, i.e., at the junction center, on the side walls, and both, on the mixing performance were evaluated. It was found that by increasing the number and length of lobes, the mixing efficiency improved. Furthermore, the effect of the operational parameters, such as inlet velocity, frequency, and intensity of acoustic waves, was examined on mixing efficiency. Meanwhile, the occurrence of a bimolecular reaction in the microchannel was analyzed at different reaction rates. It was proven that the reaction rate has a prominent effect at higher inlet velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Kordzadeh-Kermani
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Hossein Dartoomi
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mina Azizi
- Department of Electronics, South Tehran Branch Azad University, Tehran 15847-15414, Iran
| | - Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Masoud Madadelahi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
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K K, Kandasamy SK, P S, Alodhayb A. Numerical simulation and parameter optimization of micromixer device using fuzzy logic technique. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4504-4522. [PMID: 36760289 PMCID: PMC9893881 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07992e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is the design, simulation, and performance optimization of a micromixer device using the three input parameters of device structure, flow rate and diffusion coefficient of gold nanoparticles while the output parameters are concentration, velocity, pressure and time domain analysis. Each input parameter in the microfluidic chip influences the system output. The data were gathered through extensive study in order to optimize the diffusion control. The fuzzy logic approach is used to optimize the performance of the device with respect to the input parameters. In this study, we have chosen three different flow rates of 1, 5, and 10 μL min-1, three different diffusion coefficient values of low, average and high diffusivity gold nanofluids (15.3 e-12, 15.3 e-11, 15.3 e-10 m2 s-1) which are used in three different shapes of micromixer device, Y-shaped straight channel micromixer, herringbone-shaped micromixer, and herringbone shape with obstacles micromixer, and we measured the output performance, such as mixing efficiency, pressure drop, concentration across the microchannel and time domain. The data were obtained by fuzzy logic analysis and it was found that the herringbone shape with obstacles micromixer shows 100% mixing efficiency within a short duration of 5000 μm, and complete mixing was achieved within 10 seconds with a low pressure drop of 128 Pa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan K
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering Karur Tamil Nadu India
| | - Senthil Kumar Kandasamy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Kongu Engineering College Erode Tamil Nadu India
| | - Saravanan P
- Department of Self Development Skills, CFY Deanship, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alodhayb
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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Haque ME, Conde AJ, MacPherson WN, Knight SR, Carter RM, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M. A microfluidic finger-actuated blood lysate preparation device enabled by rapid acoustofluidic mixing. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 23:62-71. [PMID: 36477089 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00968d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For many blood-based diagnostic tests, including prophylactic drug analysis and malaria assays, red blood cells must be lysed effectively prior to their use in an analytical workflow. We report on a finger-actuated blood lysate preparation device, which utilises a previously reported acoustofluidic micromixer module. The integrated device includes a range of innovations from a sample interface, to the integration of blisters on a laser engraved surface and a large volume (130 μL) one-stroke manual pump which could be useful in other low-cost microfluidic-based point-of-care devices. The adaptability of the acoustic mixer is demonstrated on highly viscous fluids, including whole blood, with up to 65% percent volume fraction of red blood cells. Used in conjunction with a lysis buffer, the micromixer unit is also shown to lyse a finger-prick (approximately 20 μL) blood sample in 30 seconds and benchmarked across ten donor samples. Finally, we demonstrate the ease of use of the fully integrated device. Cheap, modular, but reliable, finger-actuated microfluidic functions could open up opportunities for the development of diagnostics with minimal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ehtashamul Haque
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | - William N MacPherson
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Stephen R Knight
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Renal Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, 1345 Govan Road, Glasgow, G51 4TF, UK
| | - Richard M Carter
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
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Review of Bubble Applications in Microrobotics: Propulsion, Manipulation, and Assembly. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13071068. [PMID: 35888885 PMCID: PMC9324494 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microbubbles have been widely used in the field of microrobots due to their unique properties. Microbubbles can be easily produced and used as power sources or tools of microrobots, and the bubbles can even serve as microrobots themselves. As a power source, bubbles can propel microrobots to swim in liquid under low-Reynolds-number conditions. As a manipulation tool, microbubbles can act as the micromanipulators of microrobots, allowing them to operate upon particles, cells, and organisms. As a microrobot, microbubbles can operate and assemble complex microparts in two- or three-dimensional spaces. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bubble applications in microrobotics including propulsion, micromanipulation, and microassembly. First, we introduce the diverse bubble generation and control methods. Then, we review and discuss how bubbles can play a role in microrobotics via three functions: propulsion, manipulation, and assembly. Finally, by highlighting the advantages and current challenges of this progress, we discuss the prospects of microbubbles in microrobotics.
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Ghorbani Kharaji Z, Kalantar V, Bayareh M. Acoustic sharp-edge-based micromixer: a numerical study. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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