1
|
Wang Y, Wei W, Guan X, Yang Y, Tang B, Guo W, Sun C, Duan X. A Microflow Cytometer Enabled by Monolithic Integration of a Microreflector with an Acoustic Resonator. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1428-1437. [PMID: 38382073 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Current microflow cytometers suffer from complicated fluidic integration and low fluorescence collection efficiency, resulting in reduced portability and sensitivity. Herein, we demonstrated a new flow cell design based on an on-chip monolithically integrated microreflector with a bulk acoustic wave resonator (MBAW). It enables simultaneous 3D particle focusing and fluorescence enhancement without using shear flow. Benefited by the on-chip microreflector, the captured fluorescence intensity was 1.8-fold greater than that of the Si substrate and 8.3-fold greater than that of the SiO2 substrate, greatly improving the detection sensitivity. Combined with the contactless acoustic streaming-based focusing, particle sensing with a coefficient of variation as low as 6.1% was achieved. We also demonstrated the difference between live and dead cells and performed a cell cycle assay using the as-developed microflow cytometry. This monolithic integrated MBAW provides a new type of opto-acoustofluidic system and has the potential to be a highly integrated, highly sensitive flow cytometer for applications such as in vitro diagnostics and point of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xieruiqi Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bingyi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenlan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin L, Zhu R, Li W, Dong G, You H. The Shape Effect of Acoustic Micropillar Array Chips in Flexible Label-Free Separation of Cancer Cells. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:421. [PMID: 38675233 PMCID: PMC11052022 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The precise isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples is a potent tool for cancer diagnosis and clinical prognosis. However, CTCs are present in extremely low quantities in the bloodstream, posing a significant challenge to their isolation. In this study, we propose a non-contact acoustic micropillar array (AMPA) chip based on acoustic streaming for the flexible, label-free capture of cancer cells. Three shapes of micropillar array chips (circular, rhombus, and square) were fabricated. The acoustic streaming characteristics generated by the vibration of microstructures of different shapes are studied in depth by combining simulation and experiment. The critical parameters (voltage and flow rate) of the device were systematically investigated using microparticle experiments to optimize capture performance. Subsequently, the capture efficiencies of the three micropillar structures were experimentally evaluated using mouse whole blood samples containing cancer cells. The experimental results revealed that the rhombus microstructure was selected as the optimal shape, demonstrating high capture efficiency (93%) and cell activity (96%). Moreover, the reversibility of the acoustic streaming was harnessed for the flexible release and capture of cancer cells, facilitating optical detection and analysis. This work holds promise for applications in monitoring cancer metastasis, bio-detection, and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (R.Z.); (W.L.); (G.D.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Rongxing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (R.Z.); (W.L.); (G.D.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Wang Li
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (R.Z.); (W.L.); (G.D.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (R.Z.); (W.L.); (G.D.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Hui You
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (R.Z.); (W.L.); (G.D.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang G, Lin L, Liu Q, Wu S, Chen J, Zhu R, You H, Sun C. Three-dimensional array of microbubbles sonoporation of cells in microfluidics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1353333. [PMID: 38419723 PMCID: PMC10899490 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Sonoporation is a popular membrane disruption technique widely applicable in various fields, including cell therapy, drug delivery, and biomanufacturing. In recent years, there has been significant progress in achieving controlled, high-viability, and high-efficiency cell sonoporation in microfluidics. If the microchannels are too small, especially when scaled down to the cellular level, it still remains a challenge to overcome microchannel clogging, and low throughput. Here, we presented a microfluidic device capable of modulating membrane permeability through oscillating three-dimensional array of microbubbles. Simulations were performed to analyze the effective range of action of the oscillating microbubbles to obtain the optimal microchannel size. Utilizing a high-precision light curing 3D printer to fabricate uniformly sized microstructures in a one-step on both the side walls and the top surface for the generation of microbubbles. These microbubbles oscillated with nearly identical amplitudes and frequencies, ensuring efficient and stable sonoporation within the system. Cells were captured and trapped on the bubble surface by the acoustic streaming and secondary acoustic radiation forces induced by the oscillating microbubbles. At a driving voltage of 30 Vpp, the sonoporation efficiency of cells reached 93.9% ± 2.4%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangyong Huang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Quanhui Liu
- Animal Science and Technology College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shixiong Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiapeng Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Rongxing Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Hui You
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Cuimin Sun
- School of Computer, Electronics and Information, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hashemiesfahan M, Gelin P, Maisto A, Gardeniers H, De Malsche W. Enhanced Performance of an Acoustofluidic Device by Integrating Temperature Control. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:191. [PMID: 38398921 PMCID: PMC10892017 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Acoustofluidics is an emerging research field wherein either mixing or (bio)-particle separation is conducted. High-power acoustic streaming can produce more intense and rapid flow patterns, leading to faster and more efficient liquid mixing. However, without cooling, the temperature of the piezoelectric element that is used to supply acoustic power to the fluid could rise above 50% of the Curie point of the piezomaterial, thereby accelerating its aging degradation. In addition, the supply of excessive heat to a liquid may lead to irreproducible streaming effects and gas bubble formation. To control these phenomena, in this paper, we present a feedback temperature control system integrated into an acoustofluidic setup using bulk acoustic waves (BAWs) to elevate mass transfer and manipulation of particles. The system performance was tested by measuring mixing efficiency and determining the average velocity magnitude of acoustic streaming. The results show that the integrated temperature control system keeps the temperature at the set point even at high acoustic powers and improves the reproducibility of the acoustofluidic setup performance when the applied voltage is as high as 200 V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Hashemiesfahan
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.G.); (A.M.)
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Pierre Gelin
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Antonio Maisto
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim De Malsche
- µFlow Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (P.G.); (A.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Su S, Wang Y, Zheng L, Sun M, Tang Q, Huang H. Study on the Cooling Performance of a Focused Ultrasonic Radiator for Electrical Heating Elements. Micromachines (Basel) 2024; 15:116. [PMID: 38258235 PMCID: PMC10820432 DOI: 10.3390/mi15010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a focused ultrasonic radiator is proposed for cooling the electrical heating elements in the focal region, and its working characteristics are investigated. The analyses of the FEM computational and flow field visualization test results indicate that focused ultrasound can generate forced convective heat transfer by the acoustic streaming in the focal region, which can cool the heating elements effectively. Experiments show that when the input voltage is 30Vp-p and the ambient temperature is 25 °C, the focused ultrasonic radiator can cause the surface temperature of the heating element (high-temperature alumina ceramic heating plate with a diameter of 5 mm) in the focal region to drop from 100 °C to about 55 °C. When the diameter of the electrical heating element is changed from 5 mm to 30 mm, the cooling effect is similar in the focal region. Compared with a fan, the focused ultrasound radiator has a shorter cooling time and a more concentrated cooling area. The focused ultrasonic radiator proposed in this work is suitable for some special environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songfei Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Lukai Zheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Mengxin Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China; (Y.W.)
| | - Qiang Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Huiyu Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruiken JP, Villwock J, Kraume M. Behaviour of Acoustically Levitated Drops in Mid-Water. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1923. [PMID: 37893360 PMCID: PMC10609316 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
A low-impact acoustic levitation system has been developed to study immobilised single drops in liquid-liquid systems. The ability to observe liquid drops several millimetres in diameter for days enables fundamental research into a wide range of mechanisms. Non-invasive optical measurements with excellent optical accessibility are possible. This experimental work provides the basis for mass transfer studies, emphasizing the precise volume determination, signal noise, reproducibility, and the impact of the acoustic field on the drop and its surrounding environment. The setup can be effectively controlled and proves beneficial for research objectives provided that all liquid phases are entirely degassed, and there are no compressible voids present within the liquids. In addition to the precise, uniform, and reliable measurement conditions, we observed no acoustic streaming in the proximity of the drop and there was no significant vibration of the drop. Qualitative observations using rainbow schlieren deflectometry indicate that the nodal or anti-nodal planes of the standing waves can act as barriers to the dispersion of inhomogeneous dissolved substances in the continuous phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthias Kraume
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany; (J.-P.R.); (J.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pan S, You R, Chen X, Pan W, Li Q, Chen X, Pang W, Duan X. Regulating Biomolecular Surface Interactions Using Tunable Acoustic Streaming. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3458-3467. [PMID: 37639526 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion limitations and nonspecific surface absorption are great challenges for developing micro-/nanoscale affinity biosensors. There are very limited approaches that can solve these issues at the same time. Here, an acoustic streaming approach enabled by a gigahertz (GHz) resonator is presented to promote mass transfer of analytes through the jet mode and biofouling removal through the shear mode, which can be switched by tuning the deviation angle, α, between the resonator and the sensor. Simulations show that the jet mode (α ≤ 0) drives the analytes in the fluid toward the sensing surface, overcomes the diffusion limitation, and enhances the binding; while the shear mode (0 < α < π/4) provides a scouring action to remove the biofouling from the sensor. Experimental studies were performed by integrating this GHz resonator with optoelectronic sensing systems, where a 34-fold enhancement for the initial binding rate was obtained. Featuring high efficiency, controllability, and versatility, we believe that this GHz acoustic streaming approach holds promise for many kinds of biosensing systems as well as lab-on-chip systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rui You
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Quanning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuejiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu Y, Wen Z, Huang Z, Wang Y, Chen Z, Lai S, Chen S, Zhou Y. Liquid Phase Graphene Exfoliation with a Vibration-Based Acoustofluidic Effector. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1718. [PMID: 37763883 PMCID: PMC10534619 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) has emerged as a promising method for the industrial-scale production of graphene. However, one of its critical steps, namely sonication, has faced challenges due to high power consumption and low efficiency, leading to limited applicability in industrial settings. This study introduces a novel, cost-effective microfluidic sonication device designed to significantly reduce power consumption while efficiently assisting the LPE process for graphene production. By coupling a capillary with a buzzer and applying an appropriate electric signal, simulation and particle tracing experiments reveal the generation of robust shear forces resulting from acoustic streaming and cavitation when the capillary end is immersed in the liquid. For the first time, the capillary-based sonication device was effectively utilized for graphene exfoliation in a DMF (N,N-Dimethylformamide) + NaOH liquid phase system. The SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and Raman characterization results corroborate the successful exfoliation of 100 nm with thicknesses below 10 nm graphene sheets from graphite flakes using this pioneering device. The values of I2D/IG increase after processing, which suggests the exfoliation of graphite flakes into thinner graphene sheets. The vibration-based acoustofluidic effector represents a versatile and scalable miniature device, capable of being employed individually for small-batch production, thereby optimizing the utilization of raw 2D materials, particularly in experimental scenarios. Alternatively, it holds the potential for large-scale manufacturing through extensive parallelization, offering distinct advantages in terms of cost-efficiency and minimal power consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yinning Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China; (Y.L.); (Z.W.); (Z.H.); (Y.W.); (Z.C.); (S.L.); (S.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen D, Zheng L, Xie Y, Zhang C, Liu S, Jiang C, Zhou W, Luo T. Design and numerical study of a bidirectional acoustic microfluidic pump enabled by microcantilever arrays. Electrophoresis 2023. [PMID: 37590395 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics offers a versatile and promising platform for various applications in biomedical and other fields, boasting cost-effectiveness, rapid analysis time, and a compact equipment footprint. However, achieving controlled and versatile microfluidic motion within implantable devices presents a significant challenge. In this study, we propose a novel bidirectional micro-pump design that leverages two sharp-edge microcantilever arrays, driven by ultrasound, to enable selective flow direction by manipulating the ultrasound frequency. Through systematic numerical simulation, we demonstrate the feasibility of this design and further optimize its performance through comprehensive parametric analysis. This work provides valuable guidance for the practical development of sharp-edge-based acoustic micro-pumps, particularly for potential implantable applications such as controlled drug release and in vivo sampling for advanced diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lican Zheng
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xie
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Sirui Liu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Chongjie Jiang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power & Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Duncan B, Al-Kassas R, Zhang G, Hughes D, Qiu Y. Ultrasound-Mediated Ocular Drug Delivery: From Physics and Instrumentation to Future Directions. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1575. [PMID: 37630111 PMCID: PMC10456754 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye is impeded by anatomical and physiological barriers. Increasingly, the bioeffects produced by ultrasound are being proven effective for mitigating the impact of these barriers on ocular drug delivery, though there does not appear to be a consensus on the most appropriate system configuration and operating parameters for this application. In this review, the fundamental aspects of ultrasound physics most pertinent to drug delivery are presented; the primary phenomena responsible for increased drug delivery efficacy under ultrasound sonication are discussed; an overview of common ocular drug administration routes and the associated ocular barriers is also given before reviewing the current state of the art of ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery and its potential future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blair Duncan
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Raida Al-Kassas
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Dave Hughes
- Novosound Ltd., Biocity, BoNess Road, Newhouse, Glasgow ML1 5UH, UK
| | - Yongqiang Qiu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pelenis D, Vanagas G, Barauskas D, Dzikaras M, Mikolajūnas M, Viržonis D. Acoustic Streaming Efficiency in a Microfluidic Biosensor with an Integrated CMUT. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14051012. [PMID: 37241635 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The effect of microchannel height on acoustic streaming velocity and capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducer (CMUT) cell damping was investigated. Microchannels with heights ranging from 0.15 to 1.75 mm were used in experiments, and computational microchannel models with heights varying from 10 to 1800 micrometers were simulated. Both simulated and measured data show local minima and maxima of acoustic streaming efficiency associated with the wavelength of the `bulk acoustic wave excited at 5 MHz frequency. Local minima occur at microchannel heights that are multiples of half the wavelength (150 μm), which are caused by destructive interference between excited and reflected acoustic waves. Therefore, microchannel heights that are not multiples of 150 μm are more favorable for higher acoustic streaming effectiveness since destructive interference decreases the acoustic streaming effectiveness by more than 4 times. On average, the experimental data show slightly higher velocities for smaller microchannels than the simulated data, but the overall observation of higher streaming velocities in larger microchannels is not altered. In additional simulation, at small microchannel heights (10-350 μm), local minima at microchannel heights that are multiples of 150 μm were observed, indicating the interference between excited and reflected waves and causing acoustic damping of comparatively compliant CMUT membranes. Increasing the microchannel height to over 100 μm tends to eliminate the acoustic damping effect as the local minima of the CMUT membrane swing amplitude approach the maximum value of 42 nm, which is the calculated amplitude of the freely swinging membrane under the described conditions. At optimum conditions, an acoustic streaming velocity of over 2 mm/s in a 1.8 mm-high microchannel was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donatas Pelenis
- Panevėžys Faculty of Technologies and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, 37164 Panevėžys, Lithuania
| | - Gailius Vanagas
- Panevėžys Faculty of Technologies and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, 37164 Panevėžys, Lithuania
| | - Dovydas Barauskas
- Panevėžys Faculty of Technologies and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, 37164 Panevėžys, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Dzikaras
- Panevėžys Faculty of Technologies and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, 37164 Panevėžys, Lithuania
| | - Marius Mikolajūnas
- Panevėžys Faculty of Technologies and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, 37164 Panevėžys, Lithuania
| | - Darius Viržonis
- Panevėžys Faculty of Technologies and Business, Kaunas University of Technology, 37164 Panevėžys, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kordzadeh-Kermani V, Dartoomi H, Azizi M, Ashrafizadeh SN, Madadelahi M. Investigating the Performance of the Multi-Lobed Leaf-Shaped Oscillatory Obstacles in Micromixers Using Bulk Acoustic Waves (BAW): Mixing and Chemical Reaction. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:795. [PMID: 37421028 DOI: 10.3390/mi14040795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Proper mixing in microfluidic devices has been a concern since the early development stages. Acoustic micromixers (active micromixers) attract significant attention due to their high efficiency and ease of implementation. Finding the optimal geometries, structures, and characteristics of acoustic micromixers is still a challenging issue. In this study, we considered leaf-shaped obstacle(s) having a multi-lobed structure as the oscillatory part(s) of acoustic micromixers in a Y-junction microchannel. Four different types of leaf-shaped oscillatory obstacles, including 1, 2, 3, and 4-lobed structures, were defined, and their mixing performance for two fluid streams was evaluated numerically. The geometrical parameters of the leaf-shaped obstacle(s), including the number of lobes, lobes' length, lobes' inside angle, and lobes' pitch angle, were analyzed, and their optimum operational values were discovered. Additionally, the effects of the placement of oscillatory obstacles in three configurations, i.e., at the junction center, on the side walls, and both, on the mixing performance were evaluated. It was found that by increasing the number and length of lobes, the mixing efficiency improved. Furthermore, the effect of the operational parameters, such as inlet velocity, frequency, and intensity of acoustic waves, was examined on mixing efficiency. Meanwhile, the occurrence of a bimolecular reaction in the microchannel was analyzed at different reaction rates. It was proven that the reaction rate has a prominent effect at higher inlet velocities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Kordzadeh-Kermani
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Hossein Dartoomi
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mina Azizi
- Department of Electronics, South Tehran Branch Azad University, Tehran 15847-15414, Iran
| | - Seyed Nezameddin Ashrafizadeh
- Research Lab for Advanced Separation Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Masoud Madadelahi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gao Q, Yang Z, Zhu R, Wang J, Xu P, Liu J, Chen X, Yan Z, Peng Y, Wang Y, Zheng H, Cai F, Wang W. Ultrasonic Steering Wheels: Turning Micromotors by Localized Acoustic Microstreaming. ACS Nano 2023; 17:4729-4739. [PMID: 36815761 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability to steer micromotors in specific directions and at precise speeds is highly desired for their use in complex environments. However, a generic steering strategy that can be applied to micromotors of all types and surface coatings is yet to be developed. Here, we report that ultrasound of ∼100 kHz can spin a spherical micromotor so that it turns left or right when moving forward, or that it moves in full circles. The direction and angular speeds of their spinning and the radii of circular trajectories are precisely tunable by varying ultrasound voltages and frequencies, as well as particle properties such as its radius, materials, and coating thickness. Such spinning is hypothesized to originate from the circular microstreaming flows localized around a solid microsphere vibrating in ultrasound. In addition to causing a micromotor to spin, such streaming flows also helped release cargos from a micromotor during a capture-transport-release mission. Localized microstreaming does not depend on or interference with a specific propulsion mechanism and can steer a wide variety of micromotors. This work suggests that ultrasound can be used to steer microrobots in complex, biologically relevant environments as well as to steer microorganisms and cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Gao
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruitong Zhu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinping Wang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Pengzhao Xu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayu Liu
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuyao Yan
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixin Peng
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Feiyan Cai
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang L, Zhou J, Kong D, Li F. Phononic-Crystal-Based Particle Sieving in Continuous Flow: Numerical Simulations. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:2181. [PMID: 36557480 PMCID: PMC9781879 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sieving specific particles from mixed samples is of great value in fields such as biochemistry and additive manufacturing. In this study, a particle sieving method for microfluidics was proposed based on a phononic crystal plate (PCP), the mechanism of which originates from the competition between the trapping effect of the resonant PCP-induced acoustic radiation force (ARF), disturbance effect of acoustic streaming (AS), and flushing effect of the continuous inlet flow on particles suspended in microfluidic channels. Specifically, particles with different sizes could be separated under inlet flow conditions owing to ARF and AS drag forces as functions of the particle diameter, incident acoustic pressure, and driving frequency. Furthermore, a comprehensive numerical analysis was performed to investigate the impacts of ARF, AS, and inlet flow conditions on the particle motion and sieving efficiency, and to explore proper operating parameters, including the acoustic pressure and inlet flow velocity. It was found that, for each inlet flow velocity, there was an optimal acoustic pressure allowing us to achieve the maximum sieving efficiency, but the sieving efficiency at a low flow velocity was not as good as that at a high flow velocity. Although a PCP with a high resonant frequency could weaken the AS, thereby suiting the sieving of small particles (<5 μm), a low channel height corresponding to a high frequency limits the throughput. Therefore, it is necessary to design a PCP with a suitable resonant frequency based on the size of the particles to be sieved. This investigation can provide guidance for the design of massive acoustic sorting mi-crofluidic devices based on phononic crystals or acoustic metamaterials under continuous flow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laixin Huang
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Deqing Kong
- Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran 050-8585, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Fei Li
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lin L, Dang H, Zhu R, Liu Y, You H. Effects of Side Profile on Acoustic Streaming by Oscillating Microstructures in Channel. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:mi13091439. [PMID: 36144062 PMCID: PMC9504731 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In microchannels, microstructure-induced acoustic streaming can be achieved at low frequencies, providing simple platforms for biomedicine and microfluidic manipulation. Nowadays, microstructures are generally fabricated by photolithography or soft photolithography. Existing studies mainly focused on the projection plane, while ignoring the side profile including microstructure's sidewall and channel's upper wall. Based on the perturbation theory, the article focuses on the effect of microstructure's sidewall errors caused by machining and the viscous dissipation of upper wall on the streaming. We discovered that the side profile parameters, particularly the gap (gap g between the top of the structure and the upper wall of the channel), have a significant impact on the maximum velocity, mode, and effective area of the streaming.To broaden the applicability, we investigated boundary layer thickness parameters including frequency and viscosity. Under different thickness parameters, the effects of side profile parameters on the streaming are similar. But the maximum streaming velocity is proportional to the frequency squared and inversely proportional to the viscosity. Besides, the ratio factor θ of the maximum streaming velocity to the vibration velocity is affected by the side profile parameter gap g and sidewall profile angle α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Haojie Dang
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Rongxin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Engineering Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hui You
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Structural Safety of Ministry of Education, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Lab of Manufacturing System and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Nanning 530003, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Q, Yuan Z, Song R, Xue H, Tu J, Fan Z, Guo X, Zheng Y, Zhang D. Optimized acoustic streaming generated at oblique incident angles to improve ultrasound thrombolysis effect. Med Phys 2022; 49:5728-5741. [PMID: 35860901 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined with thrombolytic drugs and/or microbubbles (MBs), ultrasound (US) has been regarded as a useful tool for thrombolysis treatment by taking its advantages of non-invasive, non-ionization, low cost and accurate targeting of tissues deep in body. Recently, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which can cause fewer complications by stable cavitation and acoustic streaming other than more violent effects, has attracted broad attention. PURPOSE However, the thrombolysis effect in practice might not achieve expectation because there is not an ideal parallel multilayer structure between the skin and the targeted vessel. Therefore, the current work aims to better elucidate the influence of US incident angle on the generation of acoustic streaming and thrombolysis effect. METHODS Systemic numerical and experimental studies, viz., finite element modeling (FEM), particle image velocimetry (PIV) and in vitro thrombolysis measurements, were performed to estimate the acoustical/streaming field pattern, maximum flow velocity and shear stress on the surface of thrombus, as well as the lysis rate generated at different conditions. These methods aim at verifying the hypothesis that streaming-induced vortices can further accelerate the dissolution of the thrombus and optimized thrombolysis effected can be achieved by adjusting US incident angles. RESULTS The pool data results showed that the variation trends of the flow velocity and shear stress obtained from FEM simulation and PIV experiments are qualitatively consistent with each other. There exists an optimal incident angle that can maximize the flow velocity and shear stress on the surface of thrombus, so that superior stirring and mixing effect can be generated. Furthermore, as the flow velocity and shear stress on thrombus surface are both highly correlated with the thrombolysis effect (the correlation coefficient R1 = 0.988, R2 = 0.958, respectively), the peak value of lysis rate (increase by at least 5.02%) also occurred at 10°. CONCLUSIONS The current results demonstrated that, with appropriately determined incident angle, higher thrombolysis rate could be achieved without increasing the driving pressure. It may shed the light on future US thrombolysis planning strategy that, if combined with other advanced technologies (e.g., machine-learning-based image analysis and image-guided adaptive US emission modulation), more efficient thrombolytic effect could be realized while minimizing undesired side-effects caused by excessively high pressure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ziyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Renjie Song
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Honghui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yinfei Zheng
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China.,Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100080, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu W, Zou Y, Wei G, Jiang B. Numerical Simulation on the Acoustic Streaming Driven Mixing in Ultrasonic Plasticizing of Thermoplastic Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1073. [PMID: 35335404 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The acoustic melt stream velocity field, total force, and trajectory of fluorescent particles in the plasticizing chamber were analyzed using finite element simulation to investigate the acoustic streaming and mixing characteristics in ultrasonic plasticization micro-injection molding (UPMIM). The fluorescence intensity of ultrasonic plasticized samples containing thermoplastic polymer powders and fluorescent particles was used to determine the correlation between UPMIM process parameters and melt mixing characteristics. The results confirm that the acoustic streaming driven mixing occurs in ultrasonic plasticization and could provide similar shear stirring performance as the screw in traditional extrusion/injection molding. It was found that ultrasonic vibrations can cause several melt vortices to develop in the plasticizing chamber, with the melt rotating around the center of the vortex. With increasing ultrasonic amplitude, the melt stream velocity was shown to increase while retaining the trace, which could be altered by modulating other parameters. The fluorescent particles are subjected to a two-order-of-magnitude stronger Stokes drag force than the acoustic radiation force. The average fluorescence intensity was found to be adversely related to the distance from the sonotrodes' end surface, and fluorescence particles were more equally distributed at higher parameter levels.
Collapse
|
18
|
Endaylalu SA, Tien WH. A Numerical Investigation of the Mixing Performance in a Y-Junction Microchannel Induced by Acoustic Streaming. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:338. [PMID: 35208462 DOI: 10.3390/mi13020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the mixing performance in a Y-junction microchannel with acoustic streaming was investigated through numerical simulation. The acoustic streaming is created by inducing triangular structures at the junction and sidewalls regions. The numerical model utilizes Navier-Stokes equations in conjunction with the convection-diffusion equations. The parameters investigated were inlet velocities ranging from 4.46 to 55.6 µm/s, triangular structure's vertex angles ranging from 22° to 90° oscillation amplitude ranging from 3 to 6 µm, and an oscillation frequency set to 13 kHz. The results show that at the junction region, a pair of counter-rotating streaming vortices were formed, and unsymmetrical or one-sided vortices were formed when additional triangles were added along the sidewalls. These streaming flows significantly increase the vorticity compared with the case without the acoustic stream. Mixing performances were found to have improved with the generation of the acoustic stream. The mixing performance was evaluated at various inlet velocities, the vertex angles of the triangular structure, and oscillation amplitudes. The numerical results show that adding the triangular structure at the junction region considerably improved the mixing efficiency due to the generation of acoustic streaming, and further improvements can be achieved at lower inlet velocity, sharper vertex angle, and higher oscillation amplitude. Integrating with more triangular structures at the sidewall regions also improves the mixing performance within the laminar flow regime in the Y-microchannel. At Y = 2.30 mm, oscillation amplitude of 6 µm, and flow inlet velocity of 55.6 µm/s, with all three triangles integrated and the triangles' vertex angles fixed to 30°, the mixing index can achieve the best results of 0.9981, which is better than 0.8355 in the case of using only the triangle at the junction, and 0.6642 in the case without acoustic streaming. This is equal to an improvement of 50.27% in the case of using both the junction and the two sidewall triangles, and 25.79% in the case of simply using a junction triangle.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lei J, Zheng G, Yao Z, Huang Z. Outer Acoustic Streaming Flow Driven by Asymmetric Acoustic Resonances. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 13:mi13010065. [PMID: 35056230 PMCID: PMC8781164 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While boundary-driven acoustic streaming resulting from the interaction of sound, fluids and walls in symmetric acoustic resonances have been intensively studied in the literature, the acoustic streaming fields driven by asymmetric acoustic resonances remain largely unexplored. Here, we present a theoretical and numerical analysis of outer acoustic streaming flows generated over a fluid-solid interface above which a symmetric or asymmetric acoustic standing wave is established. The asymmetric standing wave is defined by a shift of acoustic pressure in its magnitude, i.e., S0, and the resulting outer acoustic streaming is analyzed using the limiting velocity method. We show that, in symmetric acoustic resonances (S0=0), on a slip-velocity boundary, the limiting velocities always drive fluids from the acoustic pressure node towards adjacent antinodes. In confined geometry where a slip-velocity condition is applied to two parallel walls, the characteristics of the obtained outer acoustic streaming replicates that of Rayleigh streaming. In an asymmetric standing wave where S0≠0, however, it is found that the resulting limiting velocity node (i.e., the dividing point of limiting velocities) on the slip-velocity boundary locates at a different position to acoustic pressure node and, more importantly, is shown to be independent of S0, enabling spatial separation of acoustic radiation force and acoustic streaming flows. The results show the richness of boundary-driven acoustic streaming pattern variations that arise in standing wave fields and have potentials in many microfluidics applications such as acoustic streaming flow control and particle manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gaokun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zhen Yao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zhigang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.Z.); (Z.H.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Celik Cogal G, Das PK, Yurdabak Karaca G, Bhethanabotla VR, Uygun Oksuz A. Fluorescence Detection of miRNA-21 Using Au/Pt Bimetallic Tubular Micromotors Driven by Chemical and Surface Acoustic Wave Forces. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021; 4:7932-7941. [PMID: 35006774 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surface acoustic wave (SAW) systems are described for the removal of molecules that are unbound to micromotors, thereby lowering the detection limit of the cancer-related biomarker miRNA-21. For this purpose, in the first step, mass production of the Au/Pt bimetallic tubular micromotor was performed with a simple membrane template electrodeposition. The motions of catalytic Au/Pt micromotors in peroxide fuel media were analyzed under the SAW field effect. The changes in the micromotor speed were investigated depending on the type and concentration of surfactants in the presence and absence of SAW streaming. Our detection strategy was based on immobilization of probe dye-labeled single-stranded probe DNA (6-carboxyfluorescein dye-labeled-single-stranded DNA) to Au/Pt micromotors that recognize target miRNA-21. Before/after hybridization of miRNA-21 (for both w/o SAW and SAW streaming conditions), the changes in the speed of micromotors and their fluorescence intensities were studied. The response of fluorescence intensities was observed to be linearly varied with the increase of the miRNA-21 concentration from 0.5 to 5 nM under both w/o SAW and with SAW. The resulting fluorescence sensor showed a limit of detection of 0.19 nM, more than 2 folds lower compared to w/o SAW conditions. Thus, the sensor and behaviors of Au/Pt tubular micromotors were improved by acoustic removal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Celik Cogal
- Department of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
| | - Pradipta K Das
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, United States
| | - Gozde Yurdabak Karaca
- Department of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta 32260, Turkey
| | - Venkat R Bhethanabotla
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620-5250, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu G, Lei J, Cheng F, Li K, Ji X, Huang Z, Guo Z. Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation in Glass Capillaries: A Concise Review. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:876. [PMID: 34442498 PMCID: PMC8398087 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic particle manipulation (UPM), a non-contact and label-free method that uses ultrasonic waves to manipulate micro- or nano-scale particles, has recently gained significant attention in the microfluidics community. Moreover, glass is optically transparent and has dimensional stability, distinct acoustic impedance to water and a high acoustic quality factor, making it an excellent material for constructing chambers for ultrasonic resonators. Over the past several decades, glass capillaries are increasingly designed for a variety of UPMs, e.g., patterning, focusing, trapping and transporting of micron or submicron particles. Herein, we review established and emerging glass capillary-transducer devices, describing their underlying mechanisms of operation, with special emphasis on the application of glass capillaries with fluid channels of various cross-sections (i.e., rectangular, square and circular) on UPM. We believe that this review will provide a superior guidance for the design of glass capillary-based UPM devices for acoustic tweezers-based research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guotian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junjun Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kemin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xuanrong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhigang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhongning Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (G.L.); (F.C.); (K.L.); (X.J.); (Z.H.); (Z.G.)
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Non-Traditional Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The cochlea’s inaccessibility and complex nature provide significant challenges to delivering drugs and other agents uniformly, safely and efficiently, along the entire cochlear spiral. Large drug concentration gradients are formed along the cochlea when drugs are administered to the middle ear. This undermines the major goal of attaining therapeutic drug concentration windows along the whole cochlea. Here, utilizing a well-known physiological effect of salicylate, we demonstrate a proof of concept in which drug distribution along the entire cochlea is enhanced by applying round window membrane low-frequency micro vibrations with a probe that only partially covers the round window. We provide evidence of enhanced drug influx into the cochlea and cochlear apical drug distribution without breaching cochlear boundaries. It is further suggested that ossicular functionality is not required for the effective drug distribution we report. The novel method presented here of local drug delivery to the cochlea could be implemented when ossicular functionality is absent or impeded and can be incorporated in clinically approved auditory protheses for patients who suffer with conductive, sensorineural or mixed hearing loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Flaherty
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Ian J Russell
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Andrei N Lukashkin
- Sensory Neuroscience Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.,Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen X, Ning Y, Pan S, Liu B, Chang Y, Pang W, Duan X. Mixing during Trapping Enabled a Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Smartphone Immunoassay Using Acoustic Streaming. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2386-2394. [PMID: 34102847 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Smartphone-enabled microfluidic chemiluminescence immunoassay is a promising portable system for point-of-care (POC) biosensing applications. However, due to the rather faint emitted light in such a limited sample volume, it is still difficult to reach the clinically accepted range when the smartphone serves as a standalone detector. Besides, the multiple separation and washing steps during sample preparation hinder the immunoassay's applications for POC usage. Herein, we proposed a novel acoustic streaming tweezers-enabled microfluidic immunoassay, where the probe particles' purification, reaction, and sensing were simply achieved on the same chip at continuous-flow conditions. The dedicatedly designed high-speed microscale vortexes not only enable dynamic trapping and washing of the probe particles on-demand but also enhance the capture efficiency of the heterogeneous particle-based immunoassay through active mixing during trapping. The enriched probe particles and enhanced biomarker capture capability increase the local chemiluminescent light intensity and enable direct capture of the immunobinding signal by a regular smartphone camera. The system was tested for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) sensing both in buffer and serum, where a limit of detection of 0.2 ng/mL and a large dynamic response range from 0.3 to 10 ng/mL using only 10 μL of sample were achieved in a total assay time of less than 15 min. With the advantages of on-chip integration of sample preparation and detection and high sensing performance, the developed POC platform could be applied for many on-site diagnosis applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yuan Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bohua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ye Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & Instruments and College of Precision Instrument and Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo X, Sun M, Yang Y, Xu H, Liu J, He S, Wang Y, Xu L, Pang W, Duan X. Controllable Cell Deformation Using Acoustic Streaming for Membrane Permeability Modulation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8:2002489. [PMID: 33552859 PMCID: PMC7856903 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic force loading platforms for controllable cell mechanical deformation play an essential role in modern cell technologies. Current systems require assistance from specific microstructures thus limiting the controllability and flexibility in cell shape modulation, and studies on real-time 3D cell morphology analysis are still absent. This article presents a novel platform based on acoustic streaming generated from a gigahertz device for cell shape control and real-time cell deformation analysis. Details in cell deformation and the restoration process are thoroughly studied on the platform, and cell behavior control at the microscale is successfully achieved by tuning the treating time, intensity, and wave form of the streaming. The application of this platform in cell membrane permeability modulation and analysis is also exploited. Based on the membrane reorganization during cell deformation, the effects of deformation extent and deformation patterns on membrane permeability to micro- and macromolecules are revealed. This technology has shown its unique superiorities in cell mechanical manipulation such as high flexibility, high accuracy, and pure fluid force operation, indicating its promising prospect as a reliable tool for cell property study and drug therapy development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Mengjie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Huihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Shan He
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Linyan Xu
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto‐electronics EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Wei Pang
- College of Precision Instrument and Opto‐electronics EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology & InstrumentsTianjin UniversityTianjin300072China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lu HF, Tien WH. Comparison of Acoustic Streaming Flow Patterns Induced by Solid, Liquid and Gas Obstructions. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E891. [PMID: 32993101 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, acoustic streaming flows inside micro-channels induced by three different types of obstruction—gaseous bubble, liquid droplet and solid bulge—are compared and investigated experimentally by particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and numerically using the finite element method (FEM). The micro-channels are made by poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) using soft lithography with low-cost micro-machined mold. The characteristic dimensions of the media are 0.2 mm in diameter, and the oscillation generated by piezoelectric actuators has frequency of 12 kHz and input voltages of 40 V. The experimental results show that in all three obstruction types, a pair of counter-rotating vortical patterns were observed around the semi-circular obstructions. The gaseous bubble creates the strongest vortical streaming flow, which can reach a maximum of 21 mm/s, and the largest u component happens at Y/D = 0. The solid case is the weakest of the three, which can only reach 2 mm/s. The liquid droplet has the largest v components and speed at Y/D = 0.5 and Y/D = 0.6. Because of the higher density and incompressibility of liquid droplet compared to the gaseous bubble, the liquid droplet obstruction transfers the oscillation of the piezo plate most efficiently, and the induced streaming flow region and average speed are both the largest of the three. An investigation using numerical simulation shows that the differing interfacial conditions between the varying types of obstruction boundaries to the fluid may be the key factor to these differences. These results suggest that it might be more energy-efficient to design an acoustofluidic device using a liquid droplet obstruction to induce the stronger streaming flow.
Collapse
|
26
|
Jin G, Bachman H, Naquin TD, Rufo J, Hou S, Tian Z, Zhao C, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic Scanning Nanoscope with High Resolution and Large Field of View. ACS Nano 2020; 14:8624-8633. [PMID: 32574033 PMCID: PMC7438315 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging with nanoscale resolution and a large field of view is highly desirable in many research areas. Unfortunately, it is challenging to achieve these two features simultaneously while using a conventional microscope. An objective lens with a low numerical aperture (NA) has a large field of view but poor resolution. In contrast, a high NA objective lens will have a higher resolution but reduced field of view. In an effort to close the gap between these trade-offs, we introduce an acoustofluidic scanning nanoscope (AS-nanoscope) that can simultaneously achieve high resolution with a large field of view. The AS-nanoscope relies on acoustofluidic-assisted scanning of multiple microsized particles. A scanned 2D image is then compiled by processing the microparticle images using an automated big-data image algorithm. The AS-nanoscope has the potential to be integrated into a conventional microscope or could serve as a stand-alone instrument for a wide range of applications where both high resolution and large field of view are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geonsoo Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ty Downing Naquin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Serena Hou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhenhua Tian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
- Department of Electro-Optics and Photonics, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, Ohio 45469, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang C, Guo X, Royon L, Brunet P. Acoustic Streaming Generated by Sharp Edges: The Coupled Influences of Liquid Viscosity and Acoustic Frequency. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E607. [PMID: 32580511 PMCID: PMC7345500 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic streaming can be generated around sharp structures, even when the acoustic wavelength is much larger than the vessel size. This sharp-edge streaming can be relatively intense, owing to the strongly focused inertial effect experienced by the acoustic flow near the tip. We conducted experiments with particle image velocimetry to quantify this streaming flow through the influence of liquid viscosity ν , from 1 mm 2 /s to 30 mm 2 /s, and acoustic frequency f from 500 Hz to 3500 Hz. Both quantities supposedly influence the thickness of the viscous boundary layer δ = ν π f 1 / 2 . For all situations, the streaming flow appears as a main central jet from the tip, generating two lateral vortices beside the tip and outside the boundary layer. As a characteristic streaming velocity, the maximal velocity is located at a distance of δ from the tip, and it increases as the square of the acoustic velocity. We then provide empirical scaling laws to quantify the influence of ν and f on the streaming velocity. Globally, the streaming velocity is dramatically weakened by a higher viscosity, whereas the flow pattern and the disturbance distance remain similar regardless of viscosity. Besides viscosity, the frequency also strongly influences the maximal streaming velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyu Zhang
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Université de Paris, UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France; (X.G.); (L.R.)
| | - Xiaofeng Guo
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Université de Paris, UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France; (X.G.); (L.R.)
- ESIEE Paris, Université Gustave Eiffel, F-93162 Noisy le Grand, France
| | - Laurent Royon
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Université de Paris, UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France; (X.G.); (L.R.)
| | - Philippe Brunet
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes, Université de Paris, UMR 7057 CNRS, F-75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Masterson J, Kluge B, Burdette A, Sr GL. Sustained acoustic medicine; sonophoresis for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug delivery in arthritis. Ther Deliv 2020; 11:363-372. [PMID: 32657251 PMCID: PMC7373207 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2020-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Arthritis pain is primarily managed by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as diclofenac. Topical diclofenac gel is limited in efficacy due to its limited penetration through the skin. This study investigates the use of a multihour, wearable, localized, sonophoresis transdermal drug delivery device for the penetration enhancement of diclofenac through the skin. Materials & methods: A commercially available, sustained acoustic medicine (sam®) ultrasound device providing 4 h, 1.3 W, 132 mW/cm2, 3 MHz ultrasound treatment was evaluated for increasing the drug delivery of diclofenac gel through a human skin model and was compared with standard of care topical control diclofenac gel. Results: Sonophoresis of the diclofenac gel for 4 h increases diclofenac delivery by 3.8× (p < 0.01), and penetration by 32% (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Sustained acoustic medicine can be used as a transdermal drug-delivery device for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Masterson
- Next Apprenticeship Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Brett Kluge
- Next Apprenticeship Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Aaron Burdette
- Next Apprenticeship Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Zhang N, Wen Y, Friend J. MHz-Order Surface Acoustic Wave Thruster for Underwater Silent Propulsion. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:mi11040419. [PMID: 32316135 PMCID: PMC7231355 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High frequency (MHz-order) surface acoustic waves (SAW) are able to generate intense fluid flow from the attenuation of acoustic radiation in viscous fluids as acoustic streaming. Though such flows are known to produce a force upon the fluid and an equivalent and opposing force upon the object producing the acoustic radiation, there is no convenient method for measuring this force. We describe a new method to accomplish this aim, noting the potential of these devices in providing essentially silent underwater propulsion by virtue of their use of the sound itself to generate fluid momentum flux. Our example employs a 40 MHz SAW device as a pendulum bob while immersed in a fluid, measuring a 1.5 mN propulsion force from an input power of 5 W power to the SAW device. Supporting details regarding the acoustic streaming profile via particle image velocimetry and an associated theoretical model are provided to aid in the determination of the propulsion force knowing the applied power and fluid characteristics. Finally, a simple model is provided to aid the selection of the acoustic device size to maximize the propulsion force per unit device area, a key figure of merit in underwater propulsion devices. Using this model, a maximum force of approximately 10 mN/cm2 was obtained from 1 W input power using 40 MHz SAW in water and producing a power efficiency of approximately 50%. Given the advantages of this technology in silent propulsion with such large efficiency and propulsion force per unit volume, it seems likely this method will be beneficial in propelling small autonomous submersibles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naiqing Zhang
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (N.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yue Wen
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (N.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - James Friend
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Center for Medical Devices, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (N.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lei J, Cheng F, Li K. Numerical Simulation of Boundary-Driven Acoustic Streaming in Microfluidic Channels with Circular Cross-Sections. Micromachines (Basel) 2020; 11:E240. [PMID: 32111024 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While acoustic streaming patterns in microfluidic channels with rectangular cross-sections have been widely shown in the literature, boundary-driven streaming fields in non-rectangular channels have not been well studied. In this paper, a two-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the boundary-driven streaming fields on cross-sections of cylindrical fluid channels. Firstly, the linear acoustic pressure fields at the resonant frequencies were solved from the Helmholtz equation. Subsequently, the outer boundary-driven streaming fields in the bulk of fluid were modelled while using Nyborg’s limiting velocity method, of which the limiting velocity equations were extended to be applicable for cylindrical surfaces in this work. In particular, acoustic streaming fields in the primary (1, 0) mode were presented. The results are expected to be valuable to the study of basic physical aspects of microparticle acoustophoresis in microfluidic channels with circular cross-sections and the design of acoustofluidic devices for micromanipulation.
Collapse
|
31
|
Liu P, Tang Q, Su S, Hu J, Yu Y. Modeling and Analysis of the Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Acoustofluidic Fields in the Probe-Type and Substrate-Type Ultrasonic Micro/Nano Manipulation Systems. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 11:E22. [PMID: 31878198 PMCID: PMC7019555 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The probe-type and substrate-type ultrasonic micro/nano manipulation systems have proven to be two kinds of powerful tools for manipulating micro/nanoscale materials. Numerical simulations of acoustofluidic fields in these two kinds of systems can not only be used to explain and analyze the physical mechanisms of experimental phenomena, but also provide guidelines for optimization of device parameters and working conditions. However, in-depth quantitative study and analysis of acoustofluidic fields in the two ultrasonic micro/nano manipulation systems have scarcely been reported. In this paper, based on the finite element method (FEM), we numerically investigated the two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric acoustofluidic fields in the probe-type and substrate-type ultrasonic micro/nano manipulation systems by the perturbation method (PM) and Reynolds stress method (RSM), respectively. Through comparing the simulation results computed by the two methods and the experimental verifications, the feasibility and reasonability of the two methods in simulating the acoustofluidic fields in these two ultrasonic micro/nano manipulation systems have been validated. Moreover, the effects of device parameters and working conditions on the acoustofluidic fields are clarified by the simulation results and qualitatively verified by the experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhan Liu
- State Key Lab of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Qiang Tang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China;
| | - Songfei Su
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China;
| | - Jie Hu
- School of Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tang Q, Zhou S, Huang L, Chen Z. Diversity of 2D Acoustofluidic Fields in an Ultrasonic Cavity Generated by Multiple Vibration Sources. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:E803. [PMID: 31766721 PMCID: PMC6952793 DOI: 10.3390/mi10120803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional acoustofluidic fields in an ultrasonic chamber actuated by segmented ring-shaped vibration sources with different excitation phases are simulated by COMSOL Multiphysics. Diverse acoustic streaming patterns, including aggregation and rotational modes, can be feasibly generated by the excitation of several sessile ultrasonic sources which only vibrate along radial direction. Numerical simulation of particle trajectory driven by acoustic radiation force and streaming-induced drag force also demonstrates that micro-scale particles suspended in the acoustofluidic chamber can be trapped in the velocity potential well of fluid flow or can rotate around the cavity center with the circumferential acoustic streaming field. Preliminary investigation of simple Russian doll- or Matryoshka-type configurations (double-layer vibration sources) provide a novel method of multifarious structure design in future researches on the combination of phononic crystals and acoustic streaming fields. The implementation of multiple segmented ring-shaped vibration sources offers flexibility for the control of acoustic streaming fields in microfluidic devices for various applications. We believe that this kind of acoustofluidic design is expected to be a promising tool for the investigation of rapid microfluidic mixing on a chip and contactless rotational manipulation of biosamples, such as cells or nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Tang
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, China; (S.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Song Zhou
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, China; (S.Z.); (Z.C.)
| | - Liang Huang
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China;
| | - Zhong Chen
- Faculty of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223001, China; (S.Z.); (Z.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zheng T, Liu Y, Xu C, Lu H, Wang C. Focusing surface acoustic waves assisted electrochemical detector in microfluidics. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:860-866. [PMID: 31650576 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This article demonstrates a novel electrochemical detection device. The device is composed by two focusing interdigital transducers for exciting focused surface acoustic waves by applying an AC signal, a three-electrode system for electrochemical measurement, and a liquid pool for holding liquid on a LiNbO3 wafer. The amperometry current of ferrocenecarboxylic acid and potassium phosphate buffer solution is used to characterize the detection sensitivity. Two experiments are carried out to optimize the device design. The result shows that the two focusing interdigital transducers with arc degree 30° and distance 5 mm can remarkably enhance the liquid mixing rate. Under this condition, the oxidation current is about 27 times larger than that without surface acoustic wave stirring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chaoping Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Haiwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.,Shaanxi Key Lab of Intelligent Robots, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Komarov S, Yamamoto T. Role of Acoustic Streaming in Formation of Unsteady Flow in Billet Sump during Ultrasonic DC Casting of Aluminum Alloys. Materials (Basel) 2019; 12:ma12213532. [PMID: 31661842 PMCID: PMC6862103 DOI: 10.3390/ma12213532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present work investigated melt flow pattern and temperature distribution in the sump of aluminum billets produced in a hot-top equipped direct chilling (DC) caster conventionally and with ultrasonic irradiation. The main emphasis was placed on clarifying the effects of acoustic streaming and hot-top unit type. Acoustic streaming characteristics were investigated first by using the earlier developed numerical model and water model experiments. Then, the acoustic streaming model was applied to develop a numerical code capable of simulating unsteady flow phenomena in the sump during the DC casting process. The results revealed that the introduction of ultrasonic vibrations into the melt in the hot-top unit had little or no effect on the temperature distribution and sump profile, but had a considerable effect on the melt flow pattern in the sump. Our results showed that ultrasound irradiation makes the flow velocity faster and produces a lot of relatively small eddies in the sump bulk and near the mushy zone. The latter causes frequently repeated thinning of the mushy zone layer. The numerical predictions were verified against measurements performed on a pilot DC caster producing 203 mm billets of Al-17%Si alloy. The verification revealed approximately the same sump depth and shape as those in the numerical simulations, and confirms the frequent and large fluctuations of the melt temperature during ultrasound irradiation. However, the measured temperature distribution in the sump significantly differed from that predicted numerically. This suggests that the present mathematical model should be further improved, particularly in terms of more accurate descriptions of boundary conditions and mushy zone characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Komarov
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Micro/nanorobotic systems capable of targeted transporting and releasing hold considerable promise for drug delivery, cellular surgery, biosensing, nano assembling, etc. However, on-demand precise control of the micro/nanorobot movement remains a major challenge. In particular, a practical interface to realize instant and customized interactions between human and micro/nanorobots, which is quite essential for developing next generation intelligent micro/nanorobots, has seldom been explored. Here, we present a human-microrobot user interface to perform direct and agile recognition of user commands and signal conversion for driving the microrobot. The microrobot platform is built based on locally enhanced acoustic streaming which could precisely transport microparticles and cells along a given pathway, while the interface is enabled by tuning the actuation frequency and time with different instructions and inputs. Our numerical simulations and experimental demonstrations illustrate that microparticles can be readily transported along the path by the acoustic robotic system, due to the vibration-induced locally enhanced acoustic streaming and resultant propulsion force. The acoustic robotic platform allows large-scale parallel transportation for microparticles and cells along given paths. The human microrobot interface enables the micromanipulator to response promptly to the users' commands input by typing or music playing for accurate transport. For example, the music tone of a playing melody is used for manipulating a cancer cell to a targeted position. The interface offers several attractive capabilities, including tunable speed and orientation, quick response, considerable delivery capacities, high precision and favorable controllability. We expect that such interface will work as a compelling and versatile platform for myriad potential scenarios in transportation units of microrobots, single cell analysis instruments, lab-on-chip systems, microfactories, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210016 , China
| | - Kangdong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210016 , China
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing , Jiangsu 211816 , China
| | - Dongxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Hui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210016 , China
| | - Hanmin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing , Jiangsu 210016 , China
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210093 , China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Po‐Hsun Huang, Shuaiguo Zhao, Hunter Bachman, Nitesh Nama, Zhishang Li, Chuyi Chen, Shujie Yang, Mengxi Wu, Steven Peiran Zhang, Tony Jun Huang. Acoustofluidics Nanomaterial Synthesis: Acoustofluidic Synthesis of Particulate Nanomaterials (Adv. Sci. 19/2019). Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1970113. [ DOI: 10.1002/advs.201970113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In article number 1900913, Tony Jun Huang and co‐workers utilize an acoustic‐vortex‐based active mixing strategy to demonstrate an acoustic‐based platform capable of synthesizing particulate nanomaterials in a controllable and reproducible manner. This platform allows dynamic and independent dictation of the mixing process simply by adjusting the strength of the acoustic vortex. Using the platform, the synthesis of nanomaterials is demonstrated such as polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, organic–inorganic hybrid nanomaterials, metal–organic frameworks biocomposites, and lipid–DNA complexes.
![]()
Collapse
|
37
|
Huang P, Zhao S, Bachman H, Nama N, Li Z, Chen C, Yang S, Wu M, Zhang SP, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic Synthesis of Particulate Nanomaterials. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2019; 6:1900913. [PMID: 31592417 PMCID: PMC6774021 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of nanoparticles and particulate nanomaterials with tailored properties is a central step toward many applications ranging from energy conversion and imaging/display to biosensing and nanomedicine. While existing microfluidics-based synthesis methods offer precise control over the synthesis process, most of them rely on passive, partial mixing of reagents, which limits their applicability and potentially, adversely alter the properties of synthesized products. Here, an acoustofluidic (i.e., the fusion of acoustic and microfluidics) synthesis platform is reported to synthesize nanoparticles and nanomaterials in a controllable, reproducible manner through acoustic-streaming-based active mixing of reagents. The acoustofluidic strategy allows for the dynamic control of the reaction conditions simply by adjusting the strength of the acoustic streaming. With this platform, the synthesis of versatile nanoparticles/nanomaterials is demonstrated including the synthesis of polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan nanoparticles, organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials, metal-organic framework biocomposites, and lipid-DNA complexes. The acoustofluidic synthesis platform, when incorporated with varying flow rates, compositions, or concentrations of reagents, will lend itself unprecedented flexibility in establishing various reaction conditions and thus enable the synthesis of versatile nanoparticles and nanomaterials with prescribed properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po‐Hsun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Shuaiguo Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Zhishang Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Chuyi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Shujie Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPA16802USA
| | - Steven Peiran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials ScienceDuke UniversityDurhamNC27708USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are elastic waves that can be excited directly on the surface of piezoelectric crystals using a transducer, leading to their exploitation for numerous technological applications, including for example microfluidics. Recently, the concept of SAW streaming, which underpins SAW microfluidics, was extended to make the first experimental demonstration of ‘SAW swimming’, where instead of moving water droplets on the surface of a device, SAWs are used as a propulsion mechanism. Using theoretical analysis and experiments, we show that the SAW swimming force can be controlled directly by changing the SAW frequency, due to attenuation and changing force distributions within each SAW streaming jet. Additionally, an optimum frequency exists which generates a maximum SAW swimming force. The SAW frequency can therefore be used to control the efficiency and forward force of these SAW swimming devices. The SAW swimming propulsion mechanism also mimics that used by many microorganisms, where propulsion is produced by a cyclic distortion of the body shape. This improved understanding of SAW swimming provides a test-bed for exploring the science of microorganism swimming, and could bring new insight to the evolutionary significance for the length and beating frequency of swimming microbial flagella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Pouya
- 1 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF , UK
| | - K Hoggard
- 1 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF , UK
| | - S H Gossage
- 2 Natural Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QF , UK
| | - H R Peter
- 2 Natural Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QF , UK
| | - T Poole
- 1 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF , UK
| | - G R Nash
- 1 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter EX4 4QF , UK.,2 Natural Sciences, University of Exeter , Exeter, EX4 4QF , UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wong KS, Lee L, Yeo LY, Tan MK. Enhancing rate of water absorption in seeds via a miniature surface acoustic wave device. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:181560. [PMID: 31032012 PMCID: PMC6458374 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seeds, which are high in protein and essential nutrients, must go through a hydration process before consumption. The ability to rapidly increase water absorption can significantly reduce the soaking time as well as the amount of energy needed for cooking seeds. Many studies in the literature employ high-power (102 W) low-frequency (104 Hz) ultrasound; although their results are very promising where more than 100% increase in water content can be obtained between the treated and untreated seeds, the high-power and low-frequency ultrasound often causes acoustic cavitation under high intensity, which can severely disrupt the cell walls and damage the seeds. In our study, however, we demonstrate that treating the seeds via a miniature surface acoustic wave device, which operates at low-power (100 W) and high-frequency (107 Hz) range, gives rise to a higher water absorption rate without the acoustic cavitations. By comparing the water content between the treated and untreated seeds, an increase of up to 2600% (for chickpeas) and 6350% (for mung bean) can be obtained after 60 min. A significantly higher water absorption in mung beans can be attributed to the larger pore size when compared with the acoustic wavelength in water, enabling an efficient transmission of acoustic wave inside the pores. Our results also indicate that the germination time can be reduced by half for treated seeds as compared to the untreated seeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiing S. Wong
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lillian Lee
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Ming K. Tan
- School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, 47500 Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Feng L, Song B, Zhang D, Jiang Y, Arai F. On-Chip Tunable Cell Rotation Using Acoustically Oscillating Asymmetrical Microstructures. Micromachines (Basel) 2018; 9:mi9110596. [PMID: 30441839 PMCID: PMC6265899 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The precise rotational manipulation of cells and other micrometer-sized biological samples is critical to many applications in biology, medicine, and agriculture. We describe an acoustic-based, on-chip manipulation method that can achieve tunable cell rotation. In an acoustic field formed by the vibration of a piezoelectric transducer, acoustic streaming was generated using a specially designed, oscillating asymmetrical sidewall shape. We also studied the nature of acoustic streaming generation by numerical simulations, and our simulation results matched well with the experimental results. Trapping and rotation of diatom cells and swine oocytes were coupled using oscillating asymmetrical microstructures with different vibration modes. Finally, we investigated the relationship between the driving voltage and the speed of cell rotation, showing that the rotational rate achieved could be as large as approximately 1800 rpm. Using our device, the rotation rate can be effectively tuned on demand for single-cell studies. Our acoustofluidic cell rotation approach is simple, compact, non-contact, and biocompatible, permitting rotation irrespective of the optical, magnetic, or electrical properties of the specimen under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Bin Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yonggang Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering & Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
- Department of Micro-Nano Mechanical Science & Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-0814, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sabrina S, Tasinkevych M, Ahmed S, Brooks AM, Olvera de la Cruz M, Mallouk TE, Bishop KJM. Shape-Directed Microspinners Powered by Ultrasound. ACS Nano 2018; 12:2939-2947. [PMID: 29547265 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The propulsion of micro- and nanoparticles using ultrasound is an attractive strategy for the remote manipulation of colloidal matter using biocompatible energy inputs. However, the physical mechanisms underlying acoustic propulsion are poorly understood, and our ability to transduce acoustic energy into different types of particle motions remains limited. Here, we show that the three-dimensional shape of a colloidal particle can be rationally engineered to direct desired particle motions powered by ultrasound. We investigate the dynamics of gold microplates with twisted star shape ( C nh symmetry) moving within the nodal plane of a uniform acoustic field at megahertz frequencies. By systematically perturbing the parametric shape of these "spinners", we quantify the relationship between the particle shape and its rotational motion. The experimental observations are reproduced and explained by hydrodynamic simulations that describe the steady streaming flows and particle motions induced by ultrasonic actuation. Our results suggest how particle shape can be used to design colloids capable of increasingly complex motions powered by ultrasound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mykola Tasinkevych
- Centro de Fisica Teórica e Computacional, Departamento de Fisica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande P-1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | - Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Qiu T, Adams F, Palagi S, Melde K, Mark A, Wetterauer U, Miernik A, Fischer P. Wireless Acoustic-Surface Actuators for Miniaturized Endoscopes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:42536-42543. [PMID: 29148713 PMCID: PMC5730945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopy enables minimally invasive procedures in many medical fields, such as urology. However, current endoscopes are normally cable-driven, which limits their dexterity and makes them hard to miniaturize. Indeed, current urological endoscopes have an outer diameter of about 3 mm and still only possess one bending degree-of-freedom. In this article, we report a novel wireless actuation mechanism that increases the dexterity and that permits the miniaturization of a urological endoscope. The novel actuator consists of thin active surfaces that can be readily attached to any device and are wirelessly powered by ultrasound. The surfaces consist of two-dimensional arrays of microbubbles, which oscillate under ultrasound excitation and thereby generate an acoustic streaming force. Bubbles of different sizes are addressed by their unique resonance frequency, thus multiple degrees-of-freedom can readily be incorporated. Two active miniaturized devices (with a side length of around 1 mm) are demonstrated: a miniaturized mechanical arm that realizes two degrees-of-freedom, and a flexible endoscope prototype equipped with a camera at the tip. With the flexible endoscope, an active endoscopic examination is successfully performed in a rabbit bladder. The results show the potential medical applicability of surface actuators wirelessly powered by ultrasound penetrating through biological tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Qiu
- Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fabian Adams
- Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Medical
Centre Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefano Palagi
- Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kai Melde
- Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrew Mark
- Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wetterauer
- Department of Urology, University Medical
Centre Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arkadiusz Miernik
- Department of Urology, University Medical
Centre Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peer Fischer
- Max Planck Institute
for Intelligent Systems, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liu S, Yang Y, Ni Z, Guo X, Luo L, Tu J, Zhang D, Zhang AJ. Investigation into the Effect of Acoustic Radiation Force and Acoustic Streaming on Particle Patterning in Acoustic Standing Wave Fields. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E1664. [PMID: 28753955 DOI: 10.3390/s17071664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acoustic standing waves have been widely used in trapping, patterning, and manipulating particles, whereas one barrier remains: the lack of understanding of force conditions on particles which mainly include acoustic radiation force (ARF) and acoustic streaming (AS). In this paper, force conditions on micrometer size polystyrene microspheres in acoustic standing wave fields were investigated. The COMSOL® Mutiphysics particle tracing module was used to numerically simulate force conditions on various particles as a function of time. The velocity of particle movement was experimentally measured using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). Through experimental and numerical simulation, the functions of ARF and AS in trapping and patterning were analyzed. It is shown that ARF is dominant in trapping and patterning large particles while the impact of AS increases rapidly with decreasing particle size. The combination of using both ARF and AS for medium size particles can obtain different patterns with only using ARF. Findings of the present study will aid the design of acoustic-driven microfluidic devices to increase the diversity of particle patterning.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Focusing and enriching submicrometer and nanometer scale objects is of great importance for many applications in biology, chemistry, engineering, and medicine. Here, we present an acoustofluidic chip that can generate single vortex acoustic streaming inside a glass capillary through using low-power acoustic waves (only 5 V is required). The single vortex acoustic streaming that is generated, in conjunction with the acoustic radiation force, is able to enrich submicrometer- and nanometer-sized particles in a small volume. Numerical simulations were used to elucidate the mechanism of the single vortex formation and were verified experimentally, demonstrating the focusing of silica and polystyrene particles ranging in diameter from 80 to 500 nm. Moreover, the acoustofluidic chip was used to conduct an immunoassay in which nanoparticles that captured fluorescently labeled biomarkers were concentrated to enhance the emitted signal. With its advantages in simplicity, functionality, and power consumption, the acoustofluidic chip we present here is promising for many point-of-care applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicolas Mesyngier
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Corresponding Author:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Westerhausen C, Schnitzler LG, Wendel D, Krzysztoń R, Lächelt U, Wagner E, Rädler JO, Wixforth A. Controllable Acoustic Mixing of Fluids in Microchannels for the Fabrication of Therapeutic Nanoparticles. Micromachines (Basel) 2016; 7:E150. [PMID: 30404328 DOI: 10.3390/mi7090150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, surface acoustic waves (SAW) were found to be able to drive fluids and numerous applications in microfluidics have been developed since. Here, we review the progress made and report on new approaches in setting-up microfluidic, continuous flow acoustic mixing. In a microchannel, chaotic advection is achieved by generation of a SAW driven fluid jet perpendicular to the mean flow direction. Using a high speed video camera and particle image velocimetry, we measure the flow velocities and show that mixing is achieved in a particularly controllable and fast way. The mixing quality is determined as a function of system parameters: SAW power, volume flux and fluid viscosity. Exploring the parameter space of mixing provides a practical guide for acoustic mixing in microchannels and allows for adopting conditions to different solvents, as e.g., required for the generation of nanoscale particles from alcoholic phases. We exemplarily demonstrate the potential of SAW based continuous flow mixing for the production of therapeutic nucleic acid nanoparticles assembled from polymer and lipid solutions.
Collapse
|
46
|
Felix RA, Magnusson AK. Development of excitatory synaptic transmission to the superior paraolivary and lateral superior olivary nuclei optimizes differential decoding strategies. Neuroscience 2016; 334:1-12. [PMID: 27476438 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The superior paraolivary nucleus (SPON) is a prominent structure in the mammalian auditory brainstem with a proposed role in encoding transient broadband sounds such as vocalized utterances. Currently, the source of excitatory pathways that project to the SPON and how these inputs contribute to SPON function are poorly understood. To shed light on the nature of these inputs, we measured evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in the SPON originating from the intermediate acoustic stria and compared them with the properties of EPSCs in the lateral superior olive (LSO) originating from the ventral acoustic stria during auditory development from postnatal day 5 to 22 in mice. Before hearing onset, EPSCs in the SPON and LSO are very similar in size and kinetics. After the onset of hearing, SPON excitation is refined to extremely few (2:1) fibers, with each strengthened by an increase in release probability, yielding fast and strong EPSCs. LSO excitation is recruited from more fibers (5:1), resulting in strong EPSCs with a comparatively broader stimulus-response range after hearing onset. Evoked SPON excitation is comparatively weaker than evoked LSO excitation, likely due to a larger fraction of postsynaptic GluR2-containing Ca2+-impermeable AMPA receptors after hearing onset. Taken together, SPON excitation develops synaptic properties that are suited for transmitting single events with high temporal reliability and the strong, dynamic LSO excitation is compatible with high rate-level sensitivity. Thus, the excitatory input pathways to the SPON and LSO mature to support different decoding strategies of respective coarse temporal and sound intensity information at the brainstem level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Felix
- Unit of Audiology, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K Magnusson
- Unit of Audiology, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Xie Y, Nama N, Li P, Mao Z, Huang PH, Zhao C, Costanzo F, Huang TJ. Probing Cell Deformability via Acoustically Actuated Bubbles. Small 2016; 12:902-10. [PMID: 26715211 PMCID: PMC4876965 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An acoustically actuated, bubble-based technique is developed to investigate the deformability of cells suspended in microfluidic devices. A microsized bubble is generated by an optothermal effect near the targeted cells, which are suspended in a microfluidic chamber. Subsequently, acoustic actuation is employed to create localized acoustic streaming. In turn, the streaming flow results in hydrodynamic forces that deform the cells in situ. The deformability of the cells is indicative of their mechanical properties. The method in this study measures mechanical biomarkers from multiple cells in a single experiment, and it can be conveniently integrated with other bioanalysis and drug-screening platforms. Using this technique, the mean deformability of tens of HeLa, HEK, and HUVEC cells is measured to distinguish their mechanical properties. HeLa cells are deformed upon treatment with Cytochalasin. The technique also reveals the deformability of each subpopulation in a mixed, heterogeneous cell sample by the use of both fluorescent markers and mechanical biomarkers. The technique in this study, apart from being relevant to cell biology, will also enable biophysical cellular diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhangming Mao
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Chenglong Zhao
- Department of Physics & Electro-Optics Program, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Strobl FG, Breyer D, Link P, Torrano AA, Bräuchle C, Schneider MF, Wixforth A. A surface acoustic wave-driven micropump for particle uptake investigation under physiological flow conditions in very small volumes. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2015; 6:414-9. [PMID: 25821681 PMCID: PMC4362322 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Static conditions represent an important shortcoming of many in vitro experiments on the cellular uptake of nanoparticles. Here, we present a versatile microfluidic device based on acoustic streaming induced by surface acoustic waves (SAWs). The device offers a convenient method for introducing fluid motion in standard cell culture chambers and for mimicking capillary blood flow. We show that shear rates over the whole physiological range in sample volumes as small as 200 μL can be achieved. A precise characterization method for the induced flow profile is presented and the influence of flow on the uptake of Pt-decorated CeO2 particles by endothelial cells (HMEC-1) is demonstrated. Under physiological flow conditions the particle uptake rates for this system are significantly lower than at low shear conditions. This underlines the vital importance of the fluidic environment for cellular uptake mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian G Strobl
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik I, Universität Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich NIM, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Breyer
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik I, Universität Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich NIM, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| | - Phillip Link
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik I, Universität Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Adriano A Torrano
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich NIM, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Bräuchle
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich NIM, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Achim Wixforth
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentalphysik I, Universität Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich NIM, Schellingstr. 4, 80799 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zia Uddin SM, Hadjiargyrou M, Cheng J, Zhang S, Hu M, Qin YX. Reversal of the detrimental effects of simulated microgravity on human osteoblasts by modified low intensity pulsed ultrasound. Ultrasound Med Biol 2013; 39:804-812. [PMID: 23453382 PMCID: PMC3717331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Microgravity (MG) is known to induce bone loss in astronauts during long-duration space mission because of a lack of sufficient mechanical stimulation under MG. It has been demonstrated that mechanical signals are essential for maintaining cell viability and motility, and they possibly serve as a countermeasure to the catabolic effects of MG. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of high-frequency acoustic wave signals on osteoblasts in a simulated microgravity (SMG) environment (created using 1-D clinostat bioreactor) using a modified low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (mLIPUS). Specifically, we evaluated the hypothesis that osteoblasts (human fetal osteoblastic cell line) exposure to mLIPUS for 20 min/d at 30 mW/cm(2) will significantly reduce the detrimental effects of SMG. Effects of SMG with mLIPUS were analyzed using the MTS proliferation assay for proliferation, phalloidin for F-actin staining, Sirius red stain for collagen, and Alizarin red for mineralization. Our data showed that osteoblast exposure to SMG results in significant decreases in proliferation (∼ -38% and ∼ -44% on days 4 and 6, respectively; p < 0.01), collagen content (∼ -22%; p < 0.05) and mineralization (∼ -37%; p < 0.05) and actin stress fibers. In contrast, mLIPUS stimulation in SMG condition significantly increases the rate of proliferation (∼24% by day 6; p < 0.05), collagen content (∼52%; p < 0.05) and matrix mineralization (∼25%; p < 0.001) along with restoring formation of actin stress fibers in the SMG-exposed osteoblasts. These data suggest that the acoustic wave can potentially be used as a countermeasure for disuse osteopenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yi-Xian Qin
- Corresponding Author: Yi-Xian Qin, Ph.D., Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, 215 Bioengineering Bldg, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5281, Tel: 631-632-1481, Fax: (631) 632-8577,
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu YJ, Lu M, Ding X, Leong ESP, Lin SCS, Shi J, Teng JH, Wang L, Bunning TJ, Huang TJ. Holographically formed, acoustically switchable gratings based on polymer-dispersed liquid crystals. J Lab Autom 2012; 18:291-5. [PMID: 22909448 DOI: 10.1177/2211068212455632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (H-PDLC) gratings driven by surface acoustic waves (SAWs). Our experiments show that upon applying SAWs, the H-PDLC grating exhibited switchable properties: The diffraction of the H-PDLC grating decreased, whereas the transmission increased. This acoustically switchable behavior is due to the acoustic streaming-induced realignment of liquid crystals as well as absorption-resulted thermal diffusion. Such SAW-driven H-PDLC gratings are potentially useful in many photonic applications, such as optical switches, spatial light modulators, and switchable add/drop filters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jun Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|