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Albanese GA, Bucchieri A, Podda J, Tacchino A, Buccelli S, De Momi E, Laffranchi M, Mannella K, Holmes MWR, Zenzeri J, De Michieli L, Brichetto G, Barresi G. Robotic systems for upper-limb rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: a SWOT analysis and the synergies with virtual and augmented environments. Front Robot AI 2024; 11:1335147. [PMID: 38638271 PMCID: PMC11025362 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2024.1335147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The robotics discipline is exploring precise and versatile solutions for upper-limb rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). People with MS can greatly benefit from robotic systems to help combat the complexities of this disease, which can impair the ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs). In order to present the potential and the limitations of smart mechatronic devices in the mentioned clinical domain, this review is structured to propose a concise SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Analysis of robotic rehabilitation in MS. Through the SWOT Analysis, a method mostly adopted in business management, this paper addresses both internal and external factors that can promote or hinder the adoption of upper-limb rehabilitation robots in MS. Subsequently, it discusses how the synergy with another category of interaction technologies - the systems underlying virtual and augmented environments - may empower Strengths, overcome Weaknesses, expand Opportunities, and handle Threats in rehabilitation robotics for MS. The impactful adaptability of these digital settings (extensively used in rehabilitation for MS, even to approach ADL-like tasks in safe simulated contexts) is the main reason for presenting this approach to face the critical issues of the aforementioned SWOT Analysis. This methodological proposal aims at paving the way for devising further synergistic strategies based on the integration of medical robotic devices with other promising technologies to help upper-limb functional recovery in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Bucchieri
- Rehab Technologies Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Podda
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (FISM), Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Tacchino
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (FISM), Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Buccelli
- Rehab Technologies Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Elena De Momi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Laffranchi
- Rehab Technologies Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kailynn Mannella
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Giampaolo Brichetto
- Scientific Research Area, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Foundation (FISM), Genoa, Italy
- AISM Rehabilitation Center Liguria, Italian Multiple Sclerosis Society (AISM), Genoa, Italy
| | - Giacinto Barresi
- Rehab Technologies Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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Secciani N, Brogi C, Pagliai M, Buonamici F, Gerli F, Vannetti F, Bianchini M, Volpe Y, Ridolfi A. Wearable Robots: An Original Mechatronic Design of a Hand Exoskeleton for Assistive and Rehabilitative Purposes. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:750385. [PMID: 34744679 PMCID: PMC8568131 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.750385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Robotic devices are being employed in more and more sectors to enhance, streamline, and augment the outcomes of a wide variety of human activities. Wearable robots arise indeed as of-vital-importance tools for telerehabilitation or home assistance targeting people affected by motor disabilities. In particular, the field of “Robotics for Medicine and Healthcare” is attracting growing interest. The development of such devices is a primarily addressed topic since the increasing number of people in need of rehabilitation or assistive therapies (due to population aging) growingly weighs on the healthcare systems of the nation. Besides, the necessity to move to clinics represents an additional logistic burden for patients and their families. Among the various body parts, the hand is specially investigated since it most ensures the independence of an individual, and thus, the restoration of its dexterity is considered a high priority. In this study, the authors present the development of a fully wearable, portable, and tailor-made hand exoskeleton designed for both home assistance and telerehabilitation. Its purpose is either to assist patients during activities of daily living by running a real-time intention detection algorithm or to be used for remotely supervised or unsupervised rehabilitation sessions by performing exercises preset by therapists. Throughout the mechatronic design process, special attention has been paid to the complete wearability and comfort of the system to produce a user-friendly device capable of assisting people in their daily life or enabling recorded home rehabilitation sessions allowing the therapist to monitor the state evolution of the patient. Such a hand exoskeleton system has been designed, manufactured, and preliminarily tested on a subject affected by spinal muscular atrophy, and some results are reported at the end of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Secciani
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Chiara Brogi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Buonamici
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Filippo Gerli
- IRCCS Don Gnocchi, Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Bianchini
- Institute for Complex Systems, National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Yary Volpe
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ridolfi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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Omrani J, Moghaddam MM. Nonlinear time delay estimation based model reference adaptive impedance control for an upper-limb human-robot interaction. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2021; 236:385-398. [PMID: 34720012 DOI: 10.1177/09544119211054919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A nonlinear Time Delay Estimation (TDE) based model reference adaptive impedance controller was developed for Tarbiat Modares University Upper Limbs Rehabilitation Robot (TUERR). The proposed controller uses a stable reference impedance model, which produces desired dynamic relationship between applied force and position error for the robot End-effector to track the desired trajectory. TDE based model reference adaptive controller estimates unknown system dynamics and uncertainties, and the adaption law modifies the controller gains. Using a Lyapunov function was shown trajectory tracking errors in the overall system are bounded. In addition, a performance-based velocity profile proposed to modify the pace of trajectory planning considering the deviation from the desired path. Finally, the performance of the presented controller and rehabilitation process is experimentally investigated for TUERR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Omrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid M Moghaddam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Berlet R, Anthony S, Brooks B, Wang ZJ, Sadanandan N, Shear A, Cozene B, Gonzales-Portillo B, Parsons B, Salazar FE, Lezama Toledo AR, Monroy GR, Gonzales-Portillo JV, Borlongan CV. Combination of Stem Cells and Rehabilitation Therapies for Ischemic Stroke. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1316. [PMID: 34572529 PMCID: PMC8468342 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation with rehabilitation therapy presents an effective stroke treatment. Here, we discuss current breakthroughs in stem cell research along with rehabilitation strategies that may have a synergistic outcome when combined together after stroke. Indeed, stem cell transplantation offers a promising new approach and may add to current rehabilitation therapies. By reviewing the pathophysiology of stroke and the mechanisms by which stem cells and rehabilitation attenuate this inflammatory process, we hypothesize that a combined therapy will provide better functional outcomes for patients. Using current preclinical data, we explore the prominent types of stem cells, the existing theories for stem cell repair, rehabilitation treatments inside the brain, rehabilitation modalities outside the brain, and evidence pertaining to the benefits of combined therapy. In this review article, we assess the advantages and disadvantages of using stem cell transplantation with rehabilitation to mitigate the devastating effects of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed Berlet
- Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA;
| | - Stefan Anthony
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, 5000 Lakewood Ranch Boulevard, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA;
| | - Beverly Brooks
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
| | - Zhen-Jie Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
| | | | - Alex Shear
- University of Florida, 205 Fletcher Drive, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Blaise Cozene
- Tulane University, 6823 St. Charles Ave, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | | | - Blake Parsons
- Washington and Lee University, 204 W Washington St, Lexington, VA 24450, USA;
| | - Felipe Esparza Salazar
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Alma R. Lezama Toledo
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | - Germán Rivera Monroy
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), FCS, Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Huixquilucan 52786, Mexico; (F.E.S.); (A.R.L.T.); (G.R.M.)
| | | | - Cesario V. Borlongan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.B.); (Z.-J.W.)
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Maqsood K, Luo J, Yang C, Ren Q, Li Y. Iterative learning-based path control for robot-assisted upper-limb rehabilitation. Neural Comput Appl 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00521-021-06037-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn robot-assisted rehabilitation, the performance of robotic assistance is dependent on the human user’s dynamics, which are subject to uncertainties. In order to enhance the rehabilitation performance and in particular to provide a constant level of assistance, we separate the task space into two subspaces where a combined scheme of adaptive impedance control and trajectory learning is developed. Human movement speed can vary from person to person and it cannot be predefined for the robot. Therefore, in the direction of human movement, an iterative trajectory learning approach is developed to update the robot reference according to human movement and to achieve the desired interaction force between the robot and the human user. In the direction normal to the task trajectory, human’s unintentional force may deteriorate the trajectory tracking performance. Therefore, an impedance adaptation method is utilized to compensate for unknown human force and prevent the human user drifting away from the updated robot reference trajectory. The proposed scheme was tested in experiments that emulated three upper-limb rehabilitation modes: zero interaction force, assistive and resistive. Experimental results showed that the desired assistance level could be achieved, despite uncertain human dynamics.
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Huo CC, Zheng Y, Lu WW, Zhang TY, Wang DF, Xu DS, Li ZY. Prospects for intelligent rehabilitation techniques to treat motor dysfunction. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:264-269. [PMID: 32859773 PMCID: PMC7896219 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of stroke patients live with different levels of motor dysfunction after receiving routine rehabilitation treatments. Therefore, new rehabilitation technologies are urgently needed as auxiliary treatments for motor rehabilitation. Based on routine rehabilitation treatments, a new intelligent rehabilitation platform has been developed for accurate evaluation of function and rehabilitation training. The emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques can promote the development of motor function rehabilitation in terms of informatization, standardization, and intelligence. Traditional assessment methods are mostly subjective, depending on the experience and expertise of clinicians, and lack standardization and precision. It is therefore difficult to track functional changes during the rehabilitation process. Emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques provide objective and accurate functional assessment for stroke patients that can promote improvement of clinical guidance for treatment. Artificial intelligence and neural networks play a critical role in intelligent rehabilitation. Multiple novel techniques, such as brain-computer interfaces, virtual reality, neural circuit-magnetic stimulation, and robot-assisted therapy, have been widely used in the clinic. This review summarizes the emerging intelligent rehabilitation techniques for the evaluation and treatment of motor dysfunction caused by nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Cong Huo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University; Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids; Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Lu
- Rehabilitation Section, Spine Surgery Division of Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng-Yu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids; Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
| | - Dai-Fa Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine; School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Yong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Technical Aids for Old-Age Disability, National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids; Key Laboratory of Neuro-functional Information and Rehabilitation Engineering of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, Beijing, China
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Norouzi-Gheidari N, Archambault PS, Fung J. Changes in arm kinematics of chronic stroke individuals following "Assist-As-Asked" robot-assisted training in virtual and physical environments: A proof-of-concept study. J Rehabil Assist Technol Eng 2020; 7:2055668320926054. [PMID: 32612849 PMCID: PMC7309382 DOI: 10.1177/2055668320926054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In this proof-of-concept study, we introduce a custom-developed robot-assisted training protocol, named “Assist-As-Asked”, aiming at improving arm function of chronic stroke subjects with moderate-to-severe upper extremity motor impairment. The study goals were to investigate the feasibility and potential adverse effects of this training protocol in both physical and virtual environments. Methods A sample of convenience of four chronic stroke subjects participated in 10 half-hour sessions. The task was to practice reaching six targets in both virtual and physical environments. The robotic arm used the Assist-As-Asked paradigm in which it helped subjects to complete movements when asked by them. Changes in the kinematics of the reaching movements and the participants’ perception of the reaching practice in both environments were the outcome measures of interest. Results Subjects improved their reaching performance and none of them reported any adverse events. There were no differences between the two environments in terms of kinematic measures even though subjects had different opinions about the environment preference. Conclusions Using the Assist-As-Asked protocol in moderate-to-severe chronic stroke survivors is feasible and it can be used with both physical and virtual environments with no evidence of one of them to be superior to the other based on users’ perspectives and movement kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Norouzi-Gheidari
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Feil/Oberfeld/CRIR Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of CISSS-Laval, Laval, Canada
| | - Philippe S Archambault
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Feil/Oberfeld/CRIR Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of CISSS-Laval, Laval, Canada
| | - Joyce Fung
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Feil/Oberfeld/CRIR Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of CISSS-Laval, Laval, Canada
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Manuli A, Maggio MG, Tripoli D, Gullì M, Cannavò A, La Rosa G, Sciarrone F, Avena G, Calabrò RS. Patients' perspective and usability of innovation technology in a new rehabilitation pathway: An exploratory study in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 44:102312. [PMID: 32585618 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, which causes sensori-motor and cognitive disabilities, as well as neuropsychiatric abnormalities. Technological innovations could offer a valuable way to improve neurorehabilitation outcomes. Aim of the study is to assess the feasibility and usability of new rehabilitation technologies as perceived by patients suffering from MS. MATERIALS AND METHODS MS inpatients attending the Robotic and Behavioral Neurorehabilitation Service of the IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo (Messina, Italy) from February 2017 to April 2019, were enrolled in this exploratory study. The patients were submitted to a personalized rehabilitation treatment using robotics (such as Lokomat, Geosystem, Ekso, Armeo) and virtual reality (i.e. BTS-Nirvana, CAREN, VRRS), following a dedicated innovative pathway. RESULTS All patients completed the study. Significant pre-post-treatment differences were found in the perception of patients' quality of life, regarding both physical and mental items (p<0,001), as well as in the achievement of the therapeutic goal. Finally, we observed that patients declared a high usability of the robotic devices, and that rehabilitation with the new devices was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS our results support the idea that neurorehabilitation using innovation technologies can be useful for the commitment and motivation during the rehabilitation process, with possible positive effects on the functional and psychological outcomes of patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martina Gullì
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Giuseppe Avena
- Department of Ancient and Modern Civilizations, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Resquín F, Gonzalez-Vargas J, Ibáñez J, Brunetti F, Dimbwadyo I, Carrasco L, Alves S, Gonzalez-Alted C, Gomez-Blanco A, Pons JL. Adaptive hybrid robotic system for rehabilitation of reaching movement after a brain injury: a usability study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2017; 14:104. [PMID: 29025427 PMCID: PMC5639749 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-017-0312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brain injury survivors often present upper-limb motor impairment affecting the execution of functional activities such as reaching. A currently active research line seeking to maximize upper-limb motor recovery after a brain injury, deals with the combined use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and mechanical supporting devices, in what has been previously termed hybrid robotic systems. This study evaluates from the technical and clinical perspectives the usability of an integrated hybrid robotic system for the rehabilitation of upper-limb reaching movements after a brain lesion affecting the motor function. Methods The presented system is comprised of four main components. The hybrid assistance is given by a passive exoskeleton to support the arm weight against gravity and a functional electrical stimulation device to assist the execution of the reaching task. The feedback error learning (FEL) controller was implemented to adjust the intensity of the electrical stimuli delivered on target muscles according to the performance of the users. This control strategy is based on a proportional-integral-derivative feedback controller and an artificial neural network as the feedforward controller. Two experiments were carried out in this evaluation. First, the technical viability and the performance of the implemented FEL controller was evaluated in healthy subjects (N = 12). Second, a small cohort of patients with a brain injury (N = 4) participated in two experimental session to evaluate the system performance. Also, the overall satisfaction and emotional response of the users after they used the system was assessed. Results In the experiment with healthy subjects, a significant reduction of the tracking error was found during the execution of reaching movements. In the experiment with patients, a decreasing trend of the error trajectory was found together with an increasing trend in the task performance as the movement was repeated. Brain injury patients expressed a great acceptance in using the system as a rehabilitation tool. Conclusions The study demonstrates the technical feasibility of using the hybrid robotic system for reaching rehabilitation. Patients’ reports on the received intervention reveal a great satisfaction and acceptance of the hybrid robotic system. Trial registration Retrospective trial registration in ISRCTN Register with study ID ISRCTN12843006.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Resquín
- Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Gonzalez-Vargas
- Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ibáñez
- Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - F Brunetti
- Catholic University of Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - I Dimbwadyo
- Occupational Therapy Department. Occupational Thinks Research Group. Instituto de Neurociencias y Ciencias del Movimiento (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L Carrasco
- Occupational Thinks Research Group, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Alves
- Centro de Referencia Estatal de Atención al Daño Cerebral (CEADAC), Madrid, Spain
| | - C Gonzalez-Alted
- Centro de Referencia Estatal de Atención al Daño Cerebral (CEADAC), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Gomez-Blanco
- Centro de Referencia Estatal de Atención al Daño Cerebral (CEADAC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J L Pons
- Neural Rehabilitation Group, Cajal Institute of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Avda. Doctor Arce, 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
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