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Aktay I, Bitirim CV, Olgar Y, Durak A, Tuncay E, Billur D, Akcali KC, Turan B. Cardioprotective role of a magnolol and honokiol complex in the prevention of doxorubicin-mediated cardiotoxicity in adult rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:337-350. [PMID: 37074505 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOXO) induces marked cardiotoxicity, though increased oxidative stress while there are some documents related with cardioprotective effects of some antioxidants against organ-toxicity during cancer treatment. Although magnolia bark has some antioxidant-like effects, its action in DOXO-induced heart dysfunction has not be shown clearly. Therefore, here, we aimed to investigate the cardioprotective action of a magnolia bark extract with active component magnolol and honokiol complex (MAHOC; 100 mg/kg) in DOXO-treated rat hearts. One group of adult male Wistar rats was injected with DOXO (DOXO-group; a cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg in 2-week) or saline (CON-group). One group of DOXO-treated rats was administered with MAHOC before DOXO (Pre-MAHOC group; 2-week) while another group was administered with MAHOC following the 2-week DOXO (Post-MAHOC group). MAHOC administration, before or after DOXO, provided full survival of animals during 12-14 weeks, and significant recoveries in the systemic parameters of animals such as plasma levels of manganese and zinc, total oxidant and antioxidant statuses, and also systolic and diastolic blood pressures. This treatment also significantly improved heart function including recoveries in end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume, heart rate, cardiac output, and prolonged P-wave duration. Furthermore, the MAHOC administrations improved the structure of left ventricles such as recoveries in loss of myofibrils, degenerative nuclear changes, fragmentation of cardiomyocytes, and interstitial edema. Biochemical analysis in the heart tissues provided the important cardioprotective effect of MAHOC on the redox regulation of the heart, such as improvements in activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, and oxygen radical-absorbing capacity of the heart together with recoveries in other systemic parameters of animals, while all of these benefits were observed in the Pre-MAHOC treatment group, more prominently. Overall, one can point out the beneficial antioxidant effects of MAHOC in chronic heart diseases as a supporting and complementing agent to the conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Aktay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ceylan Verda Bitirim
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara University Stem cell Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Olgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Durak
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Tuncay
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Billur
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kamil Can Akcali
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
- Stem Cell Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Belma Turan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey.
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2
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Al-Chlaihawi M, Janabi A. Azilsartan improves doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity via inhibiting oxidative stress, proinflammatory pathway, and apoptosis. J Med Life 2023; 16:1783-1788. [PMID: 38585516 PMCID: PMC10994606 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Azilsartan, a known angiotensin receptor blocker, has shown potential in reducing 24-hour blood pressure and may have protective effects against cardiac complications. Increased oxidative stress in cardiac tissue is directly related to the cardiac complications of doxorubicin. This study investigated whether azilsartan could mitigate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. We divided 28 male rats into four groups: the control group receiving a standard diet and water, the vehicle group given DMSO orally for two weeks, doxorubicin group receiving 2.5 mg/kg of doxorubicin three times a week for two weeks, and azilsartan group treated with 5 mg/kg/day of azilsartan orally and doxorubicin. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity was evidenced by a significant increase in TNF-α, IL-1β, MDA, and caspase-3 levels and significantly decreased TAC and Bcl-2 levels in the cardiac tissues of treated rats compared to the DMSO and control groups. Azilsartan significantly decreased doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, as evidenced by a decline in serum levels of both TNF-α and IL-1β. Additionally, MDA significantly decreased in the cardiac tissue, although TAC was significantly increased when comparing the azilsartan group to the group receiving doxorubicin-only. These results suggest that azilsartan effectively reduced doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, likely by mitigating apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in cardiac tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Chlaihawi
- Department of Pharmacy, Kufa Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Ali Janabi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
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3
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Leciejewska N, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Nogowski L, Sassek M, Strowski MZ, Kołodziejski PA. Sex-specific cytotoxicity of ostarine in cardiomyocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 577:112037. [PMID: 37543162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Ostarine is the most popular compound in the selective androgen receptor modulator group (SARMs). Ostarine is used as a physical performance-enhancing agent. The abuse of this agent in higher doses may lead to severe side effects. Here, we evaluate the effects of ostarine on the heart. We utilized a cardiomyocyte H9C2 cell line, isolated primary female and male cardiac fibroblast cells, as well as hearts obtained from rats. Ostarine increased the accumulation of two fibrosis protein markers, αSMA and fibronectin (p < 00.1) in male, but not in female fibroblast cells. Ostarine increased the expression of the cardiomyopathy marker βMhc in the H9C2 cell line (p < 0.05) and in the heart in rats (p < 0.01). The unfavorable changes were observed at high ostarine doses. Moreover, a decrease in viability and an increase in cytotoxicity marker LDH were observed already at lowest dose (1 nmoL/l). Taken together, our results suggest that ostarine is cardiotoxic which may be more relevant in males than in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Leciejewska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Leszek Nogowski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Sassek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mathias Z Strowski
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany; Medical Clinic III, 15236, Frankfurt (Oder), Germany
| | - Paweł A Kołodziejski
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Biostructure, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland.
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4
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Chaulin AM. The Essential Strategies to Mitigate Cardiotoxicity Caused by Doxorubicin. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2148. [PMID: 38004288 PMCID: PMC10672543 DOI: 10.3390/life13112148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of mechanisms underlying cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin and the development of strategies to mitigate doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity are the most relevant issues of modern cardio-oncology. This is due to the high prevalence of cancer in the population and the need for frequent use of highly effective chemotherapeutic agents, in particular anthracyclines, for optimal management of cancer patients. However, while being a potent agent to counteract cancer, doxorubicin also affects the cardiovascular systems of patients undergoing chemotherapy in a significant and unfavorable fashion. Consecutively reviewed in this article are risk factors and mechanisms of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity, and the essential strategies to mitigate cardiotoxic effects of doxorubicin treatment in cancer patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey Michailovich Chaulin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Samara State Medical University, Samara 443099, Russia;
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Samara State Medical University, Samara 443099, Russia
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Podyacheva E, Danilchuk M, Toropova Y. Molecular mechanisms of endothelial remodeling under doxorubicin treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114576. [PMID: 36989721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective antineoplastic agent used to treat various types of cancers. However, its use is limited by the development of cardiotoxicity, which may result in heart failure. The exact mechanisms underlying DOX-induced cardiotoxicity are not fully understood, but recent studies have shown that endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and endothelial damage play a crucial role in this process. EndMT is a biological process in which endothelial cells lose their characteristics and transform into mesenchymal cells, which have a fibroblast-like phenotype. This process has been shown to contribute to tissue fibrosis and remodeling in various diseases, including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity has been demonstrated to increase the expression of EndMT markers, suggesting that EndMT may play a critical role in the development of this condition. Furthermore, DOX-induced cardiotoxicity has been shown to cause endothelial damage, leading to the disruption of the endothelial barrier function and increased vascular permeability. This can result in the leakage of plasma proteins, leading to tissue edema and inflammation. Moreover, DOX can impair the production of nitric oxide, endothelin-1, neuregulin, thrombomodulin, thromboxane B2 etc. by endothelial cells, leading to vasoconstriction, thrombosis and further impairing cardiac function. In this regard, this review is devoted to the generalization and structuring of information about the known molecular mechanisms of endothelial remodeling under the action of DOX.
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Podyacheva E, Toropova Y. SIRT1 activation and its effect on intercalated disc proteins as a way to reduce doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1035387. [PMID: 36408244 PMCID: PMC9672938 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, the neoplasm is one of the main reasons for morbidity and mortality worldwide. At the same time, application of cytostatic drugs like an independent type of cancer treatment and in combination with surgical methods, is often associated with the development of cardiovascular complications both in the early and in the delayed period of treatment. Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most commonly used cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic. DOX can cause both acute and delayed side effects. The problem is still not solved, as evidenced by the continued activity of researchers in terms of developing approaches for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications. It is known, the heart muscle consists of cardiomyocytes connected by intercalated discs (ID), which ensure the structural, electrical, metabolic unity of the heart. Various defects in the ID proteins can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases of various etiologies, including DOX-induced cardiomyopathy. The search for ways to influence the functioning of ID proteins of the cardiac muscle can become the basis for the creation of new therapeutic approaches to the treatment and prevention of cardiac pathologies. SIRT1 may be an interesting cardioprotective variant due to its wide functional significance. SIRT1 activation triggers nuclear transcription programs that increase the efficiency of cellular, mitochondrial metabolism, increases resistance to oxidative stress, and promotes cell survival. It can be assumed that SIRT1 can not only provide a protective effect at the cardiomyocytes level, leading to an improvement in mitochondrial and metabolic functions, reducing the effects of oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, but also have a protective effect on the functioning of IDs structures of the cardiac muscle.
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Sheibani M, Azizi Y, Shayan M, Nezamoleslami S, Eslami F, Farjoo MH, Dehpour AR. Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: An Overview on Pre-clinical Therapeutic Approaches. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:292-310. [DOI: 10.1007/s12012-022-09721-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Fan BW, Liu YL, Zhu GX, Wu B, Zhang MM, Deng Q, Wang JL, Chen JX, Han RW, Wei J. The active fragments of ghrelin cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain to produce antinociceptive effects after systemic administration. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1057-1068. [PMID: 34492212 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
G (1-5)-NH2, G (1-7)-NH2, and G (1-9) are the active fragments of ghrelin. The aim of this study was to investigate the antinociceptive effects, their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, and the receptor mechanism(s) of these fragments using the tail withdrawal test in male Kunming mice. The antinociceptive effects of these fragments (2, 6, 20, and 60 nmol/mouse) were tested at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 min after intravenous (i.v.) injection. These fragments induced dose- and time-related antinociceptive effects relative to saline. Using the near infrared fluorescence imaging experiments, our results showed that these fragments could cross the brain-blood barrier and enter the brain. The antinociceptive effects of these fragments were completely antagonized by naloxone (intracerebroventricular, i.c.v.); however, naloxone methiodide (intraperitoneal, i.p.), which is the peripheral restricted opioid receptor antagonist, did not antagonize these antinociceptive effects. Furthermore, the GHS-R1α antagonist [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (i.c.v.) completely antagonized these antinociceptive effects, too. These results suggested that these fragments induced antinociceptive effects through central opioid receptors and GHS-R1α. In conclusion, our studies indicated that these active fragments of ghrelin could cross the brain-blood barrier and enter the brain and induce antinociceptive effects through central opioid receptors and GHS-R1α after intravenous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Wei Fan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Yong-Ling Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Gui-Xian Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Min-Min Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Qing Deng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jing-Lei Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Jia-Xiang Chen
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Ren-Wen Han
- Laboratory of Fear and Anxiety Disorders, Institute of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
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Herradón E, González C, González A, Uranga JA, López-Miranda V. Cardiovascular Toxicity Induced by Chronic Vincristine Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:692970. [PMID: 34366848 PMCID: PMC8333869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.692970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vincristine is an effective anticancer agent for treating leukemias, lymphomas, and other solid tumors. Vincristine's better-known severe side effects include bone marrow depression, hyponatremia, peripheral neuropathy, and gastrointestinal distress. In recent years, cardiovascular damage also has been described during vincristine treatments. However, the vascular toxicity induced by vincristine is little studied. The aim of the present is to evaluate whether these alterations remain after the suspension of chemotherapy treatment (sequelae) and the possible mechanisms involved in this vascular damage. Adult male Wistar rats were used. The animals were divided into four treatment groups: two groups of saline (0.9% NaCl; saline, sequelae saline) and two groups of vincristine (100 μg/kg; vincristine, sequelae vincristine). Saline or vincristine was administered intraperitoneally in two cycles of 5 days each, leaving a rest period between cycles of 2 days. The final cumulative vincristine dose administered was 1 mg/kg. Sequelae groups correspond to 2 weeks after stopping treatment with the antitumor agent. At the end of the different experimental protocols, cardiac and vascular functions were analyzed. Alterations in the expression of different proteins in the cardiovascular tissues were also investigated. Chronic treatment with vincristine did not produce significant changes in basal cardiac function but provoked significant endothelial dysfunction in the aorta and a significant decrease in the mesenteric contractile function. These cardiovascular functional alterations disappeared 2 weeks after the suspension of chemotherapy treatment. Vincristine treatment caused a significant increase in the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and iNOS), and connexin 43 in cardiac tissue. In the aorta, the chronic treatment with vincristine caused a slight non-significant increase in TNFα expression, a significant increase in eNOS and iNOS, and a significant decrease in connexin 43. After 2 weeks of vincristine treatment (sequelae group), the expression of TNFα increased and eNOS and iNOS expressions disappeared, but a significant decrease in the expression of connexin 43 was still observed in the aorta. In mesenteric arteries, similar data to those found in the aorta were observed. In conclusion, chronic treatment with vincristine causes functional alterations in the vascular function of both conductance and resistance vessels and changes in the expressions of TNFα, eNOS, iNOS, and connexin 43 in cardiovascular tissues, implicating direct toxicity during its treatment. These functional alterations are transitory and disappear after the suspension of its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Herradón
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (Pharmakom-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Cristina González
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Antonio González
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (Pharmakom-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Uranga
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Physiopathology and Pharmacology of the Digestive System (NeuGut-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Visitación López-Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,Unidad Asociada al Instituto de Química Medica (IQM) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain.,High Performance Research Group in Experimental Pharmacology (Pharmakom-URJC), URJC, Alcorcón, Spain
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10
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Podyacheva EY, Kushnareva EA, Karpov AA, Toropova YG. Analysis of Models of Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Rats and Mice. A Modern View From the Perspective of the Pathophysiologist and the Clinician. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:670479. [PMID: 34149423 PMCID: PMC8209419 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.670479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Today the pharmacological possibilities of treating cancer are expanding and as a result, life expectancy is increasing against the background of chemotherapy and supportive treatment. In the conditions of successful antitumor treatment, complications associated with its toxic effect on healthy tissues and organs began to come to the fore. Anthracycline cardiomyopathy was the first serious cardiovascular complication to draw the attention of oncologists and cardiologists around the world. Anthracycline drugs such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin are still widely used in oncological practice to treat a wide range of solid and hematological malignancies. Doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy is closely associated with an increase in oxidative stress, as evidenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) nduced damage such as lipid peroxidation, and decreased levels of antioxidants. Myofibrillar destruction and dysregulation of intracellular calcium are also important mechanisms, usually associated with doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Despite the abundance of data on various mechanisms involved in the implementation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, a final understanding of the mechanism of the development of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy has not yet been formed. It poses the most significant challenges to the development of new methods of prevention and treatment, as well as to the unambiguous choice of a specific treatment regimen using the existing pharmacological tools. In order to resolve these issues new models that could reflect the development of the chemotherapy drugs effects are needed. In this review we have summarized and analyzed information on the main existing models of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy using small laboratory animals. In addition, this paper discusses further areas of research devoted to the development and validation of new improved models of doxorubicin cardiomyopathy suitable both for studying the mechanisms of its implementation and for the preclinical drugs effectiveness assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Yu Podyacheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Kushnareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrei A Karpov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yana G Toropova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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