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Hodish I. For debate; pharmacological priorities in advanced type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107510. [PMID: 32008894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A multitude of therapeutic agents have been available to treat patients with Type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, many patients with advanced Type 2 diabetes continue to suffer from complications and premature death. To date, all available guidelines emphasize a variety of therapeutic aspects, goals, and pharmacological combinations, without directing the clinician as to which is a higher priority. The following review attempts to clarify which therapeutic option is more important for prognosis in patients with advanced type 2 diabetes. The body of evidence presented, reveal that the most important marker for prognosis is HbA1c. Each 1% incrementally higher HbA1c than ~7% is associated with 15%-45% reduced survival rates. Therefore, any agents that can achieve the time-sensitive objective of lowering HbA1c levels should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Hodish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
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2
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Simintiras CA, Fröhlich T, Sathyapalan T, Arnold GJ, Ulbrich SE, Leese HJ, Sturmey RGS. Modelling oviduct fluid formation in vitro. Reproduction 2016; 153:REP-15-0508. [PMID: 27738189 DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Oviduct fluid is the microenvironment that supports early reproductive processes including fertilisation, embryo cleavage, and genome activation. However, the composition and regulation of this critical environment remains rather poorly defined. This study uses an in vitro preparation of the bovine oviduct epithelium, to investigate the formation and composition of in vitro derived oviduct fluid (ivDOF) within a controlled environment. We confirm the presence of oviduct specific glycoprotein 1 in ivDOF and show that the amino acid and carbohydrate content resembles that of previously reported in vivo data. In parallel, using a different culture system, a panel of oviduct epithelial solute carrier genes, and the corresponding flux of amino acids within ivDOF in response to steroid hormones were investigated. We next incorporated fibroblasts directly beneath the epithelium. This dual culture arrangement represents more faithfully the in vivo environment and impacts on ivDOF composition. Lastly, physiological and pathophysiological endocrine states were modelled and their impact on the in vitro oviduct preparation evaluated. These experiments help clarify the dynamic function of the oviduct in vitro and suggest a number of future research avenues, such as investigating epithelial-fibroblast interactions, probing the molecular aetiologies of subfertility, and optimising embryo culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantine A Simintiras
- C Simintiras, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), Hull York Medical School (HYMS), Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Thomas Fröhlich
- T Fröhlich, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- T Sathyapalan, Michael White Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hull York Medical School (HYMS), Kingston upon Hull, Hu32rw, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Georg J Arnold
- G Arnold, Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne E Ulbrich
- S Ulbrich, Animal Physiology, ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henry J Leese
- H Leese, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), Hull York Medical School (HYMS), Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Roger G S Sturmey
- R Sturmey, Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (CCMR), Hull York Medical School (HYMS), Kingston upon Hull, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Knaś M, Wołosik K, Zalewska A, Mikucka-Niczyporuk A, Kasacka I, Niczyporuk M. The skin remodeling in type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance animal models. Physiol Res 2015; 64:875-81. [PMID: 26047379 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin matrix metalloproteinase 3, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and collagen III content changes in type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance treated with insulin and metformin were studied. Healthy adult male Wistar rats were obtained from experimental animal house, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University in Bialystok. The rats were divided randomly into five groups of 8 rats each. Control rats were injected intraperitoneally by NaCl. Type IDDM was induced by a single injection of Streptozocin. Insulin resistance was induced by a high-fat diet. The chosen groups of rats were also treated with insulin or metformin. ELISA Kits (USCN Life Science, China) were used to measure content of matrix metallo-proteinase 3 (ELISA Kit for Matrix Metalloproteinase 3 - MMP3), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (ELISA Kit for Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase 2 - TIMP2) and content of collagen type 3 (ELISA Kit for Collagen Type III - COL3). The results were reported as a median. The statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance have significantly reduced the quality of the skin, shown by the increase in content of matrix metalloproteinase 3 and the decrease in content of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 2. Type 1 diabetes and insulin resistance have reduced the quality of the skin expressed by type III collagen content decrease but for future studies it is recommend to determine rat interstitial collagenase, MMP-13, as well. Insulin and metformin treatment improved the quality of the diabetic skin, demonstrated by the type III collagen content increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaś
- Institute of Health Care, Higher Vocational School, Suwalki, Poland; Research Laboratory of Cosmetology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
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Mechanisms of action of brain insulin against neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 121:611-26. [PMID: 24398779 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin, a pancreatic hormone, is best known for its peripheral effects on the metabolism of glucose, fats and proteins. There is a growing body of evidence linking insulin action in the brain to neurodegenerative diseases. Insulin present in central nervous system is a regulator of central glucose metabolism nevertheless this glucoregulation is not the main function of insulin in the brain. Brain is known to be specifically vulnerable to oxidative products relative to other organs and altered brain insulin signaling may cause or promote neurodegenerative diseases which invalidates and reduces the quality of life. Insulin located within the brain is mostly of pancreatic origin or is produced in the brain itself crosses the blood-brain barrier and enters the brain via a receptor-mediated active transport system. Brain Insulin, insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-mediated signaling pathways play important roles in the regulation of peripheral metabolism, feeding behavior, memory and maintenance of neural functions such as neuronal growth and differentiation, neuromodulation and neuroprotection. In the present review, we would like to summarize the novel biological and pathophysiological roles of neuronal insulin in neurodegenerative diseases and describe the main signaling pathways in use for therapeutic strategies in the use of insulin to the cerebral tissues and their biological applications to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Pan X, Wei Z, Wang H, Yu L, Liang X. Effects of dietary tryptophan on protein metabolism and related gene expression in Yangzhou goslings under different feeding regimens. Poult Sci 2013; 92:3196-204. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Knaś M, Niczyporuk M, Zalewska A, Car H. The unwounded skin remodeling in animal models of diabetes types 1 and 2. Physiol Res 2013; 62:519-26. [PMID: 24020818 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 are chronic diseases that cause serious health complications, including dermatologic problems. The diabetic skin is characterized by disturbances in collagen metabolism. A tissue remodeling depends on the degradation of extracellular matrix through the matrix metalloproteinases, which are regulated by e.g. the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. The balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is essential to maintain homeostasis in the skin. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of metalloproteinase 2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 and the concentration of collagen type 1 in unwounded skin of diabetes type 1 and 2 and healthy controls. The treatment of diabetes resulted in a significant decrease of MMP2, increase of TIMP3 and COL1 concentrations in the skin as compared to the untreated diabetic skin. The concentrations of MMP2 in the skin of treated rats did not show significant differences from the healthy control group. TIMP3 concentrations in the skin of treated rats are not returned to the level observed in the control group. Disturbances of the extracellular matrix of the skin are similar in diabetes type 1 and 2. Application of insulin in diabetes therapy more preferably affects the extracellular matrix homeostasis of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Knaś
- Research Laboratory of Cosmetology, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland.
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Szewczyk NJ, Jacobson LA. Signal-transduction networks and the regulation of muscle protein degradation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 37:1997-2011. [PMID: 16125109 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2005.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 01/18/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein degradation in muscle functions in maintaining normal physiological homeostasis and adapting to new homeostatic states, and is required for muscle wasting or atrophy in various pathological states. The interplay between protein synthesis and degradation to maintain homeostasis is complex and responds to a variety of autocrine and intercellular signals from neuronal inputs, hormones, cytokines, growth factors and other regulatory molecules. The intracellular events that connect extracellular signals to the molecular control of protein degradation are incompletely understood, but likely involve interacting signal-transduction networks rather than isolated pathways. We review some examples of signal-transduction systems that regulate protein degradation, including effectors of proteolysis inducing factor (PIF), insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and their receptors, and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and its receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 304 Langley Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Bazuine M, Ouwens DM, Gomes de Mesquita DS, Maassen JA. Arsenite stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes involves both Glut4 translocation and p38 MAPK activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 270:3891-903. [PMID: 14511371 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03771.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The protein-modifying agent arsenite stimulates glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the current study we have analysed the signalling pathways that contribute to this response. By subcellular fractionation we observed that arsenite, like insulin, induces translocation of the GLUT1 and GLUT4 glucose transporters from the low-density membrane fraction to the plasma membrane. Arsenite did not activate early steps of the insulin receptor (IR)-signalling pathway and the response was insensitive to inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase (PI-3') kinase by wortmannin. These findings indicate that the 'classical' IR-IR substrate-PI-3' kinase pathway, that is essential for insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation, is not activated by arsenite. However, arsenite-treatment did induce tyrosine-phosphorylation of c-Cbl. Furthermore, treatment of the cells with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, tyrphostin A25, abolished arsenite-induced glucose uptake, suggesting that the induction of a tyrosine kinase by arsenite is essential for glucose uptake. Both arsenite and insulin-induced glucose uptake were inhibited partially by the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, SB203580. This compound had no effect on the magnitude of translocation of glucose transporters indicating that the level of glucose transport is determined by additional factors. Arsenite- and insulin-induced glucose uptake responded in a remarkably similar dose-dependent fashion to a range of pharmacological- and peptide-inhibitors for atypical PKC-lambda, a downstream target of PI-3' kinase signalling in insulin-induced glucose uptake. These data show that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes both arsenite- and insulin-induced signalling pathways project towards a similar cellular response, namely GLUT1 and GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake. This response to arsenite is not functionally linked to early steps of the IR-IRS-PI-3' kinase pathway, but does coincide with c-Cbl phosphorylation, basal levels of PKC-lambda activity and p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn Bazuine
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This article reviews the neuromuscular disorders associated with many endocrine disturbances. The severity of neuromuscular disorders varies. Some of these disturbances are mild, and others are severe and life threatening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Alshekhlee
- Department of Neurology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University Hospital of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Galban VD, Evangelista EA, Migliorini RH, do Carmo Kettelhut I. Role of ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent proteolytic process in degradation of muscle protein from diabetic rabbits. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 225:35-41. [PMID: 11716362 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012260605910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The activity of ATP, ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent proteases partially purified from skeletal muscle (psoas) from alloxan diabetic rabbits was determined at different periods of insulin deficiency. Two days after alloxan injection, no change was observed in the activity of ATP, Ub-dependent proteases, but this activity increased 3 and 5 days after diabetes induction, attaining 181% of control values on the 5th day. However, after this early rise, the activity of muscle ATP, Ub-dependent proteases decreased, returning to values that did not differ significantly from controls 7 and 10 days after alloxan injection. After 15 days, the activity of these proteases was 57% lower than in muscle from control rabbits. Both the initial increase and the subsequent fall in the activity of the enzymes were prevented by insulin treatment of alloxan diabetic rabbits. The data suggest that Ub-proteasome-dependent proteolysis have an important role in the control of muscle protein degradation and may be regulated by insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Galban
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, São Paulo University, Brazil
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Reynet C, Kahn CR. Unbalanced expression of the different subunits of elongation factor 1 in diabetic skeletal muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:3422-7. [PMID: 11248094 PMCID: PMC30669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.051630398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies using subtraction cloning to screen for alterations in mRNA expression in skeletal muscle from humans with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and control subjects, one of the most prominent differences was in the mRNA for elongation factor (EF)-1alpha. With Northern blot analysis, EF-1alpha expression was enhanced by 2- to 6-fold in both Types 1 and 2 human diabetics. In contrast, no changes in expression of EF-1beta or -gamma were noted. We observed similar results in animal models of Type 1 diabetes. EF-1alpha expression, but not EF-1beta or -gamma expression, was also enhanced in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and this effect was reversed by insulin treatment. An increased level of EF-1alpha mRNA was also observed in nonobese diabetic mice. This unbalanced regulation of the expression of the different subunits of EF-1 may contribute to alterations not only in protein synthesis but also in other cellular events observed in the diabetic state.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Peptide Elongation Factor 1/genetics
- RNA, Messenger
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reynet
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Abstract
Nutritional support has become a routine part of the care of the critically ill patient. It is an adjunctive therapy, the main goal of which is to attenuate the development of malnutrition, yet the effectiveness of nutritional support is often thwarted by an underlying hostile metabolic milieu. This requires that these metabolic changes be taken into consideration when designing nutritional regimens for such patients. There is also a need to conduct large, multi-center studies to acquire more knowledge of the cost-benefit and cost effectiveness of nutritional support in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weissman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah, School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel.
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