Cathepsin D and MMP-9 activity increase following a high intensity exercise in hind limb muscles of young rats

Effect of acute and chronic exercise on plasma matrix metalloproteinase and total antioxidant levels

The relationship between acute and chronic exercise and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in muscles is unknown. There happen some alterations in the oxidant-antioxidant balance due to exercise. This study aimed to investigate the levels of MMP-1, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1), hyaluronic acid (HA), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) following acute and chronic exercising in rats. Twenty-six Wistar Albino male rats were divided in to three groups: control, acute, and chronic groups. In acute group, treadmill exercise was performed 3 days/wk, 10 min/day for 1 week. In chronic group, exercise performed 7 days/wk, 60 min/day for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, plasma MMP-1, TIMP-1, HA, TAS, and TOS levels were measured. In current study, the MMP-1, TIMP-1, HA, and TOS levels not observed statistically significant difference among all groups, but in chronic group, there was a significantly difference (P<0.05) between the control and experimental groups in terms of TAS and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels. TAS, TOS, and OSI levels were significantly different between control and chronic exercise group (P<0.01, P<0.05, and P<0.01, respectively). According to these results, we can say acute and chronic exercise does not effect on plasma MMP-1, TIMP-1, and HA levels.

Effects of detraining on the temporal expression of positive and negative angioregulatory proteins in skeletal muscle of mice

Temporal expression of positive and negative angiogenic factors in response to detraining is poorly understood. We report the protein expression of anti-angiogenic peptides (thrombospondin-1, TSP-1; and endostatin) as well as pro-angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF; matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9), and nucleolin (a nuclear protein involved with synthesis and maturation of ribosomes) in response to detraining in triceps surae muscles of C57BL/6 mice. Male mice were allowed to exercise voluntarily for 21 days, and then basal and acute response to exercise were evaluated at 1, 7, 14 and 28 days detraining (D1, D7, D14, D28, respectively, n = 12/group). As seen in the D1 mice, training resulted in the increased muscle capillary-to-fibre ratio (C/F), increased maximal running time and elevated basal expression of VEGF and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (P < 0.05). After 7 days of detraining (D7), C/F levels were similar to control levels, but both basal VEGF and TSP-1 were elevated (P < 0.05). At D14 and D28, TSP-1 protein was not different compared to baseline levels; however, VEGF was elevated in gastrocnemius (GA), but not the soleus (SOL) or plantaris (PLT) muscles, of D14 mice. Endostatin tended to decrease in D14 and D28 compared to controls. Timing of nucleolin protein expression differed between muscle groups, with increases at D1, D7 and D14 in the PLT, SOL and GA muscles, respectively. The response of VEGF and nucleolin to acute exercise was blunted with training, and remained blunted in the PLT and SOL even after 28 days of detraining, at a time point long after muscle capillarization was observed to be similar to pre-training levels. These data suggest that TSP-1 may be a mediator of capillary regression with detraining, even in the face of elevated VEGF, suggesting that pro-angiogenic regulators may not be able to prevent the regression of skeletal muscle capillaries under physiological conditions. The responses of matrix metalloproteinases, endostatin and nucleolin poorly correlated with detraining-induced capillary regression.

Temporal response of positive and negative regulators in response to acute and chronic exercise training in mice

Angiogenesis is controlled by a balance between positive and negative angiogenic factors, but temporal protein expression of many key angiogenic regulators in response to exercise are still poorly defined. In C57BL/6 mice, we evaluated the temporal protein expression of several pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in response to (1) a single acute bout of exercise and (2) chronic exercise training resulting from 3, 5, 7, 14 and 28 days of voluntary wheel running. Following acute exercise, protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF), endostatin and nucleolin were increased at 2-4 h (P < 0.05), whereas matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 was elevated within a 12-24 h window (P < 0.05). Training increased muscle capillarity 11%, 15% and 22% starting with 7, 14 and 28 days of training, respectively (P < 0.01). Basal VEGF and MMP-2 were increased by 31% and 22%, respectively, compared to controls (P < 0.05) after 7 days (7d) training, but decreased to back to baseline after 14d training. After 28d training VEGF fell 49% below baseline control (P < 0.01). Basal muscle expression of thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) was ∼900% greater in 14d- and 28d-trained mice compared to either 5d- and 7d-trained mice (P < 0.05), and tended to increase by ∼180-258% compared to basal control levels (P < 0.10). The acute responsiveness of VEGF to exercise in untrained mice (i.e. 161% increase, P < 0.001) was lost with capillary adaptation occurring after 7, 14 and 28d training. Taken together, these data support the notion that skeletal muscle angiogenesis is controlled by a balance between positive and negative mitogens, and reveals a complex, highly-coordinated, temporal scheme whereby these factors can differentially influence capillary growth in response to acute versus chronic exercise.

Endurance exercise activates matrix metalloproteinases in human skeletal muscle

In the present study, the effect of exercise training on the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the human skeletal muscle was investigated. Ten subjects exercised one leg for 45 min with restricted blood flow and then exercised the other leg at the same absolute workload with unrestricted blood flow. The exercises were conducted four times per week for 5 wk. Biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscles of both legs at rest before the training period, after 10 days and 5 wk of training, and 2 h after the first exercise bout for analysis of MMP and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA, enzyme activity, and protein expression. Levels of MMP-2, MMP-14, and TIMP-1 mRNA in muscle tissue increased after 10 days of training regardless of blood flow condition. MMP-2 mRNA level in laser-dissected myofibers and MMP-2 activity in whole muscle increased with training. The level of MMP-9 mRNA and activity increased after the first bout of exercise. Although MMP-9 mRNA levels appeared to be very low, the activity of MMP-9 after a single bout of exercise was similar to that of MMP-2 after 10 days of exercise. MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein was both present throughout the extracellular matrix of the muscle, both around fibers and capillaries, but MMP-2 was also present within the skeletal muscle fibers. These results show that MMPs are activated in skeletal muscle in nonpathological conditions such as voluntary exercise. The expression and time pattern indicate differences between the MMPs in regards of production sites as well as in the regulating mechanism.