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Zong X, Kelishadi R, Kim HS, Schwandt P, Matsha TE, Mill JG, Caserta CA, Medeiros CCM, Kollias A, Whincup PH, Pacifico L, López-Bermejo A, Zhao M, Zheng M, Xi B. A proposed simplified definition of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a global perspective. BMC Med 2024; 22:190. [PMID: 38715060 PMCID: PMC11077757 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03406-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is becoming prevalent in the pediatric population. The existing pediatric MetS definitions (e.g., the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition and the modified National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definition) involve complex cut-offs, precluding fast risk assessment in clinical practice.We proposed a simplified definition for assessing MetS risk in youths aged 6-17 years, and compared its performance with two existing widely used pediatric definitions (the IDF definition, and the NCEP definition) in 10 pediatric populations from 9 countries globally (n = 19,426) using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. In general, the total MetS prevalence of 6.2% based on the simplified definition was roughly halfway between that of 4.2% and 7.7% estimated from the IDF and NCEP definitions, respectively. The ROC curve analyses showed a good agreement between the simplified definition and two existing definitions: the total area under the curve (95% confidence interval) of the proposed simplified definition for identifying MetS risk achieved 0.91 (0.89-0.92) and 0.79 (0.78-0.81) when using the IDF or NCEP definition as the gold standard, respectively.The proposed simplified definition may be useful for pediatricians to quickly identify MetS risk and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) clustering in clinical practice, and allow direct comparison of pediatric MetS prevalence across different populations, facilitating consistent pediatric MetS risk monitoring and the development of evidence-based pediatric MetS prevention strategies globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin'nan Zong
- Department of Growth and Development, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hae Soon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Peter Schwandt
- Atherosclerosis Prevention Institute, Munich-Nuremberg, Munich, Germany
| | - Tandi E Matsha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jose G Mill
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Carmelo Antonio Caserta
- Associazione Calabrese Di Epatologia - Medicina Solidale - A.C.E. ETS, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Anastasios Kollias
- Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter H Whincup
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lucia Pacifico
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Research Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Miaobing Zheng
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Wu JH, Liu XL, Lu N, Wang R, Yin FZ, Lu Q, Ma CM. Height-Corrected Definition of Metabolic Syndrome Is a Simple and Effective Method for Identifying Insulin Resistance and Low-Grade Inflammation in Adolescents: Metabolic Syndrome in Adolescents. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2023; 62:1350-1360. [PMID: 36856151 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231156751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the height-corrected definition of metabolic syndrome(MetS) in adolescents. A retrospective study was conducted on US adolescents aged 12 to 17 years. Waist-to-height ratio and blood pressure-to-height ratio were substituted for waist circumference and blood pressure when defining MetS in adolescents. The proportions of insulin resistance of adolescents with 1 (30.1%), 2 (50.7%), and ≥3 components (77.8%) of MetS were 2.578 (P < .001), 6.882 (P < .001), and 23.992 (P < .001) times than the proportion of adolescents without the component of MetS (14.2%). The proportions of low-grade inflammation of adolescents with 1 (3.4%), 2 (5.3%), and ≥3 components (14.4%) of MetS were 2.050 (P = .106), 3.699 (P = .005), and 10.664 (P < .001) times than the proportion of adolescents without the component of MetS (1.7%). This study demonstrates that height-corrected definition of MetS is a simple and accurate method for identifying insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Fu-Zai Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Chun-Ming Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
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Causative Mechanisms of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Leading to Adult Cardiometabolic Disease: A Literature Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have shown a worrisome increase in the prevalence of obesity and its related illnesses. This increasing burden has a noteworthy impact on overall worldwide mortality and morbidity, with significant economic implications as well. The same trend is apparent regarding pediatric obesity. This is a particularly concerning aspect when considering the well-established link between cardiovascular disease and obesity, and the fact that childhood obesity frequently leads to adult obesity. Moreover, most obese adults have a history of excess weight starting in childhood. In addition, given the cumulative character of both time and severity of exposure to obesity as a risk factor for associated diseases, the repercussions of obesity prevalence and related morbidity could be exponential in time. The purpose of this review is to outline key aspects regarding the current knowledge on childhood and adolescent obesity as a cardiometabolic risk factor, as well as the most common etiological pathways involved in the development of weight excess and associated cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Abdollahimajd F, Niknezhad N, Bahreini N, Younespour S, Namazi N. Metabolic syndrome in patients with Alopecia Areata: A case-control study. Dermatol Ther 2021; 34:e14979. [PMID: 33991033 DOI: 10.1111/dth.14979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate metabolic syndrome prevalence in patients with Alopecia Areata compared to controls. Sixty eligible patients with Alopecia Areata and 60 healthy subjects frequency matched for age and sex attending to our referral dermatology clinics from 2015 to 2017 were enrolled. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components were compared between the two groups. Metabolic syndrome was only seen in seven patients (11.67%) and four controls (6.67%) without a significant difference (P = .34). The clinical presentations of AA included patch type (38.33%), ophiasis (6.67%), alopecia totalis (16.67%), and alopecia universalis (38.33%). Presence of metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with abdominal circumference (OR: 1.10, 95% CI for OR: 1.02to 1.19). Although there was no significant association between Alopecia Areata and metabolic syndrome, some components of metabolic syndrome were more prevalent in these patients. It may be concluded Alopecia Areata patients are at a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome in the future. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Abdollahimajd
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Research Development Unit, Shohada-e Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Niknezhad
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Bahreini
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Younespour
- Dentistry Research institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Namazi
- Skin Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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