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Oikonomou E, Kostopoulou E, Rojas-Gil AP, Georgiou G, Spiliotis BE. The metabolic implications of aquaporin 7 (AQP7) promoter variants in lean children and children with obesity. Hormones (Athens) 2020; 19:187-195. [PMID: 32146590 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE AQP7, a water/glycerol transporting protein, regulates adipocyte glycerol efflux and influences lipid and glucose homeostasis. Altered AQP7 expression in adults leads to impaired glycerol dynamics, adipocyte hypertrophy, and a predisposition to obesity and diabetes. AQP7 gene promoter variants lead to impaired AQP7-mediated adipocyte glycerol efflux and adipocyte hypertrophy. To assess its possible involvement in childhood obesity and metabolic abnormalities, the AQP7 promoter was studied in order to identify possible mutations and/or polymorphisms in children. METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood of 61 lean children (BMI < 85%) (46 prepubertal and 15 pubertal) and 41 children with obesity (BMI > 95%) (22 prepubertal and 19 pubertal). The samples were sequenced for AQP7 promoter region - 2580 (2421) to - 1161 (3840) using Automated Sanger sequence analysis. RESULTS One novel mutation -2185 (T2816A) was found in an obese prepubertal child with low AQP7 mRNA expression, high levels of serum glycerol, and low serum insulin levels. The novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) - 2291 (A2710G), - 2219 (C2782A), - 2091 (C2910A), and - 1932 (G3069A) were identified, together with the previously described SNP - 1884 (C3117T), rs3758268. The heterozygous state and the recessive allele of all four SNPs were related to a positive family history of diabetes mellitus type 2 (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The novel mutation - 2185 (T2816A) might be associated with the lower gene expression of AQP7 and high levels of serum glycerol that possibly contribute to the obese phenotype. The heterozygous genotype of the four SNPs - 2291 (A2710G), - 2219 (C2782A), - 2091 (C2910A), and - 1884 (C3117T) in children may be related to a familial predisposition to diabetes mellitus type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Oikonomou
- Department of Paediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Eirini Kostopoulou
- Department of Paediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Andrea Paola Rojas-Gil
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Tripoli, Lakonias, Greece
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Karamandaneio Children's Hospital, Patras, Greece
| | - Bessie E Spiliotis
- Department of Paediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Patras School of Medicine, 26504, Patras, Greece.
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Gioldasi S, Karvela A, Rojas-Gil AP, Rodi M, de Lastic AL, Thomas I, Spiliotis BE, Mouzaki A. Metabolic Association between Leptin and the Corticotropin Releasing Hormone. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:458-466. [PMID: 30727936 PMCID: PMC7360915 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190206165626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective In healthy individuals, leptin is produced from adipose tissue and is secreted into the circulation to communicate energy balance status to the brain and control fat metabolism. Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus and regulates stress responses. Among the many adipokines and hormones that control fat metabolism, leptin and CRH both curb appetite and inhibit food intake. Despite numerous reports on leptin and CRH properties and function, little has been actually shown about their association in the adipose tissue environment. Methods In this article, we summarized the salient information on leptin and CRH in relation to metabolism. We also investigated the direct effect of recombinant CRH on leptin secretion by primary cultures of human adipocytes isolated from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue of 7 healthy children and adolescents, and measured CRH and leptin levels in plasma collected from peripheral blood of 24 healthy children and adolescents to assess whether a correlation exists between CRH and leptin levels in the periphery. Results and Conclusion The available data indicate that CRH exerts a role in the regulation of leptin in human adipocytes. We show that CRH downregulates leptin production by mature adipocytes and that a strong negative correlation exists between CRH and leptin levels in the periphery, and suggest the possible mechanisms of CRH control of leptin. Delineation of CRH control of leptin production by adipocytes may explain unknown pathogenic mechanisms linking stress and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gioldasi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Alexia Karvela
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Maria Rodi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Anne-Lise de Lastic
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Iason Thomas
- Department of Allergy, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bessie E Spiliotis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Mourelatou R, Kostopoulou E, Rojas-Gil AP, Kehagias I, Linos D, Kalfarentzos FE, Spiliotis BE. Decreased adipocyte glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and aquaglyceroporin-7 (AQP7) in adults with morbid obesity: possible early markers of metabolic dysfunction. Hormones (Athens) 2019; 18:297-306. [PMID: 31588962 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-019-00130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Morbid obesity (BMI > 40) is often accompanied by metabolic disorders. In adipose tissue, serine/threonine kinase PKBβ/AktΙΙ plays a role in glucose uptake, mediated by glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). The insulin pathway also affects aquaglyceroporin-7 (AQP7), which mediates lipolysis-derived glycerol efflux into the bloodstream. The aim of our study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms in adipocytes of adults with morbid obesity that may lead to insulin resistance (IR) and diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) in morbid obesity. METHODS Primary in vitro adipocyte cultures were developed from surgical biopsies from visceral (Visc), abdominal (Sub), and gluteal subcutaneous (Glut) fat depots, from 20 lean adults and 36 adults with morbid obesity (OB), divided into two groups: 20 without (MOW) and 16 with DM2 (MODM). mRNA and protein expression (PE) of AktΙΙ, AQP7, and GLUT4 were studied with RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting (WI), respectively. RESULTS The PE of (1) AktII and basal phosphorylated AktII (pAktII) showed no difference within the groups, (2) the 37 kDa and 34 kDa isoforms of AQP7 were decreased in Visc/Sub from OB/MOW/MODM, (3) GLUT4 was decreased in Visc/Sub from OB/MOW/MODM, and (4) the 34 kDa isoform of AQP7 was decreased in Sub of MODM compared with MOW. CONCLUSIONS Decreased 37 kDa (presented in this study as a novel isoform) and 34 kDa isoforms of AQP7 in MOW and MODM may cause reduced lipolysis, enhancement of adipocyte hypertrophy, and impairment of insulin, signaling possibly reflected by low GLUT4 expression. This may potentially cause systemic IR, since decreased adipose GLUT4 expression may affect whole-body insulin sensitivity, increasing the risk for DM2. Furthermore, decreased subcutaneous AQP7 34 kDa could represent an early marker of IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Mourelatou
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Eirini Kostopoulou
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Andrea Paola Rojas-Gil
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Lakonias, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kehagias
- Department of Surgery, Morbid Obesity Unit, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Dimitris Linos
- Fifth Surgical Clinic, Eugenideio Hospital, University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Fotis E Kalfarentzos
- Department of Surgery, Morbid Obesity Unit, University Hospital of Patras, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece
| | - Bessie E Spiliotis
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Laboratory of the Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Patras School of Medicine, Patras, Greece.
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Di Marzo V, Silvestri C. Lifestyle and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of the Endocannabinoidome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081956. [PMID: 31434293 PMCID: PMC6722643 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle is a well-known environmental factor that plays a major role in facilitating the development of metabolic syndrome or eventually exacerbating its consequences. Various lifestyle factors, especially changes in dietary habits, extreme temperatures, unusual light-dark cycles, substance abuse, and other stressful factors, are also established modifiers of the endocannabinoid system and its extended version, the endocannabinoidome. The endocannabinoidome is a complex lipid signaling system composed of a plethora (>100) of fatty acid-derived mediators and their receptors and anabolic and catabolic enzymes (>50 proteins) which are deeply involved in the control of energy metabolism and its pathological deviations. A strong link between the endocannabinoidome and another major player in metabolism and dysmetabolism, the gut microbiome, is also emerging. Here, we review several examples of how lifestyle modifications (westernized diets, lack or presence of certain nutritional factors, physical exercise, and the use of cannabis) can modulate the propensity to develop metabolic syndrome by modifying the crosstalk between the endocannabinoidome and the gut microbiome and, hence, how lifestyle interventions can provide new therapies against cardiometabolic risk by ensuring correct functioning of both these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Di Marzo
- École de nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada
- Department de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 4G5, Canada.
- Department de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Kim HJ, Choi EJ, Kim HS, Choi CW, Choi SW, Kim SL, Seo WD, Do SH. Germinated soy germ extract ameliorates obesity through beige fat activation. Food Funct 2019; 10:836-848. [PMID: 30681105 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02252f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide public health concern requiring safe and effective strategies. Recent studies suggest that bioactive compounds from soybeans have beneficial effects on weight loss and reducing fat accumulation. However, despite the biochemical and nutritional changes during germination, the biological effects of germinated soy germ have not been fully investigated. In this article, germinated soy germ extract (GSGE) was evaluated as a potential treatment option for obesity using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. In vitro studies demonstrated that GSGE suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells into mature adipocytes, along with reductions in lipid accumulation and lipid droplet formation. In vivo studies also showed that a daily dose of 1 mg kg-1 of GSGE reduced weight gain, adipocyte area, serum triglyceride, and LDL-cholesterol in HFD-fed mice. The GSGE treatment promoted browning, which was associated with increased UCP1 expression in vitro and in vivo. In addition, GSGE treatment induced beige fat activation by upregulation of lipolysis and beta-oxidation. Furthermore, gene and protein expression levels of endocannabinoid system-related factors such as NAPE-PLD, FAAH, DAGL-α, and CB2 were altered along with browning and beige fat activation by GSGE. The present study indicates that GSGE effectively inhibits lipid accumulation and promotes beige fat transition and activation. Therefore, we suggest that GSGE treatment could be a promising strategy for the prevention of obesity by promoting weight loss, reducing fat accumulation, and improving obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jun Kim
- Konkuk University, Department of Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Katsa ME, Ioannidis A, Zyga S, Tsironi M, Koutsovitis P, Chatzipanagiotou S, Panagiotakos D, Sachlas A, Kolovos P, Routsi K, Pistikou AM, Kougioumtzi Dimoliani DE, Rojas Gil AP. The Effect of Nutrition and Sleep Habits on Predisposition for Metabolic Syndrome in Greek Children. J Pediatr Nurs 2018; 40:e2-e8. [PMID: 29402659 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of lifestyle habits in childhood Metabolic Syndrome (MTS). DESIGN AND METHODS Descriptive correlation study with 480 participants (5-12 years old) using a specially designed questionnaire was conducted. Anthropometric and biochemical analyses were performed. RESULTS Fifteen percent of children exhibited predisposition for MTS. Regarding sleep habits, logistic regression analysis (LRA) showed that hour of sleep -before 22:00- was associated with decreased waist circumference (WC%) (p = .026). Midday siesta was negatively correlated with systolic (SBP) (p = .001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (p = .046). In children without MTS, lack of sleep and night time sleep was positively correlated with DBP (p = .044) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (p = .005). Regarding nutrition habits, fast food consumption was positively correlated with SBP (p = .006) and meat consumption was positively correlated with both Body Mass Index% (BMI%) (p = .038) and WC% (p = .023). LRA showed that fruit (p = .001) and legume (p = .040) consumption was associated with decreased FBG; fish consumption with decreased Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (p = .031), vegetable (p = .054) and cereal consumption (p = .012) with decreased DBP. In children with MTS, fruits were associated with increased FBG (p = .034). In children without MTS, meat consumption was associated with increased LDL (p = .024), cereal with increased WC% (p = .002) and olive products with increased High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and BMI% (p = .037). CONCLUSIONS The adoption of both balanced diet and sleep habits seemed to be crucial for the prevention of MTS. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Clinical health nurses could develop and implement preventive intervention programs in order to avoid metabolic complications in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Efthymia Katsa
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Anastasios Ioannidis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Sofia Zyga
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Maria Tsironi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Paraskevas Koutsovitis
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Stylianos Chatzipanagiotou
- Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aeginition Hospital, Department of Biopathology and Clinical Microbiology, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Athanasios Sachlas
- Department of Statistics and Insurance Science, Faculty of Finance and Statistics, University of Piraeus, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Kolovos
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Kleopatra Routsi
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | - Anna Maria Pistikou
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece
| | | | - Andrea Paola Rojas Gil
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Sparta, Greece.
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Freitas HR, Isaac AR, Malcher-Lopes R, Diaz BL, Trevenzoli IH, De Melo Reis RA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and endocannabinoids in health and disease. Nutr Neurosci 2017; 21:695-714. [PMID: 28686542 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1347373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are lipid derivatives of omega-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, and eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or of omega-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) synthesized from membrane phospholipids and used as a precursor for endocannabinoids (ECs). They mediate significant effects in the fine-tune adjustment of body homeostasis. Phyto- and synthetic cannabinoids also rule the daily life of billions worldwide, as they are involved in obesity, depression and drug addiction. Consequently, there is growing interest to reveal novel active compounds in this field. Cloning of cannabinoid receptors in the 90s and the identification of the endogenous mediators arachidonylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonyglycerol (2-AG), led to the characterization of the endocannabinoid system (ECS), together with their metabolizing enzymes and membrane transporters. Today, the ECS is known to be involved in diverse functions such as appetite control, food intake, energy balance, neuroprotection, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, mood disorders, emesis, modulation of pain, inflammatory responses, as well as in cancer therapy. Western diet as well as restriction of micronutrients and fatty acids, such as DHA, could be related to altered production of pro-inflammatory mediators (e.g. eicosanoids) and ECs, contributing to the progression of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, depression or impairing conditions, such as Alzheimer' s disease. Here we review how diets based in PUFAs might be linked to ECS and to the maintenance of central and peripheral metabolism, brain plasticity, memory and learning, blood flow, and genesis of neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hércules Rezende Freitas
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Alinny Rosendo Isaac
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Lourenço Diaz
- c Laboratory of Inflammation, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Isis Hara Trevenzoli
- d Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto De Melo Reis
- a Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária , Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro , RJ 21941-902 , Brazil
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Naughton SS, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, McAinch AJ. Fatty Acid modulation of the endocannabinoid system and the effect on food intake and metabolism. Int J Endocrinol 2013; 2013:361895. [PMID: 23762050 PMCID: PMC3677644 DOI: 10.1155/2013/361895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids and their G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) are a current research focus in the area of obesity due to the system's role in food intake and glucose and lipid metabolism. Importantly, overweight and obese individuals often have higher circulating levels of the arachidonic acid-derived endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) and an altered pattern of receptor expression. Consequently, this leads to an increase in orexigenic stimuli, changes in fatty acid synthesis, insulin sensitivity, and glucose utilisation, with preferential energy storage in adipose tissue. As endocannabinoids are products of dietary fats, modification of dietary intake may modulate their levels, with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid based endocannabinoids being able to displace arachidonic acid from cell membranes, reducing AEA and 2-AG production. Similarly, oleoyl ethanolamide, a product of oleic acid, induces satiety, decreases circulating fatty acid concentrations, increases the capacity for β -oxidation, and is capable of inhibiting the action of AEA and 2-AG in adipose tissue. Thus, understanding how dietary fats alter endocannabinoid system activity is a pertinent area of research due to public health messages promoting a shift towards plant-derived fats, which are rich sources of AEA and 2-AG precursor fatty acids, possibly encouraging excessive energy intake and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaan S. Naughton
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Florey Neuroscience Institutes, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Deanne H. Hryciw
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- *Andrew J. McAinch:
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Laprairie RB, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. The dynamic nature of type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB(1) ) gene transcription. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 167:1583-95. [PMID: 22924606 PMCID: PMC3525862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB(1) ) is an integral component of the endocannabinoid system that modulates several functions in the CNS and periphery. The majority of our knowledge of the endocannabinoid system involves ligand-receptor binding, mechanisms of signal transduction, and protein-protein interactions. In contrast, comparatively little is known about regulation of CB(1) gene expression. The levels and anatomical distribution of CB(1) mRNA and protein are developmental stage-specific and are dysregulated in several pathological conditions. Moreover, exposure to a variety of drugs, including cannabinoids themselves, alters CB(1) gene expression and mRNA levels. As such, alterations in CB(1) gene expression are likely to affect the optimal response to cannabinoid-based therapies, which are being developed to treat a growing number of conditions. Here, we will examine the regulation of CB(1) mRNA levels and the therapeutic potential inherent in manipulating expression of this gene. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.167.issue-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Laprairie
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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