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Purandare N, Minchella P, Somayajulu M, Kramer KJ, Zhou J, Adekoya N, Welch RA, Grossman LI, Aras S, Recanati MA. Molecular mechanisms regulating lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) in human pregnancy. Placenta 2021; 106:40-48. [PMID: 33618181 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1) is necessary for surfactant production in fetal lungs. Mechanisms responsible for its regulation during gestation remain to be elucidated. Our goal is to evaluate molecular mechanisms regulating LPCAT1 expression during gestation and after glucocorticoid administration. METHODS Placentas throughout gestation were assayed for LPCAT1 protein levels. A placental cell line, HTR-8/SVneo (HTR), was used as a model to test the effects of placental oxygen tension found during pregnancy as well as the effects of dexamethasone used therapeutically in the clinic. RESULTS LPCAT1 protein levels are maximal in late third trimester placental samples and are expressed strongly on the basal plate. LPCAT1 was maximally upregulated at 4% O2 (P < 0.01), corresponding to oxygen tension found in placenta at term. Mitochondrial nuclear retrograde regulator 1 (MNRR1), a bi-organellar (mitochondria and nucleus) regulator, transcriptionally activates LPCAT1. Antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) upregulate LPCAT1, at least in part, by an MNRR1-dependent pathway. HTR cells treated with 25 nM dexamethasone for 24 h exhibited a 2-fold increase in LPCAT1 levels compared to controls. In MNRR1 knockout cells, the response to ACS is significantly blunted. DISCUSSION LPCAT1 appears to be induced by MNRR1. Hypoxia and corticosteroids increase LPCAT1 expression through an MNRR1 dependent pathway. LPCAT1 protein levels can be measured in maternal plasma and rise throughout gestation and in response to ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraja Purandare
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Paige Minchella
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Mallika Somayajulu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Katherine J Kramer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St. Vincent's Medical Centers Manhattan, New York, NY, 10011, USA
| | - Jordan Zhou
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Nellena Adekoya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Robert A Welch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, 48503, USA
| | - Lawrence I Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Siddhesh Aras
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Maurice-Andre Recanati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Mehta V, Abi-Nader KN, Carr D, Wallace J, Coutelle C, Waddington SN, Peebles D, David AL. Monitoring for potential adverse effects of prenatal gene therapy: use of large animal models with relevance to human application. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2012; 891:291-328. [PMID: 22648778 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-873-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Safety is an absolute prerequisite for introducing any new therapy, and the need to monitor the consequences of administration of both vector and transgene to the fetus is particularly important. The unique features of fetal development that make it an attractive target for gene therapy, such as its immature immune system and rapidly dividing populations of stem cells, also mean that small perturbations in pregnancy can have significant short- and long-term consequences. Certain features of the viral vectors used, the product of the delivered gene, and sometimes the invasive techniques necessary to deliver the construct to the fetus in utero have the potential to do harm. An important goal of prenatal gene therapy research is to develop clinically relevant techniques that could be applied to cure or ameliorate human disease in utero on large animal models such as sheep or nonhuman primates. Equally important is the use of these models to monitor for potential adverse effects of such interventions. These large animal models provide good representation of individual patient-based investigations. However, analyses that require defined genetic backgrounds, high throughput, defined variability and statistical analyses, e.g. for initial studies on teratogenic and oncogenic effects, are best performed on larger groups of small animals, in particular mice. This chapter gives an overview of the potential adverse effects in relation to prenatal gene therapy and describes the techniques that can be used experimentally in a large animal model to monitor the potential adverse consequences of prenatal gene therapy, with relevance to clinical application. The sheep model is particularly useful to allow serial monitoring of fetal growth and well-being after delivery of prenatal gene therapy. It is also amenable to serially sampling using minimally invasive and clinically relevant techniques such as ultrasound-guided blood sampling. For more invasive long-term monitoring, we describe telemetric techniques to measure the haemodynamics of the mother or fetus, for example, that interferes minimally with normal animal behaviour. Implanted catheters can also be used for serial fetal blood sampling during gestation. Finally, we describe methods to monitor events around birth and long-term neonatal follow-up that are important when considering human translation of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedanta Mehta
- Prenatal Cell and Gene Therapy Group, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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Godbole MM, Rao G, Paul BN, Mohan V, Singh P, Khare D, Babu S, Nath A, Singh PK, Tiwari S. Prenatal iodine deficiency results in structurally and functionally immature lungs in neonatal rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2012; 302:L1037-43. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00191.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal hypothyroidism affects postnatal lung structure. High prevalence of hypothyroxinemia (low T4, normal T3) in iodine-deficient pregnant women and associated risk for neuropsychological development along with high infant/neonatal mortality ascribed to respiratory distress prompted us to study the effects of maternal hypothyroxinemia on postnatal lung development. Female Sprague Dawley rats were given a low-iodine diet (LID) with 1% KClO4in drinking water for 10 days, to minimize thyroid hormone differences. Half of these rats were continued on iodine-deficient diet; ID (LID with 0.005% KClO4) for 3 mo, whereas the rest were switched to an iodine-sufficient diet; IS [LID + potassium iodide (10 μg iodine/20 g of diet + normal drinking water)]. Pups born to ID mothers were compared with age-matched pups from IS mothers at postnatal days 8 (P8) and 16 (P16) ( n = 6–8/group). ID pups had normal circulating T3 but significantly low T4 levels ( P < 0.05) and concomitantly approximately sixfold higher thyroid hormone receptor-β mRNA in alveolar epithelium. Lung histology revealed larger and irregularly shaped alveoli in ID pups relative to controls. Lung function was assessed at P16 using a double-chambered plethysmograph and observed reduced tidal volume, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow, and dynamic lung compliance in ID pups compared with IS pups. Significant lowering of surfactant protein (SP)-B and SP-C mRNA and protein found in ID pups at P16. ID pups had 16-fold lower matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA levels in their alveolar epithelium. In addition, mRNA levels of thyroid transcription factor-1 and SP-D were significantly higher (3-fold) compared with IS pups. At P16, significantly lower levels of SP-B and SP-C found in ID pups may be responsible for immature lung development and reduced lung compliance. Our data suggest that maternal hypothyroxinemia may result in the development of immature lungs that, through respiratory distress, could contribute to the observed high infant mortality in ID neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan M. Godbole
- Departments of 1Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology,
| | - Geeta Rao
- Departments of 1Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology,
| | - B. N. Paul
- Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Vishwa Mohan
- Departments of 1Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology,
| | - Preeti Singh
- Departments of 1Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology,
| | - Drirh Khare
- Departments of 1Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology,
| | - Satish Babu
- Departments of 1Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology,
| | | | - P. K. Singh
- Anesthesiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences,
| | - Swasti Tiwari
- Departments of 1Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology,
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Chattergoon NN, Giraud GD, Louey S, Stork P, Fowden AL, Thornburg KL. Thyroid hormone drives fetal cardiomyocyte maturation. FASEB J 2011; 26:397-408. [PMID: 21974928 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-179895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tri-iodo-l-thyronine (T(3)) suppresses the proliferation of near-term serum-stimulated fetal ovine cardiomyocytes in vitro. Thus, we hypothesized that T(3) is a major stimulant of cardiomyocyte maturation in vivo. We studied 3 groups of sheep fetuses on gestational days 125-130 (term ∼145 d): a T(3)-infusion group, to mimic fetal term levels (plasma T(3) levels increased from ∼0.1 to ∼1.0 ng/ml; t(1/2)∼24 h); a thyroidectomized group, to produce low thyroid hormone levels; and a vehicle-infusion group, to serve as intact controls. At 130 d of gestation, sections of left ventricular freewall were harvested, and the remaining myocardium was enzymatically dissociated. Proteins involved in cell cycle regulation (p21, cyclin D1), proliferation (ERK), and hypertrophy (mTOR) were measured in left ventricular tissue. Evidence that elevated T(3) augmented the maturation rate of cardiomyocytes included 14% increased width, 31% increase in binucleation, 39% reduction in proliferation, 150% reduction in cyclin D1 protein, and 500% increase in p21 protein. Increased expression of phospho-mTOR, ANP, and SERCA2a also suggests that T(3) promotes maturation and hypertrophy of fetal cardiomyocytes. Thyroidectomized fetuses had reduced cell cycle activity and binucleation. These findings support the hypothesis that T(3) is a prime driver of prenatal cardiomyocyte maturation.
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van Wassenaer AG, Kok JH. Trials with thyroid hormone in preterm infants: clinical and neurodevelopmental effects. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32:423-30. [PMID: 19007681 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2008.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A large number of articles exist on thyroid hormone function and its clinical correlates, but only a few exist on trials with thyroid hormones in premature infants. Most of these trials had clinical short-term endpoints, while only one trial had a long-term neurodevelopmental endpoint. None of the trials reported changes in mortality and morbidities. A trend toward a lower occurrence of patent ductus arteriosus is found in thyroid hormone treated infants. A gestational age-dependent effect of thyroxine on neurodevelopmental outcome was found in post-hoc subgroup analyses up until the age of 10 years. Thyroxine treatment was associated with improved mental, motor, and neurological outcomes in infants <28 weeks gestation, but with worse mental and neurological outcome in infants of 29 weeks gestation. Future trials should focus on neurodevelopmental outcomes. Continuous administration of thyroid hormone may be more effective than bolus administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleid G van Wassenaer
- Department of Neonatology, Emma Childrens' Hospital Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome are at increased risk of adverse neonatal and developmental outcomes. In animal research, thyroid hormones stimulate surfactant production and reduce the incidence and severity of respiratory distress when given antenatally. OBJECTIVES To determine whether thyroid hormone therapy used postnatally in preterm infants with suspected respiratory distress syndrome results in clinically important improvements in respiratory morbidity and subsequent improvements in neonatal and long term outcomes. SEARCH STRATEGY Searches were performed of The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2006), MEDLINE (1966 - March 2006), PREMEDLINE (March 2006), EMBASE (1980 - March 2006), previous reviews including cross references, abstracts and conference proceedings, supplemented by requests to expert informants. SELECTION CRITERIA Trials that enrolled preterm infants with suspected respiratory distress syndrome and allocated infants thyroid hormone treatment compared to control commenced in the first 48 hours after birth. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Independent assessment of trial quality and data extraction by each author. Synthesis of data using relative risk (RR) and weighted mean difference (WMD) using standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration and its Neonatal Review Group. MAIN RESULTS Two studies enrolled preterm infants with respiratory distress. Amato (1988) allocated infants to L-thyroxine 50 mug/dose at 1 and at 24 hours or no treatment. Amato (1989) allocated infants to L-triiodothyronine 50 mug/day in two divided doses for two days or no treatment. Both studies had methodological concerns including quasi-random methods of patient allocation, no blinding of treatment or measurement and substantial post allocation losses. Neither study reported any significant benefits in neonatal morbidity or mortality from use of thyroid hormones. Meta-analysis of two studies (80 infants) found no significant difference in mortality to discharge (typical RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.47, 2.14). Amato 1988 reported no significant difference in use of mechanical ventilation (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.38, 1.09). No significant effects were found in use of mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, air leak, CLD at 28 days in survivors, patent ductus arteriosus, intraventricular haemorrhage or necrotising enterocolitis. Neurodevelopment was not reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence from controlled clinical trials that postnatal thyroid hormone treatment reduces the severity of respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal morbidity or mortality in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Osborn
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, RPA Newborn Care, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia, 2050.
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Helliwell RJA, Berry EBE, O'Carroll SJ, Mitchell MD. Nuclear prostaglandin receptors: role in pregnancy and parturition? Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2004; 70:149-65. [PMID: 14683690 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The key regulatory role of prostanoids [prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs)] in the maintenance of pregnancy and initiation of parturition has been established. However, our understanding of how these events are fine-tuned by the recruitment of specific signaling pathways remains unclear. Whereas, initial thoughts were that PGs were lipophilic and would easily cross cell membranes without specific receptors or transport processes, it has since been realized that PG signaling occurs via specific cell surface G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) coupled to classical adenylate cyclase or inositol phosphate signaling pathways. Furthermore, specific PG transporters have been identified and cloned adding a further level of complexity to the regulation of paracrine action of these potent bioactive molecules. It is now apparent that PGs also activate nuclear receptors, opening the possibility of novel intracrine signaling mechanisms. The existence of intracrine signaling pathways is further supported by accumulating evidence linking the perinuclear localization of PG synthesizing enzymes with intracellular PG synthesis. This review will focus on the evidence for a role of nuclear actions of PGs in the regulation of pregnancy and parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J A Helliwell
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Zoetis T, Hurtt ME. Species comparison of lung development. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART B, DEVELOPMENTAL AND REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY 2003; 68:121-4. [PMID: 12866703 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Zoetis
- Millstone Biomedical Associates, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Transient hypothyroxinemia occurs frequently in very preterm infants and is caused by a combination of factors as immaturity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid system, loss of the maternal thyroxine (T4) contribution, immaturity of thyroid hormone metabolism, and neonatal illness. Thyroid hormone is important in maturation of the brain, but also of heart and lungs. Low neonatal T4 concentrations in plasma are related to worse clinical and neurodevelopmental outcome. Despite these relationships, only few randomized clinical trials have been performed to find out whether T4 supplementation can improve clinical and/or neurodevelomental outcome of preterm infants. The currently available evidence does not support use of supplemental T4 in all preterm infants. There are, however, indications that T4 might improve neurodevelopmental outcome in infants born before 27 to 29 weeks of gestation. Therefore, it is necessary that new trials are set up to further study the benefits of thyroid hormones given in the neonatal period of very preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kok
- Department of Neonatology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Adams MB, Ross JT, Butler TG, McMillen IC. Glucocorticoids decrease phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase mRNA expression in the immature foetal sheep adrenal. J Neuroendocrinol 1999; 11:569-75. [PMID: 10444314 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the impact of a chronic physiological elevation of plasma cortisol levels on adrenal catecholamine synthetic enzyme and proenkephalin A mRNA expression in foetal sheep. Cortisol (2.5-3. 0 mg.5 ml-1.24 h-1, n=9) or saline (0.9% saline, n=6) was infused into foetal sheep for 7 days between 109 days and 116 days gestation. Foetal plasma cortisol concentrations were higher (P<0.0005) in the cortisol infused foetuses when compared with the saline infused group (43.07+/-4.13 nmol.l-1 vs 1.67+/-0.10 nmol.l-1). There were no differences, however, in the plasma ACTH levels between the two groups. Using Northern blot analysis, adrenal phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) mRNA expression was found to be reduced (P<0.005) fivefold in the cortisol infused foetuses when compared with the controls, as was the relative area of the adrenal medulla which stained positively with anti-PNMT (28.1+/-2.5% vs 44.8+/-4.8%, P<0.007). No effect of cortisol infusion was observed on adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein expression or proenkephalin A mRNA expression. We conclude that before birth, adrenaline synthesis may be suppressed by a novel direct, or indirect, inhibitory effect of glucocorticoids on PNMT mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Adams
- Department of Physiology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Tovar JA, Qi B, Diez-Pardo JA, Alfonso LF, Arnaiz A, Alvarez FJ, Valls-i-Soler A, Morreale de Escobar G. Thyroid hormones in the pathogenesis of lung hypoplasia and immaturity induced in fetal rats by prenatal exposure to nitrofen. J Pediatr Surg 1997; 32:1295-7. [PMID: 9314246 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3468(97)90305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Nitrofen is believed to act on prenatally exposed fetuses by changing maternal or fetal thyroid hormone physiology. The aim of this study was to determine whether the amounts of circulating and lung tissue T3 and T4 are decreased in rat fetuses with nitrofen-induced pulmonary hypoplasia and diaphragmatic hernia. METHODS Timed-pregnant rats were given 100 mg of nitrofen in oil on gestational day 9.5, and their fetuses were recovered on the 21st day. Lung weight to body weight ratio was determined. Hormonal studies consisted in measurement of plasma T3, T4, and TSH, and of T3, T4, and DNA in lung tissue. Suitable groups of control fetuses prenatally exposed to oil were used for comparison. RESULTS The lungs of nitrofen-treated fetuses were hypoplastic and those who had congenital diaphagmatic hernia were even more so. Nitrofen treatment led to decreased plasma T3 and T4 levels without TSH changes. T3 and T4 in lung tissue were apparently decreased in treated fetuses when expressed by weight, but these differences disappeared when expressed by DNA (cell content). CONCLUSIONS Lung hypoplasia and immaturity induced by nitrofen treatment are not related to decreased levels of thyroid hormones in tissue near term. This should be kept in mind when proposing hormonal treatment for prenatal induction of lung maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tovar
- Hospital La Paz and Instituto de Endocrinología Experimental del CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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